浅谈大学生英语演讲比赛中即兴演讲的方法

浅谈大学生英语演讲比赛中即兴演讲的方法
浅谈大学生英语演讲比赛中即兴演讲的方法

最近几年经常参与组织我校和我省的“CCTV杯”全国大学生英语演讲大赛,因此听了许多选手的英语演讲。这些演讲,有的精彩,有的平淡;有的激扬,有的低婉……有的演讲听了后虽然没有达到“三月不知肉味”的地步,但至少是使人有很过瘾的感觉;而有的演讲听了后却使人有意欲未尽的感觉。

在平时的工作和生活中,偶尔也要做客或请客吃饭。在宴席上也吃过些不同地方、不同民族的风味菜。后来,突然觉得听英语演讲和吃宴席之间其实有许多相似的地方。

首先,听演讲的人听到的和吃宴席的人吃到的往往是选手和厨师的最后工作成果,其实在此之前选手和厨师已经做了许多我们没有看到的工作。

首先,不论是英语演讲还是宴会往往都有一定的主题。到饭店里订宴席时(尤其是大型宴会)店方往往会询问宴会的主题,是儿童的生日宴?老人的寿宴?公司的庆祝宴?还是婚宴?大家可以想象一下,如果店方把红白宴席搞混了可能会带来什么样的后果。同样道理,英语演讲也是需要有一定主题的。如果选手的演讲海阔天空、没有确定的主题,评委进行评判时就比较困难了。正因为如此,历年的“CCTV杯”全国大学生英语演讲大赛都规定了主题。例如2006年的主题是“Unity and Diversity”;2007年的主题是“Global Citizenship Begins at Home”;而今年的主题是“1+1=2?”。

有了宴会的主题,饭店才好准备与宴会主题相关的食材。例如,如果要准备20桌的喜宴,饭店要计划买多少只鸡、多少斤肉、准备多少喜酒、多少蔬菜……同样道理,了解了演讲主题后演讲选手和指导教师也才好在充分理解演讲主题的基础上收集相关的素材。

在准备宴席的过程中,饭店一般都会多准备一些食材。例如,有的婚宴计划有20桌的客人,而店方一般都会多准备几桌的食材以备不时之需。同样道理,几年来“CCTV杯”全国大学生英语演讲大赛的定题演讲时间都是3分钟。但是选手所准备的演讲素材一般都数倍甚至数十倍于这个要求。

食料到位后,备菜的师傅会对蔬菜等材料进行挑选、洗涤和加工。与宴席主题相矛盾的食品是不能上桌的,质量有问题的食材甚至要扔掉。这个过程与演讲选手挑选素材类似。演讲选手收集的素材中,有的可以用在定题演讲中,有的由于政治、内容和文化差异等方面的原因而不能使用,有的则可以作为回答问题或即兴演讲的备用素材。在校级比赛中经常可以看到一些选手由于没有收集足够的素材而无法对素材进行精挑细选。他们把所有能找到的素材堆砌起来才够3分钟,其演讲效果当然不会太好。

菜洗好、备好后必须经过烹调才能食用。而厨师烹调的过程与选手写定题演讲稿的过程类似。厨师在烹调过程中,要在食材中加入油、盐、酱、醋、糖等作料。而选手写演讲稿时也要根据演讲内容和演讲计划对演讲素材进行内容上的补充和语气、语法、用词等方面的修改和加工,使演讲素材为自己的演讲目的和内容服务。

在烹调过程中,先烹调哪一道菜,后烹调哪一道菜厨师心中必须有一个通盘的考虑。例如,他必须考虑哪一道菜肴作为开胃菜要先烹调?哪一道菜是主菜要放在中间进行烹调?哪一道菜作为甜点最后准备?而这样的考虑与宴席中上菜的顺序密切相关。演讲选手在撰写演讲稿的过程中也要有类似的考虑。例如,选手必须考虑哪些内容要放在前面作为引入的内

容?哪些内容放在中间作为演讲的高潮?哪些内容放在最后作为结尾?

对于到饭店里吃饭的人来说,每一道菜的准备过程并不清楚,一般也没有必要弄清楚。对于顾客来说,关键是端上来的菜要色、香、味俱全、饭店的服务到位。与此类似,对于听众来说,他们一般不关心演讲选手的准备过程,他们所关注的是选手在场上的发挥和表现如何。因此,下面我们从顾客和听众的角度来看吃宴席和听演讲相似的地方。

到饭店吃饭,人们首先观察到的是服务人员的衣着是否干净整洁、服务员是否礼貌。如果答案是肯定的,不一定能够为饭店加分;但如果答案是否定的,则肯定有减分的效果。而一个选手一上台,首先映入观众和评委眼帘的是他/她的着装、礼仪和外表。如果选手缺乏基本的礼仪,在观众和评委心中可能会造成减分的效果。

饭店里的菜肴上桌后,大家首先看到的是菜肴的颜色如何。而演讲选手一开口,其语音是否标准、悦耳,评委和听众一听就知道了。可以说,选手的语音类似于菜肴的颜色。有的菜肴的颜色令人赏心悦目,而有的选手的语音也令人“过耳难忘”。所以,高明的厨师在准备宴席时会注意菜肴的颜色搭配;而各高校在推荐选手时也会特别注意选手的语音素质。

有的菜肴虽然颜色鲜艳但是吃起来并不怎么样。而有的选手的演讲虽然语音是一流的,但是其内容却空洞乏味,听了后并没有给人以知识和启示。这两种情况都难于得到顾客和评委的高分。所以我们看到,能进入“CCTV杯”全国大学生英语演讲大赛半决赛的选手的演讲(稿)一般都有深刻的内容和意义,其目的就是让人听了后有收获、有启迪。如果言之无物,虽然不象前几年的“大头奶粉”那样毒害生命,但至少也会耽误别人宝贵的时间。

在校级演讲比赛中我们不时可以看到,有的选手的演讲自始至终都保持一种语调。在这样的演讲中,其内容精彩的地方与平淡的地方使用同一个语调、演讲的引入和高潮之间在语调上也没有差别。结果让人听了后有一种单调乏味的感觉。这就象是宴席中所有的菜都是一个味道一样。为了避免这样的情况发生,厨师在烹调菜肴时就会想办法使各种菜肴在味道方面有各自的特点。因此我们可以看到,宴席上的菜肴,有的辣、有的香、有的甜、有的酸、有的味道重、有的味道淡……而优秀的演讲选手也会在充分理解和解读演讲辞的基础上赋予不同的内容不同的语调和语气。因此我们可以听到,他们在讲到愉快的内容时语调欢快;讲到痛苦的内容时语气哽咽;讲到故事的引入部分时语气平缓;而讲到高潮时声音激扬……他们通过声音、语气、语调和手势等演讲技巧把演讲内容如行云流水般地呈现给听众。

有时候在吃宴席的过程中还要临时再点上几个菜。这有点象我们“CCTV杯”全国大学生英语演讲大赛中的即兴演讲和回答问题。由于是临时点菜,饭店不可能提前烹调好,也不可能临时到市场上去采购材料,而厨师也不能临时才从菜谱上学习烹调技术。这就要求饭店要有备用的食材,厨师平时就要进行大量的学习训练。只有这样,顾客点菜时厨师才能根据要求临时烹调出理想的菜肴。而演讲比赛的选手也和厨师一样,在回答问题和进行即兴演讲时也不能临时才查阅有关资料。只有平时进行大量的训练和积累,选手们才能在回答问题或即兴演讲部分得高分。

我们应该注意的是,在宴席上临时点的菜同样采用色、香、味等标准进行评判,而回答问题和即兴演讲也同样要接受评委在语音、内容和演讲技巧方面的评判。另外,如果说宴席上的大部分菜肴由于可以提前准备而只能反映饭店和厨师的部分水平的话,那么临时点菜更

能反映饭店和厨师的真实水平。同样道理,由于定题演讲可以提前准备从而只能反映选手的部分能力,而回答问题和即兴演讲由于时间的局限更能反映出选手的真实水平。

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