基于GIS的公路信息更新管理平台的设计和实现
地理空间信息
GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION
2013年2月第11卷第1期
Feb.,2013V
ol.11,No.1
中图分类号：
P208 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1672-4623（2013）01-0013-03收稿日期：
2012-08-22。项目来源：
湖北省自然科学基金资助项目（2011CDB350）。基于GIS 的公路信息更新管理平台的设计和实现
常屹冉1，郭炳辉1，陈 军2,李汉彬3
（1.中国地质大学（武汉）信息工程学院，湖北 武汉 430074；
2.湖北省交通厅公路管理局，湖北 武汉 430000；
3. 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 西气东输管道分公司，湖北 武汉 430073）
摘 要：
为适应现行公路信息的快速更新和智能化管理的要求，采用ArcGIS 平台,结合车载GPS 技术,设计开发了适用于湖北省公路信息更新管理的系统软件；介绍了系统的总体结构、数据库及功能模块的设计。该系统的实现给交通规划部门提供了一个良好的管理和决策支持平台。
关键词：
ArcGIS ；GPS ；数据库建设；公路更新管理系统我国公路路线长、变化快、数据信息量大。如何应用现代高新技术，让公路信息快捷、准确地为国民经济建设和政府管理决策提供服务，是交通部门在公路信息更新管理工作中急需解决的问题。而现有的公路数据繁杂，更新周期长，且不便于管理；建设更新便捷的公路信息管理平台是各交通部门的必然要求。本文从湖北省的公路现状和信息化管理的基本要求出发，采用Visual C # .NET 和ArcGIS Engine 组件技术，结合车载GPS，设计开发了湖北省公路信息更新管理平台。
1 系统采用的技术和标准
公路数字化建设只关注公路本身及周边一定带状范围内的信息要素。而已有的公路测绘方式不论人工测量、航空摄影测量还是卫星遥感测图都易造成资源的极大浪费，并且造价昂贵、更新周期长，并不适合局部道路信息的更新。相比之下，利用车载GPS 技术更新公路信息，不仅采集速度快、作业方式简单，而且定位精度高。车辆在行驶过程中即可记录道路桩号、路面类型、路面宽度、路基宽度及桥梁、隧道、渡口、建制村等信息，便于数据的内业处理[1，2]。
ArcEngine 是ESRI 公司推出的一组完备的嵌入式GIS 组件库和工具库，其核心是ArcObjects 组件，并且支持类、对象等特性，通过封装的接口可以实现对象的属性。组件技术开发简单，用户可以灵活调用动态链接库（DLL）开发和扩展具有特定功能的GIS 应用程序[3]。
系统设计标准依据为：JT/T132-2003《公路数据库编目编码规则》、JTGB01-2003《公路工程技术标准》
和GB 917.1-2000《公路路线标识规则命名编号和编码》。
2 系统设计
2.1 系统结构框架设计
本平台实现了公路基础数据的采集、存储、显示、分析汇总和输出等功能。系统采用C/S 架构，其总体架构包括数据更新层、基础数据库层、应用层和用户层（见图1）。
数据更新层：运用车载GPS，进行数据的采集、处理、显示和存储。
基础数据库层：存储在数据库的空间数据和属性数据。
应用层：主要由各功能模块组成，对基础数据进行接收、分析、汇总；可通过数据查询输出所需信息，实现专题地图的输出。
用户层：由湖北公路管理局业务领导及电子地图
图1 系统结构框架
地理空间信息?14?第11卷第1期
人员组成。通过本层为领导决策和政策制定提供直观、多方位的辅助决策信息支持。2.2 数据库的设计
数据库设计主要针对公路及附属设施和行政区划等要素信息，由空间和属性2个数据层构成。空间数据层包含行政区划、境界线、公路线路、桥梁、隧道、其他重要交通设施层、水系等要素，属性数据层包含基础数据集、路线概况集、路面集、路基集、主要构造物集、沿线设施集等[4]。各要素均采用GB 标准进行命名，如以路线编码C002429004为例，C 为村道，002为路线编码，429004为仙桃市（行政区划代码）。数据库建设以路线、路段为核心，将居民点、桥梁、渡口、隧道等要素通过关键字段进行关联和约束（见图2）。属性表由Access 创建，空间数据表在软件中创建。本文中的空间数据表可以通过各自的经纬度字段在地图中投影以确定位置。属性数据表包含专题字段，便于专题图层的建立和管理[5]。
图2 数据库结构图
2.3 功能模块
公路信息更新管理平台是在ArcEngine 提供的接口支持下，针对管理者的基本要求设计的，涵盖了公路信息的更新、查询管理和打印输出等内容。其主要功能包括：用户管理、地图显示、数据查询、数据分析、领导查询和地图打印等，具体功能结构见图3。
图3 系统功能设计图
3 系统功能的实现
3.1 系统管理模块
系统管理模块主要实现了用户权限管理功能，可根据登录账号获得相应的权限，实现用户的分层管理，确保数据安全。3.2 外业采集模块
外业采集模块实现了管理者对数据库的更新和维护。GPS 数据采集是通用车载GPS 接收机连接到平台软件，设置连接参数，采集沿线公路数据[6]。其具体参数包括COM 端口、输出波特率、数据位、停止位和采集间隔等，用户可自主设置，系统通过XML 文件进行配置。
实践发现，车速小于45 km/h 时，不易出现信号中断、漂移和延迟的现象，采集密度和精度都符合作业要求。外业采集界面见图4。内业处理是对采集的GPS 数据进行属性添加、突变点与漂移点的删除及路段的拆分、合并等操作。最后通过处理和审核，确保空间数据和属性数据更新的一致性。
3.3 基础地理信息操作功能
基础GIS 模块实现了对公路电子地图的展示和操作，包括对地图的放大、缩小、前进、后退、全图、漫游、量算工具、比例尺、图层管理等功能。3.4 专题地图模块
专题地图模块可根据专题字段，利用颜色渲染、
图案填充、图式符号等形式将全省公路的基础信息进
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图4 外业采集界面
?15?第11卷第1期
行专题数据处理，可灵活制作公路行政等级、技术等级、路面类型、通达情况等专题图。通过XML文件对图层目录树进行符号配置管理。地图打印功能实现了专题地图的输出。
3.5 信息查询
平台提供了丰富的查询功能，包括空间查询、属性查询和条件查询等。信息查询利用QueryFilter类，通过Query接口和SpatialQuery接口进行属性和空间信息的查询。用户可通过点选、框选等交互操作，对数据进行可视化查询，也可根据输入的关键词在路段树中查询并定位显示；还可按照条件查询，如“Select count(*) from V01_sd where mid(SDBM, 11, 1) = 'U' and mid(LXBM, 1, 1) = 'G' and TBDW= 4211”，可查询黄冈市国道上的隧道总数。
3.6 统计分析
统计分析模块是通过调用数据库，针对各类汇总统计指标，根据不同的条件组合生成不同主题内容的汇总表和明细表，以表格、专题图（如直方图、柱状图、折线图等）等形式输出（见图5）。各类统计表通
过XML配置文件进行汇总统计。汇总公路基本情况表配置文件代码如下：
……
3.7 领导查询模块
领导查询模块可快速提供全省、地市州、县公路总规模、桥梁数、隧道里程、公路年增长率等信息。该模块为领导决策和政策制定提供了直观、多方位辅助决策信息支持。
4 结 语
本文利用ArcGIS平台，结合车载GPS技术，实现了公路信息更新管理平台的设计和开发，不仅满足了湖北省电子地图的更新要求，也为交通规划设计相关部门提供了基础数据服务和统计分析功能。随着实时监控、智能收费、安全预警等技术的进一步提升，系统将会面向政府和社会公众提供更好的服务[7]。
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第一作者简介：常屹冉，硕士，主要从事3S技术集成与应用方
面的研究。
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注：本图按行政区划分列
各市州公路里程现状图
图5 统计分析界面
常屹冉等：基于GIS的公路信息更新管理平台的设计和实现
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