at89c52单片机简介中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译
A T89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introduction
Selection of Single-chip microprocessor
1. Development of Single-chip microprocessor
The main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy read ROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。
1976Year the Inter corporation put out 8 MCS－48Set Single-chip microprocessor computer，After being living more than 20 years time in development that obtain continuously and wide-ranging application。1980Year that corporation put out high performance MCS －51Set Single-chip microprocessor。This type of Single-chip microprocessor meritorous service capacity、The addressing range wholly than early phase lift somewhat，Use also comparatively far more at the moment。1982Year that corporation put out the taller 16 Single-chip microprocessor MCS of performance once more －96Set。The Single-chip microprocessor computer development havees the
performance more and more to be improved﹑More and more distinguishings feature of strain。
2. Adopt the Single-chip microprocessor strong point
Hacker use，Agileization of application。
●Have memory、Calculation and look-up meritorous service capacity。May make the apparatus bearing that the rule can not make。
●The command system is fit for the real-time control。
●Bulk is little，Execution speed is quickly。
●Dependability is high，The antijamming capability is powerful。
●The temperature use limit is vast。
●Power-off protection is improved。
●The product development cycle brief。
●Identical set is much as the necessary interface chip sort，The meritorous service be able to be completely，Be convenient for to pick up achieve the minimal system。
●On the basis of the tall science and technology demand，Integration in common use software，Hardware （In case PL/M language，DAM's wave pattern producer，Analog switch awaits ）Application is agile。
Hence，Native is designed adoping with the Single-chip microprocessor core components designs。
3 . AT89C52 Component
A T89C52 microprocessor main function parameter：
And completely compatible with the MCS-51 product instruction and thepin
The 8K byte is programmable/scratches writes Flash to dodge the fastmemory
1,000 time scratches writes the cycle
Entire static operation: 0Hz - 24MHz
Three levels of encryptions program memory
256×8 byte interior RAMs
32 programmable I/O lines
3 16 fixed time/counters
8 interrupt sources
Programmable serial UART channel
The low power loss is idle and falls the electricity pattern
CPU's composition
The CPU is the Single-chip microprocessor core components，It consists of that ruing the arithmetic sum controller await。
1. Arithmetic unit
The meritorous service of arithmetic unit be able to be carrying on arithmetic operation and logic operation，The half-byte may be adjust﹑The separate word length and so on the data manipulate。
2. Order counter PC
It is used for leaving second order which will the be carried out address。The address that the order points out in accordance PC brings out through the storage afterwards，The PC be able to plus 1 voluntarily，In immediate future point to the second order。
3. Order product register
Leave the instruction code in the order register。When CPU's execute instruction，Send into the order register through reading aloud the instruction code get in the order storage，Decipher queen after the decipherer，Issue the relevant control signal through fixed time against the control circuit。Complete the order meritorous service capacity.
Storage
1. Order storage
Used to leave order and form constant。As to 8751，EA＝1Hour，Slice internal procedure storage is occupied 0000H ～0When FFFH，Order storage fetch piece through the slice.
2. Data storage utensil
8751No matter the Single-chip microprocessor data storage utensil is living on the physics and the logic goes up wholly being divided into two addresss space，One act as the internal data storage，Call on the internal data storage in the way of order of MOV's，Another act as the external data storage utensil，Call on external data storage articles of daily use order of MOVX's，Addressing mode indirect addressing。
Meritorous service capacity register special.
MCS－51Latch inner place the Single-chip microprocessor、Timer、Serial port data bumpers along with different control register and the conditions register has wholly ariseed with the meritorous service capacity register special shape。TAM's address space limit included they decentralized distributions（80H～FDH）It is inside。
8751The inside particular meritorous service capacity register consists of operating the register、Register of address、The rim latch reaches to be used the interception、Count / fixed a time and the serial port administration register。
The calculation register consists of accumulator A、Register B and program mode word register PSW。
The register of address consists of indicator DPTR of warehouse indicator SP and data addresses。MCS－51The SP of Single-chip microprocessor act as 8，The place included the warehouse among the RAM is comparatively more agile。Data pointer DPTR is 16 registers，Such high position byte is expressed in the way of DPh，The position is expressed in the way of DPI，In immediate future may as 16 register DPTRs the handle，8 register DPh and DPIs who also may do worthwhile independence handle。
Port P0 ～The P3 is separately I/O port P0 ～The latch of P3。P0～P3 is as register special still usable direct addressing means participation else operating instruction operation。
Serial data bumper SBUF is used conveying either the data the receiveed
loading，In reality it is consising of two independence registers，One is transmiting the bumper，Another is receives the bumper。
A T89C52 pin explanation
The A T89C52 monolithic integrated circuit uses 40 pins the double row straightto insert the seal way.
The power source pin turns on the monolithic integrated circuit thework power source.
VCC: Meets the +5V power source.
GND: Earth.
●Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance inputs.
Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pullups are required during program verification.
●Port 1:Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.
In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.
Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
●Port 2:Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pullups.
Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.
Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
●Port 3:Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table.
Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
●RST:Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device
●ALE/PROG:Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.
In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.
If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
●PSEN:Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.
When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
●EA/VPP:External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.
This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.
●XTAL1:Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
●XTAL2:Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
●Special Function Registers:A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Table 1.
Note that not all of the addresses are occupied,and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip.Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.
User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations,since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.
●Data Memory:The A T89C52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper
128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but are physically separate from SFR space.
When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct addressing access SFR space.
Timer 0 and 1:Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the A T89C52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51.
Timer 2:Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON (shown in Table 2).Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload (up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON, as shown in Table 3.
Timer 2 consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency.
In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition,the maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency. To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.
AT89C52单片机介绍
1. 单片机的发展
单片机因将其主要组成部分集中在一个芯片上得名，即中央处理器CPU。存储器RAM﹑只读存储器ROM﹑中断系统﹑定时器/计数器以及I/O口电路等主要微型机部分，集中在一个芯片上。虽然单片机只是一个芯片，但从组成和功能上看，它已具有了计算机系统的属性，为此称它为单片机微型计算机SCMS简称单片机。
1976年Inter公司推出了8位的MCS－48系列单片机，在以后20多年的时间里得到了不断的发展和广泛的应用。1980年该公司推出了高性能的MCS－51系列单片机。这类单片机的功能﹑寻址范围都比早期有所提高，目前应用也比较多。1982年该公司又推出了性能更高的16位单片机MCS－96系列的。单片机发展具有性能越来越完善﹑品种越来越多的特点。
2. 采用单片机的优点
●硬件通用化，应用灵活化。
●具有记忆﹑计算和查表功能。可制成常规无法制成的仪器仪表。
●指令系统适合实时控制。
●体积小，执行速度快。
●可靠性高，抗干扰能力强。
●温度使用范围广。
●断电保护完善。
●产品开发周期短。
●同一系列和配套接口芯片种类多，功能全，便于挑选来实现最小系统。
●根据高科技要求，集成常用软件，硬件（如PL/M,BASIC,FORTH语言，DAM 波形发生器，模拟开关等）应用灵活。
因此，本设计采用以单片机位核心的部件设计。
3. AT89C52单片机的结构
AT89C52单片机主要性能参数：
●与MCS-51产品指令和引脚完全兼容
●8K字节可编程/擦写Flash闪速存储器
●1000次擦写周期
●全静态操作：0Hz—24MHz
●三级加密程序存储器
●256×8字节内部RAM
●32个可编程I/O口线
●3个16位定时/计数器
●8个中断源
●可编程串行UART通道
●低功耗空闲和掉电模式
3.1 CPU结构
CPU是单片机的核心部件，它由运行算术和控制器等组成。
1. 运算器
运算器的功能是进行算术运算和逻辑运算，可以对半字节﹑单字节等数据进行操作。
2. 程序计数器PC
它用来存放下一条要执行的指令的地址。当一条指令按照PC所指的地址从存储器中取出后，PC会自动加1，即指向下一条指令。
（3）指令积寄存器
指令寄存器中存放指令代码。CPU执行指令时，由程序存储器中读取的指令代码送入指令寄存器，经译码器译码后，由定时与控制电路发出相应的控制信号。完成指令功能。
3.2 存储器
1. 程序存储器
用于存放程序及表格常数。对于8751，EA＝1时，片内程序存储器占用0000H～0FFFH时，则从片外程序存储器取指令。
2. 数据存储器
8751单片机数据存储器无论在物理上和逻辑上都分为两地址空间，一个为内部数据存储器，访问内部数据存储器用MOV指令，另一个为外部数据存储器，访问外部数据存储器用MOVX指令，寻址方式间接寻址。
3.3 专用功能寄存器
MCS－51单片机内的锁存器、定时器、串行口数据缓冲器以及各种控制寄存器和状态寄存器都是以专用功能寄存器的形式出现的。它们分散的分布在内部TAM地址空间范围（80H～FDH）内。
8751内的特殊功能寄存器包括运算寄存器、地址寄存器、口锁存器及用于中断、计数/定时和串行口管理的寄存器。
运算寄存器包括累加器A﹑寄存器B及程序状态字寄存器PSW。
地址寄存器包括堆栈指示器SP和数据地址指示器DPTR。MCS－51单片机的SP 为8位，堆栈在内部RAM中的位置比较灵活。数据指针DPTR是一个16位寄存器，其高位字节用DPh表示，地位用DPI表示，即可以作为一个16位寄存器DPTR来处理，也可以作为独立的8位寄存器DPh和DPI处理。
端口P0～P3分别是I/O端口P0～P3的锁存器。P0～P3作为专用寄存器还可用直接寻址方式参与其他操作指令。
电子元件中英文对照
一．电子元器件 Electronic Components 1．保险元器件safety device （1） fuse block （2） current fuse （3） other （4） temperature fuse （5） temperature switches （6） since the resumption of fuse 2. 变频器transducer （1） PLC transducer （2）High-performance Universal transducer （3）Constant Power Inverter （4）Constant Torque converter （5）Exclusive Inverter 3.变压器transformer
（1）Power Transformer （2）the isolation transformer （3）constant voltage transformer （4）pulse transformer （5）other transformers （6）Audio transformers （7）autotransformer （8）coupling transformer 4.场效应管voltage controller 5. 传感器sensor （1）Power Transformer （2）Photoelectric Sensors （3）Fiber Optic Sensors （4）Accelerometer （5）Proximity sensor
（6）Level, liquid level sensor （7）Pressure Sensor （8）Vibration Sensor （9）Gas Sensor （10）Acoustic sensor （11）Visual, image sensor （12）Moisture and humidity sensor （13）Displacement sensor （14）传感器Sensor sensor 6.传声器microphone 7.电容器capacitor （1）Glass capacitors （2）Glazed glass capacitors （3）Composite Dielectric Capacitors （4）Electrolytic capacitors
单片机_英文参考文献
Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation
步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
Proteus电子元件符号大全及汉英对照表
各种电子元件符号 正弦交流电流的公式是i=Isin2πft i是交流电流的瞬时值， I是交流电流的最大值， f是交流电的频率， t是时间 随着时间的推移，交流电流可以从零变到最大值，从最大值变到零，又从零变到负的最大值，从负的最大值变到零。在三角函数中2πft相当于角度，它反映了交流电任何时刻所处的状态，是在增大还是在减小，是正的还是负的等等。因此把2πft叫做相位，或者叫做相。 二极管 表示符号:D 变容二极管 表示符号:D 双向触发二极管 表示符号:D 稳压二极管 表示符号:ZD,D 稳压二极管 表示符号:ZD,D 桥式整流二极管 表示符号:D 肖特基二极管隧道二极管
隧道二极管光敏二极管或光电接收二极 管 发光二极管 表示符号：LED 双色发光二极管 表示符号：LED 光敏三极管或光电接收三极 管 表示符号：Q,VT 单结晶体管（双基极二极管） 表示符号：Q,VT 复合三极管 表示符号：Q,VT NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT PNP型三极管表示符号：Q,VT PNP型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT 带阻尼二极管NPN型三极管 表示符号：Q,VT
带阻尼二极管及电阻NPN型 三极管 表示符号：Q,VT IGBT 场效应管 表示符号：Q,VT 带阻尼二极管IGBT 场效应 管 表示符号：Q,VT 接面型场效应管P-JFET 接面型场效应管N-JFET 场效应管增强型P-MOS 场效应管增强型N-MOS 场效应管耗尽型P-MOS 场效应管耗尽型N-MOS 电阻电阻器或固定电阻表 示符号：R 电阻电阻器或固定电阻表 示符号：R
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems. SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways. Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems. SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings. Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a
中英文论文对照格式
英文论文APA格式 英文论文一些格式要求与国内期刊有所不同。从学术的角度讲，它更加严谨和科学，并且方便电子系统检索和存档。 版面格式
表格 表格的题目格式与正文相同，靠左边，位于表格的上部。题目前加Table后跟数字，表示此文的第几个表格。 表格主体居中，边框粗细采用0.5磅；表格内文字采用Times New Roman，10磅。 举例： Table 1. The capitals, assets and revenue in listed banks
图表和图片 图表和图片的题目格式与正文相同，位于图表和图片的下部。题目前加Figure 后跟数字，表示此文的第几个图表。图表及题目都居中。只允许使用黑白图片和表格。 举例： Figure 1. The Trend of Economic Development 注：Figure与Table都不要缩写。 引用格式与参考文献 1. 在论文中的引用采取插入作者、年份和页数方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This在论文中的引用采取作者和年份插入方式，如"Doe (2001, p.10) reported that …" or "This problem has been studied previously (Smith, 1958, pp.20-25)。文中插入的引用应该与文末参考文献相对应。 举例：Frankly speaking, it is just a simulating one made by the government, or a fake competition, directly speaking. (Gao, 2003, p.220). 2. 在文末参考文献中，姓前名后，姓与名之间以逗号分隔；如有两个作者，以and连接；如有三个或三个以上作者，前面的作者以逗号分隔，最后一个作者以and连接。 3. 参考文献中各项目以“点”分隔，最后以“点”结束。 4. 文末参考文献请按照以下格式：
电子元件中英文对照
一．电子元器件Electronic Components 1．保险元器件safety device （1）保险丝座 fuse block （2）电流保险丝 current fuse （3）其他保险元器件 other （4）温度保险丝 temperature fuse （5）温度开关 temperature switches （6）自恢复熔断器since the resumption of fuse 2. 变频器transducer （1）PLC 变频器 PLC transducer （2）高性能通用变频器High-performance Universal transducer （3）恒功率变频器Constant Power Inverter （4）恒转矩变频器Constant Torque converter （5）专用变频器Exclusive Inverter 3.变压器transformer （1）电源变压器Power Transformer （2）隔离变压器the isolation transformer （3）恒压变压器constant voltage transformer （4）脉冲变压器pulse transformer （5）其他变压器other transformers （6）音频变压器Audio transformers （7）自耦变压器autotransformer （8）耦合变压器coupling transformer 4.场效应管voltage controller 5. 传感器sensor （1）电磁传感器Power Transformer （2）光电传感器Photoelectric Sensors （3）光纤传感器Fiber Optic Sensors （4）加速度传感器Accelerometer （5）接近传感器Proximity sensor （6）料位、液位传感器Level, liquid level sensor （7）压力传感器Pressure Sensor （8）振动传感器Vibration Sensor （9）气体传感器Gas Sensor （10）声波传感器Acoustic sensor （11）视觉、图像传感器Visual, image sensor （12）水分、湿度传感器Moisture and humidity sensor （13）位移传感器Displacement sensor （14）敏感元件传感器Sensor sensor 6.传声器microphone 7.电容器capacitor （1）玻璃电容器Glass capacitors （2）玻璃釉电容器Glazed glass capacitors （3）复合介质电容器Composite Dielectric Capacitors
51单片机外文文献
The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel ’highs-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC：Supply voltage. GND：Ground.
单片机文献中英对照
广东工业大学 本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文 系部 专业自动化 年级 2006级 班级名称 学号 学生姓名 指导教师 2009年6月 目录 外文文献译文 (1) 1.单片机定义 (1) 2.单片机介绍 (2)
3.单片机历史 (3) 4.单片机的应用领域 (4) 5.at89c52单片机介绍 (6) 外文文献原文 (8) 1. The definition of a single-chip (8) 2. single-chip introduced (9) 3. single-chip history (11) 4. single-chip applications (12) 5.at89c52 chip explains (14)
外文文献译文 1.单片机定义 单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。尽管他的大部分功能集成在一块小芯片上，但是它具有一个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件：CPU、内存、内部和外部总线系统，目前大部分还会具有外存。同时集成诸如通讯接口、定时器，实时时钟等外围设备。而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音、图像、网络、复杂的输入输出系统集成在一块芯片上。 单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
液位控制系统论文中英文资料对照外文翻译 The liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink Process control is an important application field of automatic technology, it is to point to the level, temperature, flow control process variables, such as in metallurgy, machinery, chemical, electric power, etc can be widely used. Especially liquid level control technology in real life, played an important role in production, for example, the water supply, civil water tower if low water levels, can affect people's lives in water; Industrial enterprises with water, if the drainage water drainage or controlled properly or not, in relation to the workshop of condition; Boiler drum, if the control level boiler is too low, can make level boiler overheating, possible accident; Jing flow, liquid level control tower control accuracy and level of the craft can influence the quality of the products and the cost, etc. In these production field, are basically labor strength or the operation has certain risk nature of work, extremely prone to accidents caused by operating error, the losses, killing manufacturer. Visible, in actual production, liquid level control accuracy and control effects directly affect the factory production cost and economic benefit of safety coefficient. Even equipment So, in order to ensure safety, convenient operation, you have to research the development of a d v a n c e d l e v e l c o n t r o l m e t h o d s a n d s t r a t e g i e s. The graduation design topic is the liquid level control system based on dde\matlab\simulink\force control, Among them was controlled object for tank level, Communication mode for DDE communications , Matlab is mainly used in the simulation test ,And force control software used for modeling, This system mainly through combination of hardware and software device to achieve precise control of liquid level , In modern industry level control of important component, it influence upon production not allow to ignore, in order to ensure safety in production and the product quality and quantity, the level and perform effective control is very necessary, The following is a description of all aspects：
电子元件中英文对照
电子元器件Electronic Components 1．保险元器件safety device 1) fuse block 2) current fuse 3) other 4) temperature fuse 5) temperature switches 6) since the resumption of fuse 2. 变频器transducer 1) PLC transducer 2) High-performance Universal transducer 3) Constant Power Inverter 4) Constant Torque converter 5) Exclusive Inverter 3. 变压器transformer
1) Power Transformer 2) the isolation transformer 3) constant voltage transformer 4) pulse transformer 5) other transformers 6) Audio transformers 7) autotransformer 8) coupling transformer 4. 场效应管voltage controller 5. 传感器sensor 1) Power Transformer 2) Photoelectric Sensors 3) Fiber Optic Sensors 4) Accelerometer 5) Proximity sensor
（6）Level, liquid level sensor （7 Pressure Sensor ） （8 Vibration Sensor ） （9 Gas Sensor ） （10 Acoustic sensor ） （11 Visual, image sensor ） （12 Moisture and humidity sensor ） （13 Displacement sensor ） （14 ）传感器Sensor sensor 6. 传声器microphone 7. 电容器capacitor （1）Glass capacitors （2 Glazed glass capacitors ） （3 Composite Dielectric Capacitors ） （4 ）Electrolytic capacitors
Altium+designer+元器件中英文对照
Altium designer 元器件中英文对照 1.电阻 固定电阻：RES 半导体电阻：RESSEMT 电位计；POT 变电阻；RVAR 可调电阻;res1..... 2.电容 定值无极性电容；CAP 定值有极性电容;CAP 半导体电容：CAPSEMI 可调电容：CAPVAR 3.电感：INDUCTOR 4.二极管：DIODE.LIB 发光二极管：LED 5.三极管 :NPN1 6.结型场效应管：JFET.lib 7.MOS场效应管 8.MES场效应管 9.继电器：PELAY. LIB 10.灯泡:LAMP 11.运放:OPAMP 12.数码管：DPY_7-SEG_DP (MISCELLANEOUS DEVICES.LIB) 13.开关;sw_pb 原理图常用库文件： Miscellaneous Devices.ddb Dallas Microprocessor.ddb Intel Databooks.ddb Protel DOS Schematic Libraries.ddb PCB元件常用库： Advpcb.ddb General IC.ddb Miscellaneous.ddb 部分分立元件库元件名称及中英对照 AND 与门 ANTENNA 天线 BATTERY 直流电源 BELL 铃,钟 BVC 同轴电缆接插件 BRIDEG 1 整流桥(二极管) BRIDEG 2 整流桥(集成块) BUFFER 缓冲器 BUZZER 蜂鸣器 CAP 电容
CAPACITOR 电容 CAPACITOR POL 有极性电容CAPVAR 可调电容 CIRCUIT BREAKER 熔断丝 COAX 同轴电缆 CON 插口 CRYSTAL 晶体整荡器 DB 并行插口 DIODE 二极管 DIODE SCHOTTKY 稳压二极管DIODE VARACTOR 变容二极管DPY_3-SEG 3段LED DPY_7-SEG 7段LED DPY_7-SEG_DP 7段LED(带小数点) ELECTRO 电解电容 FUSE 熔断器 INDUCTOR 电感 INDUCTOR IRON 带铁芯电感INDUCTOR3 可调电感 JFET N N沟道场效应管 JFET P P沟道场效应管 LAMP 灯泡 LAMP NEDN 起辉器 LED 发光二极管 METER 仪表 MICROPHONE 麦克风 MOSFET MOS管 MOTOR AC 交流电机 MOTOR SERVO 伺服电机 NAND 与非门 NOR 或非门 NOT 非门 NPN NPN三极管 NPN-PHOTO 感光三极管OPAMP 运放 OR 或门 PHOTO 感光二极管 PNP 三极管 NPN DAR NPN三极管 PNP DAR PNP三极管 POT 滑线变阻器 PELAY-DPDT 双刀双掷继电器RES1.2 电阻 RES3.4 可变电阻
单片机英文文献
Intelligent Traffic Control System Design Based on Single Chip Microcomputer Xu Lei, Ye Sheng, Lu Guilin, and Zhang Zhen School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou(221008), Jiangsu, China xukeixulei@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ac13336671.html, Abstract. This paper mainly introduces microcontroller of counter to implement an intelligent traffic control system. The system uses an external triggered pulses to simulate, through traffic to timing/counter car collection, so as to realize the flow of traffic information digitization. Meanwhile, according to historical stored data and automatic detection to car traffic information, microcontroller will be compared, and the control model algorithm control scheme by setting proper signal ratio, realizing the intelligent control traffic signals. Keywords: microcontroller, intelligent control system, timing ? counters. 1 Introduction Urban traffic control system is mainly used in city traffic data monitoring, traffic light control and traffic persuation computer integrated management system, it has become the most important part of the modern urban traffic control command system. Therefore, each intersection installation traffic lights has become the most relieves traffic vehicles and pedestrians most common and most effective management means, and how to use advanced information technology transform urban traffic system has become the consensus of urban traffic management. 2 System Compisition The traffic light control system is used to receive, processing intersection traffic data system, and according to the traffic flow conditions to be intelligent to adjust the traffic lights light destroy time length. The purpose of the design of the control system has two main function: Firstly ,finishing crossing the east-west and south-north two directions of traffic flow detection based on experimental data, so as to provide data modeling method; Secondly, by using the control system for intelligent control of traffic lights. Considering the actual feasibility, this system uses LED to replace the actual traffic lights, and the traffic flow with external input data is simulated the pulses. From the function can be mainly the whole control system points of traffic flow control module, inspection module and traffic light control module. The traffic lights control system of general function structure is as shown in figure 1.