unit3全球化

什么是全球化？

全球化是描述全球社会出现的一个术语，在这个社会中，世界上一个区域在经济、政治、环境、文化方面的事件会很快对世界其它地区的人们产生重大影响。

What Is Globalization?

Globalization is a term for the emergence of a global society in which economic, political, environmental, and cultural events in one part of the world quickly come to have significance for people in other parts of the world.

全球化是通信、运输、信息科技发展的结果。它体现了连接个体、社区、公司以及各国政府间日益增长的经济、政治、科技文化联系。

Globalization is the result of advances in communication, transportation, and information technologies. It describes the growing economic, political, technological, and cultural linkages that connect individuals, communities, businesses, and governments around the world.

全球化包括多国公司和跨国公司的成长。监管世界贸易和金融的国际机构在全球化时代发挥着日益重要的作用。

Globalization also involves the growth of multinational corporations and transnational corporations. The international institutions that oversee world trade and finance play an increasingly important role in this era of globalization.

尽管绝大多数人依然是单一国家的公民，然而他们却比以往任何时候在文化上、物质上、心理上更多地参与着其他国家人民的生活。

Although most people continue to live as citizens of a single nation, they are culturally, materially, and psychologically engaged with the lives of people in other countries as never before.

遥远的事件通常会产生迅速重大的影响，我们生活中的日常用品，如我们穿的衣服、吃的食物、开的汽车—都是全球化的产品。

Distant events often have an immediate and significant impact. Items common to our everyday lives—such as the clothes we wear, the food we eat, and the cars we drive—are the products of globalization.全球化最明显的证据是贸易和资本（股票、债券、货币和其他投资）流动的增长。自1950年到2001年全球出口额增加了20倍。到2001年世界贸易已增至全球生产的产品和提供的服务总和的四分之一。

The most dramatic evidence of globalization is the increase in trade and the movement of capital (stocks, bonds, currencies, and other investments). From 1950 to 2001 the volume of world exports rose by 20 times. By 2001 world trade amounted to a quarter of all the goods and services produced in the world.

就资本而言，在20世纪70年代早期，日成交货币只有一百亿美元到两百亿美元。到21世纪初，日货币交易已逾1.5兆亿美元。

As for capital, in the early 1970s only $10 billion to $20 billion in national currencies were exchanged daily. By the early part of the 21st century more than $1.5 trillion were traded daily to support the expanded levels of trade and investment.

大多数专家认为全球化是通信、运输和信息科技改善的结果。例如，由于通讯和信息处理的

革新，不仅货币，股票、债券以及其它金融资产一天二十四小时都能够在全球范围内进行交易。

Most experts attribute globalization to improvements in communication, transportation and information technologies. For example, not only currencies, but also stocks, bonds, and other financial assets can be traded round the clock and around the world due to innovations in communication and information processing.

从纽约到伦敦一个三分钟长的电话在1930年花费超过300美元（按2000年的价格计算），瞬间的通信非常昂贵。如今这类花费已微不足道。

A three-minute telephone call from New York to London in 1930 cost more than $300 (in year 2000 prices), making instant communication very expensive. Today the cost is insignificant.

通信和信息技术的进步使得商业订单的处理成本节省90%以上。比如，利用计算机在互联网上进行银行交易，对银行业来说每笔花费几分钱，而用传统方法就会花费数美元。

Advance in communication and information technologies have helped slash the cost of processing business orders by well over 90 percent. Using a computer to do banking on the Internet, for example, costs the banking industry pennies per transaction instead of dollars by traditional methods.

20世纪的后30年计算机处理能力的世纪成本平均每年下降30%。人们几乎在任何地方都能与他们的顾客、家人一周七天、一天24小时保持迅捷的联系。

Over the last third of the 20th century the real cost of computer processing power fell by 35 percent on average each year. People can be almost anywhere and remain in instant communication with their employees, customers, or families 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.通信领域的进步将全球的人们随时联系起来。例如通讯卫星使全球广播、电视新闻事件、如战争、国家灾难、体育赛事和其他娱乐活动等。互联网、手机和传真机实现了迅捷通讯。

Advances in communication instantly unite people around the globe. For example, communications satellites allow global televisions to bring news of faraway events, such as wars and national disasters as well as sports and other forms of entrainment. The Internet, the cell phone, and the fax machine permit instantaneous communication.

全球化的另一表现是交通运输条件的改善。喷气式飞机的日次货物传递使世界变得越来越小。即使是速度缓慢的远洋运输货轮也由于集装箱货运这样的革新，提高了效率、降低了成本。

Improvements in transportation are also part of globalization. The world becomes smaller due to next-day delivery by jet airplane. Even slow, oceangoing vessels have streamlined transportation and lowered costs due to innovations such as containerized shipping.

信息科技的进步也降低了商业成本。例如，按股票市场价值计算，全球思科系统公司是世界上最大的公司之一。然而思科仅有三家工厂生产用于互联网维护的设备，而将其他的工作转包给了别的公司。

Advances in information technologies have also lowered business costs. The global corporation

Cisco Systems, for example, is one of the world’s largest companies as measured by its stock market value. Yet Cisco owns only three factories to make the equipment used to help maintain the Internet. Cisco subcontracts the rest of its work to other companies around the world.

成本的降低使美国公司得以移到海外，同时也使外国制造商在美国境内设厂更为容易。日本丰田汽车公司在北美销售的汽车三分之二是在北美制造的。

The lowering of costs that has enabled U. S. companies to locate abroad has also made it easier for foreign producers to locate in the United States. Two-thirds of the automobiles sold in North America by Japan’s Toyota Motor Company are built in North America.

不仅是货物、货币和信息在迅速地长途移动，越来越多的人口也在大范围快速流动。移民是全球化时代的一个重要特征。工人们寄回本国的钱已经成为很多国家的重要收入来源。

Not only do goods, money, and information move great distances quickly, but also more people are moving great distances as well. Migration is a major feature of this era of globalization. Remittances sent home by workers to their home countries have become an important source of income for many countries.

4

尊重知识产权，推动自主创新

改革开放以来，中国经济飞速发展，对外贸易成绩显著。中国经济和对外贸易发展的良好局面来之不易，这与我国政府尊重合重视知识产权分不开的。

Rejuvenating Trade Through Science and Technology and IPR Protection

Since reform and opening up, China’s economy has been developing rapidly with tremendous achievements in foreign trade. The upbeat situation of China’s economy and foreign trade is hard won, and is inseparable from the respect and attention paid by the Chinese government to IPR protection.

随着科学技术的发展，知识经济的兴起和经济全球化的加快，知识产权的重要性得到了历史性的提升。

With the development of science and technology, the rise of knowledge-based economy, and the acceleration of economic globalization, the importance of intellectual property has been enhanced historically.

经过二十多年的努力，中国知识产权事业全面发展，为鼓励自主创新，增强自主研发能力，提高国际竞争力提供了坚实基础和有利保障。

Through efforts over the last two decades, intellectual property has gained overall development in China, thus laying a solid foundation and constituting a strong guarantee for encouraging independent innovation, strengthening independent research and development capacity, and boosting international competitiveness.

当今世界，知识产权制度的变革与发展已进入一个空前活跃的阶段，知识产权在世界经济、科技和贸易中的重要地位日益显现，并成为促进一个国家经济发展的至关重要的因素。

In today’s world, the reform and development of IPR system has entered an unprecedented

dynamic stage. Intellectual property has played an increasingly prominent role in world economy, science and technology and trade, as well as a vital factor behind a nation’s economic growth.

强化知识产权制度，已成为世界各国发展科技、经济和增强国力的必然选择。

To strengthen their IPR protection system has become a natural choice for countries that wish to develop science, technology and economy and enhance national strength.

日本明确提出从科技立国到知识产权立国的基本国策；美国将知识产权当作国家基础性的战略资源，

Japan has explicitly put forward the basic state policy of “building the country through intellectual property”, replacing the previous one of “building the country through science and technology”. The U. S. takes intellectual property as a fundamental national strategic resource.

把强化知识产权作为重要的竞争手段，把深化知识产权管理特别是对专利的管理作为指导科技、经济结构调整以及产业技术结构优化升级的重要手段。

It identifies IPR protection as an important tool in competition, and deepening IPR management, especially patent management, as a significant instrument to guide technological innovation, economic restructuring and optimization and upgrading of industrial technological structure.

从国际大环境来看，知识产权保护范围正在不断扩大，知识产权保护水平正在进一步提高，围绕知识产权的竞争日益加剧。知识产权已成为连接技术、经济和贸易的纽带。

In this global context, the coverage of IPR protection is widening, the level of protection is becoming higher, and competition centering on IPR is getting ever fiercer. Intellectual property has become a bridge linking technology, economy and trade.

未来15年，是中国走新型工业化道路，实现全面建设小康社会奋斗目标的关键时期，也是我国实现贸易大国向贸易强国跨越的关键时期。

The coming 15 years is a crucial period for China to take a new approach to industrialization and realize the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and also a crucial period for China to transform itself from a big trading country to a strong trading power.

要实现外贸增长方式的根本转变，提高对外贸易的质量和效益，就必须重视自主知识产权和自主品牌的带动作用，通过加强知识产权制度建设，提高企业自主创新能力和核心竞争力。

The fundamental transformation of the developmental mode of foreign trade and improvement of the quality and effect of foreign trade demand attention to the driving role of proprietary IPR and brands. Through a strengthening IPR system, the innovation capability and core competitiveness of enterprises will be enhanced.

没有完善的知识产权保护体系，中国的自主创新的能力就不可能得到释放，这不仅关系中国的形象，更影响我们自身的发展，事关中国的利益。

Without a sound IPR protection system, it will be impossible for China to release its independent innovation capability. That has a bearing not only on China’s image but also on her development and her interests.本世纪前20年，是中国走新型工业化道路，全面建设小康社会，加速现代化建设进程的战略机遇期。

The first 2 decades of this century is a period of strategic opportunities for China to take a new approach to industrialization, build a well-off society in an all-round way and expedite the modernization drive.

我们要牢牢把握机遇，利用和保护知识产权，培育和推动企业自主创新能力建设，加快创造和培育中国高科技的自主知识产权和自主品牌的步伐。

We must grip the opportunities, protect and utilize IPR, foster and promote capacity building among enterprises for independent innovation, and accelerate the creation and cultivation of china’s proprietary IPR and brands in the high-tech sector.

我们要让全世界知道，这个不只是只有价廉物美的纺织品和轻工产品，还有更多体现中华民族聪明才智和自主知识产权高新技术产品和自主品牌。

We will show the whole world that China not only makes textile and light industry products featuring low price and good quality, but also makes high-tech products and brands with proprietary IPR that speak for the talent and wisdom of the Chinese nation.

5

1、1840年英国无耻地对中国发动了战争，其罪恶目的在于保护他们在中国的鸦片贸易。

参考译文：

1. In 1840 Britain shamelessly launched war on China for a criminal purpose- to protect their opium trade.

19世纪初，英国东印度公司向中国大量走私产自当时英国的殖民地印度的鸦片。这种不法贸易不仅耗费了中国大量的钱财，而且极大地损害了鸦片吸食者的身心健康。所以，清政府中林则徐等一批头脑清醒的官员，力主全面禁止鸦片贸易。

In the early nineteenth century,the British East India Company smuggled to China large quantities of opium produced in India, which was then a British colony. This illegal trade not only cost China enormous sums of money, but did great harm to the health and moral quality of those who were addicted to the drug. So clear-headed officials in the Qing government like Lin Zexu wanted to have the trade completely banned.

清政府的统治者们也意识到鸦片泛滥的危害，1838年，任命林则徐为钦差大臣，命其到广州实行禁烟。当时，广州是大多数英国烟贩停留、交易的地方。

The Qing rulers also saw the danger of the spread of opium,and in 1838 appointed Lin Hih Commissioner and entrusted him with the task of banning the opium trade in Guangzhou, where most British opium dealers were staying and doing business.

1839年初，林则徐到任广州，随即采取了坚决措施，严令禁止鸦片贸易。勒令英国烟贩们上缴全部鸦片，总计22000箱（每箱约120斤鸦片），并且在离广州不远的虎门当众销毁。After arriving in Guangzhou early in 1839,Lin took resolute and strict measures to ban the trade.He compelled the British merchants to surrender all their opium,totaling 22,000 chests and had it publicly burned in Humen,not far from Guangzhou.

在英国的鸦片贸易利益集团强烈要求下，英国政府决定向中国发动战争。他们向中国派出舰队，共战舰四十多条，军队四千，逼近中国海域。

The British government,urged by the interest groups connected with the opium trade,decided to

wage war on China.They sent a fleet of over 40 battleships with 4,000 troops to Chinese seas.

林则徐带领当地军民做了充分的准备，在广东痛击了侵略者。腐败无能的清廷统治者们畏惧英国的先进武器，又担心人民力量的壮大，是战是和始终举棋不定。最后，为了结束战争，接受了英国提出的所有条件。林则徐被贬官，流放新疆。

The invaders were repelled by the army and people of Guangdong,where Lin Zexu had made necessary preparations.The decadeent and corrupt Qing rulers were so frightened by the superior weapons of the British,and so afraid of the rise of the people,that they had wavered all along between fighting and suing for peace,and finally decided to accept the British demands so as to end the war.Lin Zexu was demoted and exiled to Xinjiang.

2、1842年八月，在南京城外停泊的英国战船上，第一个由西方势力强加给中国的不平等条约-《南京条约》签署了。条约规定中国赔偿英国2100万银元；割让香港给英国，开放5个通商口岸（广州，厦门，福州，宁波和上海），对英国进出口货物征收的关税必须由二国协商决定。

2. In August 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing, the first unequal treaty imposed on China by a Western power, was signed on board a British battleship anchored near Nanjing. The treaty stipulated that China should pay Britain an indemnity of 21,000,000 silver dollars, cede Hongkong to Britain, open five ports (Gungzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai) to foreign trade, and tarriffs on British goods should be fixed by mutual agreement.

换言之，中国要给予英国领事裁判权和片面最惠国待遇。

3. In other words, China gave Britain the right of consular jurisdiction and unilateral most-favored-nation treatment.

中国在鸦片战争中战败，暴露了她在军事上的软弱和政治上的落后。西方列强发现迫使中国接受不平等条件是轻而易举的。因而，战后，英国和其他西方国家，包括法国、德国、俄国和美国，还有东方的日本，或单独或联合对中国发动新略战争，以不同的方式欺凌中国，以获取优惠、特权、赔偿、租界、甚至领土。

China's defeat in the Opium War exposed her military weakness and political backwardness. Western powers saw that it was easy to force her to accept unequal conditions. So after the war Britain and other western countries, including France, Germany, Russia. and the United States, and Japan in the east, jointly or separately started aggressive wars on China, or bullied China in different ways, to demand privileges, special rights,indemnities,concessions and even territory,

一般来说，他们的目的都能达到。19世纪后半叶的中国历史就充满了这样的屈辱。由此，中国从一个有主权的封建国家，开始逐渐沦为一个半封建、半殖民地的国家。

and generally they got what they wanted. Chinese history in the second half of the nineteenth century was full of such humiliating events. They marked the turn of China from a feudal country into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country.

6

奥运会是全球欢庆的体育盛事，对维护和平、增进友谊、促进文明都具有极其重要的意义。作为当今世界最具影响力的国家之一，中国非常愿意尽其所能推动奥林匹克运动。

Bidding for the Olympic Games

The Olympic Games are celebrated around the world as big sports gala with great significance of maintaining peace, enhancing friendship and promoting civilization. As one of the most influential countries in the world today, China is wiling to do her best to promote the Olympic Movement.

中国人民也强烈希望能够共享奥林匹克精神，参与奥运赛事，主办奥运盛会。在过去三十年中，中国实行改革开放政策，开展现代化建设，已实现社会安定，经济繁荣，综合国力显著增强。

It is the aspiration of the Chinese people to share the Olympic spirit, take part in Olympic affairs and host the Olympic Games. Over the past three decades, China has achieved social stability, and economic prosperity through reform and opening up to the outside world and modernization, and its national strength has increased greatly.

中国申奥意向的形成可追溯到1908年，当时的《天津青年》杂志就曾提出，中国何时才能参加申奥，中国何时才能主办奥运会。1979年，邓小平同志指出，在适当的时机，中国会申办奥运会。

China’s Olympic bid intention dates back to 1908, when the Tianjin Youth magazine asked when China would send its athletes to the Olympic Games and when China would host the Olympic Games. In 1979, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping pointed out that China would bid host the Olympic Games when time was appropriate.

1984年，国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇表示，国际奥委会不仅希望看到中国主办1990年亚运会，更希望中国主办奥运会。

In 1984, IOC President Damaranch said the IOC would like to see China host not only the 1990 Asian Games but also the Olympic Games.

1991年至2001年，北京共筹备了两次申奥工作，一次为2000年奥运会，另一次则为2008年奥运会。第一次申奥仅以两票之差败于悉尼。

During 1991 and 2001, Beijing made two Olympic bids, one for 2000 and the other for 2008. In its first bid, Beijing lost to Sydney by a narrow margin of two votes,

而在2001年第二次申奥中，北京打败了当时申奥的九大城市，赢得了2008年夏季奥运会的主办权。这与近些年来中国经济的迅猛发展以及在体育上取得的成就是密不可分的。

and in its second bid in 2001, Beijing beat other nine cities to win the right to host the 29th Olympic Summer Games in 2008, thanks to its great potential of economic growth and the remarkable achievements in sport made by China over the previous decade.

北京不懈努力申办奥运会，并取得最终胜利，不仅对共享奥林匹克精神、弘扬人道主义精神、扩大东西方交流具有重要意义，并且也为全面展示当今中国经济、文化、社会和政治发展成果提供了良好机会。

Beijing’s renewed efforts to bid for the Olympic Games and its final success in the bid not only have the significance for sharing the Olympic spirit, celebrating humanity and expanding exchanges between the East and the West, but also help provide a good opportunity of showing the

current state of economic, cultural, social and political development in China in a comprehensive way.

在2008年奥运会筹备过程中，北京生机焕发，向世界展现了一个开放、现代、文明、繁荣的大都市崭新形象，事实上，北京已做好准备，成为真正的国际大都市，努力为世人呈现一个“绿色奥运”、“科技奥运”和“全面奥运”，

While showing to the world a new, vigorous image of an open, modernized, civilized and well-developed metropolis in the lead-up to the 2008 Olympics, Beijing is ready to become a truly international city and make every effort to deliver a “Green Olympics”, a “Hi-Tech Olympics”, a “People’s Olympics”and,

尤为重要的是，北京要努力举办一届史无前例的奥运，就如国际奥委会评估委员会报告中所指出的，为中国乃至全球体育事业留下一份特殊的遗产。

to top it all, an unprecedented Olympics that would leave, as an IOC Evaluation Commission report believes, a unique legacy for both China and sport as a whole.

7

科技对农业的贡献

在农业科技领域，中国不断缩小与发达国家的差距，科技进步对中国农业的贡献率已由1949年的20%上升到现在的42%。

The Contribution of Science and Technology to Agriculture

I the sphere of agricultural science and technology, China has been narrowing its gap with the advanced countries. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to China’s agriculture has increased from 20 percent in 1949 to 42 percent.

农业科技部门在生物技术、高新技术、基础研究均取得较大进展，植物细胞和组织培养、单倍体育种及其应用研究处于世界先进地位。

The sci-tech agricultural departments have made tremendous progress in bio-technology, new and high technology and basic research, and the cultivation of plant cells and tissues, haploid breeding and the research on its application have already reached world advanced level.

两系法品种间杂交水稻、杂交玉米育种以及多熟种植技术方面，已达到或接近世界先进水平，大豆杂种优势利用研究也取得重大突破。

Bilinear hybrid rice, hybrid corn breeding, and multi-crop planting technologies have reached or got close to world advanced level. In addition, an important breakthrough has been made in the utilization of the advantages of hybrid beans.

1949年以来，中国农业科学家共培育出40多种农作物，近5000个高产、优质、抗性强的优质新品种，

Since 1949, Chinese agricultural scientists have bred over 40 new crops, including nearly 5,000 high-yield, good-quality varieties with strong resistance.

使主要农作物品种更新四至五次，每更新一次，一般增产10%至30%。目前，中国粮食作物单产已由1950年的1.16吨/公顷增加到4.4吨/公顷，提高了1.8倍。

Thus the major crops have been renovated four to five times, with an increase of yield by 10 to 30 percent each time. The per-hectare yield of grain crops has increased from 1.16 tons in 1950 to 4.82 tons, an increase of over 1.8 times.

被国际上誉为“杂交水稻之父”的中国科学家袁隆平，在杂交水稻方面的研究成果改写了二十世纪后半叶中国水稻耕作的历史，也为解决人类的“口粮”问题作出了卓越贡献。

The Chinese scientist Y uan Longping, who is internationally renowned as “Father of Hybrid Rice”for his tremendous achievements in the breeding of hybrid rice, has rewritten China’s history of rice cultivation in the second half of the 20th century and has made extraordinary contributions to the solution of mankind’s “food”problem.

现在，中国杂交水稻的优良品种已占全国水稻种植面积的51%，平均增产20%。

Thanks to his contribution, 51 percent of China’s paddy-fields is used to grow fine varieties of hybrid rice, with an average increase of 20 percent in yield.

国家有关部门先后组织实施了星火计划、重大成果推广计划、丰收计划、燎原计划等直接面向农村经济建设的科技计划，把先进的科技成果送到农村去，对促进农民科技素质的提高作用卓著。

To spread advanced sci-tech to the countryside, relevant government departments have carried out a number of sci-tech programs directly geared to the economic development of rural areas, such as the Spark Program, the Promotion Plan of Important Scientific Achievements, the Bumper Harvest Plan, and the Prairie Fire Program, which have played an important role in promoting farmers’sci-tech education.

与此同时，农业部门从世界各地引进农作物品种、苗木10多万份，并选育了水稻、玉米、小麦等作物的新品种。许多新的先进技术也得以在生产中广泛应用。

Meanwhile, agricultural departments have imported more than 100,000 crops and nursery stocks, and have cultivated a number of new varieties of rice, corn and wheat. Many advanced technologies have found extensive application in agricultural production.

8

WTO圆了中国家庭的买车梦

新年伊始，在中国加入WTO不久，中国制造的汽车――大部分是那些经济型，还有一些中、高级车辆的价格大幅下降，规模前所未有，降幅达到6％至近20％。

WTO Fulfills the Chinese People’s Dream of a Family Car

At the beginning of the New Year, shortly after China joined the WTO, the prices of Chinese made cars—mostly those in the economy range, but also including some middle and high-grade cars, plummeted on an unprecedented scale, from 6 percent to nearly 20 percent.

价格下降的原因是中国加入WTO后，将开放汽车市场。到2006年，进口汽车的关税将从80％－－100％降至25％；而进口汽车部件的关税将降至10％。

The main reason for this is that the Chinese car market is expected to open after China’s WTO entry. Through till 2006, the 80 to 100 percent tariff on imported cars will be reduced to 25 percent, and that on the import of spare parts will decrease to 10 percent.

尽管这是一个渐进的过程，但是国产经济型、中级汽车降价是必要的，因为进口汽车会全面降价，有的幅度高达30％，这就意味着进口汽车的数量会增加，有些价格会与国产汽车价位相当。所以，降价势在必行。

Although this is an evolutionary process, prices of Chinese made economy and middle-range cars have reduced as a matter of necessity, as those of imported cars have decreased in an all-round way, some to a level of 30 percent. This means an increasingly number of cars will be imported, and some will be the same price as Chinese made cars. Price reduction is therefore imperative.

中国汽车制造商正在实施价格战略以增加销售额，以弥补由削价造成的损失。这是占有市场份额，保证长期利润的唯一办法。

Chinese auto makers are employing price strategies that will increase sales volume, and make up for losses caused by price reductions. This is the only way they can seize a greater market share, and guarantee their long-term profits.

我国政府历来非常重视汽车工业的发展。自1949年中华人民共和国成立以来，为了将汽车发展成为民族工业，政府对汽车工业给予高度保护。

Our government has always attached great importance to the development of the auto industry. Since the founding of the PRC in 1949, and in order to make it into a national industry, the government has granted the auto industry a high degree of protection.

然而，事与愿违，在诸多汽车企业中，上规模的为数不多。1982年，共有2500多家汽车及汽车部件生产企业，但其年产量还不及一家日本、美国或欧洲汽车制造商一个班次的生产量。

However, things did no develop as rapidly as was hoped. Few of China’s numerous auto enterprises are of a large scale. In 1982, there were over 2,500 auto and spare parts manufacturers, but their total annual output was less than the single shift output of an average Japanese, American or European auto manufacturer.

20世纪80年代中期以来，在对外投资优惠政策的鼓励下，国际大型汽车制造企业如大众、通用、福特、丰田、雪铁龙、菲亚特等纷纷在中国建立合资企业，这表明中国汽车工业前景广阔。

Since the mid-1980s, spurred on by the preferential policies for foreign investment, international auto giants, such as V olkswagen, GM, Ford, Toyota, PSA Peugeot-Citroen and Fiat, have established joint ventures in China, indicating good prospects for our auto industry.

自20世纪90年代中、后期以来，在激烈竞争的鼓励下，为适应中国市场的需求，各家合资企业开发了经济型车生产线，同时加强了生产的本土化。

Since the middle and latter part of 1990s, stimulated by fierce competition, various auto joint ventures have developed a line in economy cars to suit the Chinese market, and have meanwhile enhanced production localization.

然而，迄今为止，中国还未形成自己的汽车工业，在众多的汽车生产厂家中，没有任何一家具有国际竞争力。随着中国加入WTO，国内市场面临着巨大挑战，大幅削价仅仅是挑战之一。只有通过竞争才能大造强势企业，中国的汽车工业才能发展壮大。

However, to date, we have still not formulated our own auto industry, as of the numerous Chinese auto manufacturers, not one has internationally competitive power. With China’s WTO entry, the domestic market faces huge challenges, of which substantial price reductions are just one. It is only through fierce competition that a powerful enterprise can be forged, and that the Chinese auto industry can grow up.

由于汽车是可替代消费品，其价格就是销售中的一个关键因素并对未来消费者影响巨大。这一点在911恐怖袭击事件后表现得尤为明显，当时在美国市场总体萧条的情况下，只有汽车工业依然保持其一派繁荣。

As cars are easily replaceable products, their price is a key selling factor, and has the greatest influence on prospective buyers. This is evident from the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attack, when it was only the auto industry, within the generally depressed state of the American market that was able to maintain its prosperity.

其原因在于优惠政策的实施，比如削价和无息贷款。在中国削价使数家品牌的汽车销售一空。中国目前的发展趋势是拥有私车，然而，大部分老百姓而言，这只是一个梦，因为高昂的价格是难以解决的问题。

The reason for this was the application of preferential policies, such as price reduction and loans without interest. In China, price reductions have resulted in several brands of cars being completely sold out. The current trend in China is to own a family car, but for most ordinary people, this is just a dream, as its high price presents an insurmountable problem.

此外，消费信贷服务处在起步阶段，其规模有限，条件严格。只有10%的汽车是贷款购买的，这一比例远远低于发达国家。

In addition, the consumption credit service is in its initial stage: its scale is limited, and stringent requirement must be met. Consequently, only 10 percent of cars are bought on credit—a far lower level than that of developed countries.

随着中国加入WTO，国外金融机构现在已正式获准开办汽车消费信贷服务，即将由中央银行出台的相关条例将有助于逐步改善国内汽车消费信贷服务，给国人以更多的选择。

With China’s WTO entry, foreign financial institutions now have official sanction to develop car consumption credit services, and relevant regulations will be formulated by the Central Bank that will lead to a gradual improvement in the domestic car consumption credit market, and provide our people with more choices.

削价只是我国汽车工业调整的开始。随着中国加入WTO，汽车工业无疑将得到振兴。汽车工业将成为我国的支柱产业，国内汽车生产商能够提高其核心竞争力并大造世界知名品牌。

Price reductions mark only the beginning of the adjustments for our auto industry. Within China’s WTO entry, its auto industry will undoubtedly be revitalized. The auto industry will become pillar industry in China, and domestic auto manufacturers can improve their core competitive power and formulate world famous brands.

更重要的是，在激烈竞争下，家庭拥有汽车对于我国老百姓来讲将不再是一个梦想。

Still more important, as a result of such stiff competition, the prospect of a family car will cease to

be a dream for the Chinese man-in-the-street.

9

中国独立自主的和平外交政策

China’s Independent Foreign Policy of Peace

中国坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，这一政策的基本目标是维护中国的独立、主权和领土完整，为中国的改革开放和现代化建设创造一个良好的国际环境，维护世界和平，促进共同发展。其主要内容包括：

China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The fundamental goals of this policy are to safeguard China’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, create a favorable international environment for China’s reform and opening up and modernization construction, maintain world peace and propel common development. The main content of this policy includes:

1. 中国始终奉行独立自主的原则。对于一切国际事务，都从中国人民和世界人民的根本利益出发，根据事情本身的是非曲直，决定自己的立场和政策，不屈从于任何外来压力。

1. China has all along adhered to the principle of independence. With regard to all international affairs, China will proceeding from the fundamental interests of the Chinese people and the people of the world, determine its stand and policy in the light of the merits and demerits of the matter, without yielding to any outside pressure.

中国不同任何大国或国家集团结盟，不搞军事集团，不参加军备竞赛，不进行军事扩张。

China does not form an alliance with any big power or group of big powers. Nor does China establish military blocs with other countries, or engage in arms race and military expansion.

2. 中国反对霸权主义，维护世界和平。中国认为，国家不分大小、强弱、贫富、都是国际社会的平等一员。国与国之间应通过协商和平解决彼此的纠纷和争端，不应诉诸武力或以武力相威胁，不能以任何借口干涉他国内政。

2. China opposes hegemonism and safeguard world peace. China believes that all countries, big or small, strong or weak, rich or poor, are equal members of the international community. Countries should resolve their disputes and conflict peacefully through consultations and not resort to the use or threat of force.

中国从不把自己的社会制度和意识形态强加于人，也绝不允许别国把他们的社会制度和意识形态强加给我们。

Nor should they interfere in others internal affairs under any pretext. China never imposes its social system and ideology on others, nor allows other countries to impose theirs on it.

3. 中国积极推动公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序。中国认为，新秩序应该体现历史发展和时代进步的要求，应该反映世界各国人民的普遍愿望和共同利益。

3. China actively facilitated the establishment of a new international political and economic order that is fair and rational. China holds that the new order should give expression to the demands of the development of history and progress of the times and reflect the universal aspiration and

common interests of the peoples of all countries.

和平共处五项原则和其他公认的国际关系准则应该成为建立国际政治经济新秩序的基础。

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and the universally recognized norms governing international relations should serve as the basis for setting up the new international political and economic order.

4. 中国愿意在互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处五项原则的基础上，同所有国家建立和发展友好合作关系。

4. China is ready to establish and develop friendly relations of cooperation with all countries on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence.

积极发展同周边国家的睦邻友好关系，是中国外交政策的重要组成部分。中国同绝大多数邻国解决了历史遗留问题，与周边国家的互利合作蓬勃发展。

It is an important component of china’s foreign policy to actively develop good-neighborly relations and friendship with surrounding countries. China has resolved problems left over by history with the overwhelming majority of neighboring countries, and has witnessed a vigorous development of mutually beneficial cooperation with its neighbors.

加强同广大发展中国家的团结合作是中国外交政策的基本立足点。中国与广大发展中国家有着共同的历史遭遇，有面临着维护国家独立、实现经济发展的共同目标，合作基础深厚，前景广阔。

It is fundamental standing point of China’s foreign policy to strengthen its solidarity and cooperation with developing countries. China and these countries share common historic experiences and are faced with common tasks of safeguarding national independence and achieving economic development. Therefore, their cooperation has a solid foundation and a broad prospect.

中国重视改善和发展同发达国家的关系，主张国与国之间应超越社会制度和意识形态的差异，相互尊重，求同存异，扩大互利合作。

China sets store by improving and developing its relations with developed countries. It advocates that countries should surmount their differences in social system and ideology, respect one another, seek common ground and shelve differences and enhance their mutually beneficial cooperation.

对彼此之间的分歧，应在平等与相互尊重的基础上坚持进行对话，不搞对抗，妥善加以解决。

Their disputes should be appropriately solved through dialogue on the basis of equality and mutual respect, instead of confrontation.

5. 中国实行全方位的对外开放政策，愿在平等互利原则的基础舱上，同世界各国和地区广泛开展贸易往来、经济技术合作和科学文化交流，促进共同繁荣。

5. China pursues a policy of all-dimensional opening up to the outside. It is ready to develop, on

the basis of equality and mutual benefit, extensive trade relations, economic and techn0ological cooperation and scientific and cultural exchanges with countries and regions of the world so as to promote common prosperity.

截至2001年，中国批准外商投资企业39万家，合同外资金额7459亿美元，实际利用外资金额3995亿美元。2001年，中国进出口贸易总额达5098亿美元，居世界第6位。

By the end of 2001, China had approved 390,000 overseas-funded enterprises with 745.9 billion dollars of contractual capital and 395.5 billion dollars of used capital. In 2001, China’s import and export volume amounted to 509.8 billion dollars, ranking sixth in the world.

经过15年的谈判，中国终于在2001年12月11日加入世界贸易组织。除享受相关权利外，中国已开始切实履行WTO体制，促进世界的繁荣与进步发挥积极作用。

After 15 years’talks, China finally acceded to the World Trade Organization on December 11, 2001. while enjoying relevant rights, China has begun earnestly honoring its obligations within the framework of the WTO and its commitments, and promoting prosperity and progress in the world.

世界经济是一个相互联系、相互依存的整体。经济全球化给各国经济发展带来了机遇，也带来了巨大的风险。维护金融稳定、防范金融危机、确保经济安全是各国政府面临的共同挑战。

The world economy is an inter-connected and inter-dependent whole. Economic globalization has brought both opportunities and big risks for the economies of various countries. It is a common challenge confronting the governments of all the countries to preserve financial stability, prevent financial crisis and ensure economic security.

6. 中国积极参与多边外交活动，是维护世界和平和地区稳定的坚定力量。

6. China takes an active part in multilateral diplomatic activities and is a staunch force in preserving world peace and regional stability.

中国是安理会的常任理事国，积极参与政治解决地区热点问题。中国派出了维和人员参与联合国的维和行动。中国支持联合国的改革，支持联合国等多边机构在国际事务中继续发挥重要作用。

As a permanent member of the Security Council of the United Nations, actively participates in the political solution of the problems of regional hot spots. China’s peace-keepers have joined United Nations peace-keeping operations. China supports the reforms of the United Nations and a continued important role of the United Nations and other multilateral organs in the international affairs.

中国坚决反对一切形式的恐怖主义，为国际反恐合作做出重要贡献。

China is firmly opposed to all forms of terrorism and has made important contributions to international anti-terrorism cooperation.

中国积极致力于国际军控、裁军与防扩散事业。迄今为止，中国已加入了所有国际军控与防扩散条约。

China devotes itself actively to pushing forward the cause of international arms control,

disarmament and non-proliferation. To date, China has joined all treaties related to international rams control and non-proliferation.

在放扩散方面，中国一贯严格履行所承担的国际义务，积极致力于中国的防扩散机制的法制化建设，以建立起一个相当完备的防扩散出口控制体系。

With regard to non-proliferation, China has all along scrupulously abided by its international obligations and, thanks to its active efforts in enacting laws on non-proliferation, set up a relatively perfect export control system for non-proliferation.

中国政府一向重视人权并为此做出了不懈的努力。中国已加入了包括《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》在内的18项人权公约，并以签署了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。

The Chinese government has attached importance to human rights and made unremitting efforts in this regard. China has joined 18 human rights conventions, including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

中国愿与国际社会一道，加强合作，共同对付人类发展面临的环境恶化，资源匮乏、贫困事业、人口膨胀、疾病流行、毒品泛滥、国际犯罪活动猖獗等全球性问题。

China remains ready, together with the international community, to enhance cooperation to address global problems facing mankind including worsening environment, resources scarcity, poverty and unemployment, population explosion, disease and narcotic spreading, and rampant transnational crimes.

11

Healthcare Reform

During the past two decades, all of the industrialized nations have enacted some form of healthcare reform. America is no exception. Just a few years ago, the U. S. was consumed by a vigorous public debate about healthcare. In the end, the debate reaffirmed that the U. S. would retain its essentially market-based system.

医疗改革

过去二十年来，所有的工业国家都实施过某种形式的医疗改革，美国也不例外。就在几年前，美国掀起了一场轰轰烈烈的关于医疗改革的公众辩论。最终，这场辩论重新确认美国应继续保留原有的基本上以市场为导向的医疗体制。

Instead of reform imposed from the top down, the American healthcare system underwent some rather profound self-reform, driven by powerful market forces. The market—not government—managed to wring inflation out of the private healthcare market.

美国的医疗体制未曾进行过自上而下的改革，而是在强大的市场推动下经历了一些深刻的自我变革。私营医疗保健市场的水分，是依靠市场、而不是政府的作用来挤掉的。

Today, it appears that U. S. healthcare costs are again on the rise. At the same time, American patients—like patients elsewhere—are becoming more vocal about restrictions many face in their healthcare plans. Talk of government-led reform is once again in the air.

如今，美国的医疗费用似乎再次呈上涨趋势。于此同时，和其他国家的病患一样，美国的病患对于他们医疗保健计划中所受到的种种限制也越来越怨声载道。让政府来领导医疗改革的话题又一次被提起。

We must think twice, though, before embarking on “reform”if that means imposing further restrictions on our healthcare markets. The more sensible course is to introduce policies that make the market work better—that is, to the advantage of consumers.

然而，政府所主导的医疗改革如果仅仅意味着加大对医疗市场的限制的话，那我们可要三思而后行了。其实，更为明智的做法是制定一些对消费者更为有利的政策，改善市场的运作。

I base this argument on our company’s decades of experience in healthcare systems around the world, which has given us a unique global perspective on the right and wrong way to reform healthcare. The wrong way is to impose layer after layer of regulation and restrictions. We have seen this approach tried in many countries, and we have always see it fail—fail to hold down costs, and fail to provide the best quality care.

这个观点是基于我们公司在全球医疗系统中数十年的经验而提出来的。这些经验给了我们独特的视角，来判断医疗改革中正确和错误的做法。我们认为，强加层层规定和限制的做法是错误的。很多国家都曾经采取过这种改革方式，但这样的改革总是以失败而告终：因为它既没有降低医疗成本，也无法给患者提供优质的治疗。

Medicine is changing at so rapid pace that no government agency or expert commission can keep up with it. Only an open, informed and competitive market can do that. This lesson holds true for U. S. , and for all countries contemplating healthcare reform. Free markets do what governments mean to do –but can’t.

医药的发展速度实在是太快了，任何政府机构或专家委员会都无法跟上。唯一能跟上这一发展速度的只有开放、信息充分而有竞争力的市场。这一经验教训既适用于美国，同样也适用于所有正在筹划医疗改革的国家。政府想做却又无法做到的事情，自由市场可以做到。The right approach is to foster a flexible, market-based system in which consumers have rights, responsibilities, and choices. Healthcare systems do not work if patients are treated as passive recipients of services: they do work if consumers are well-informed about quality, costs, and new treatments, and are free to act responsibly on that knowledge.

进行医疗改革的正确途径是建立一套灵活的、以市场为导向的医疗体制。在这套体制下，消费者既享有权利也承担义务，而且还能自由地做出选择。如果患者只是被动地接受医疗服务，这样的医疗体制根本就是行不通的。相反，如果患者能充分了解药物质量、医疗费用以及最新的治疗方法，然后再根据这些情况自由选择治疗方案，这样的体制才是可行的。

Of course, reform should never be driven purely by cost consideration. Instead, we ought to devise new ways of funding healthcare that will make it possible for all patients to afford the best care.

当然，医疗改革决不能只受价格因素的驱动。相反，我们应该寻求新的途径来资助医疗保险事业，使所有的患者都能享受最好的医疗服务。

Ideally, these new approaches would not only reward individuals and families but also encourage innovation, which can make healthcare systems more efficient, more productive, and ultimately of

greater value for patients.

理想的改革方式不仅能使个人和家庭受益，而且还能鼓励医疗创新，使得整个医疗体制的运行效率更高，成效更大，最终使患者受益更多。

The path we choose will have enormous implications for all of us. We are in a golden age of science, and no field of scientific inquiry holds more promise than that of biomedicine. Not only can we look forward to the discovery of cures for chronic and acute disease, but also to the development of enabling therapies that can help people enjoy more rewarding and productive lives.

选择怎样的改革路线与我们每个人息息相关。我们正处在一个科学发展的黄金时代，而生物医学又是目前最具探索前景的一个科学领域。我们不仅可以期待找到治愈各种急、慢性疾病的药物，还可以期待研制出各种疗法，帮助人们过上更有意义、更有价值的生活。

New drugs are already helping people who would once have been disabled by arthritis or cardiovascular disease stay active and mobile. More effective anti-depressants and anti-psychotics are beginning to relieve the crippling illness of the mind, allowing sufferers to function normally and happily in society. The promise is quite simply—one of longer, healthier lives.

过去，关节炎和心血管疾病的患者很有可能致残；而现在，新型的药物可以使他们继续活动自如。抗抑郁药和抗精神病药的疗效提高了，能缓解人们精神方面的疾病，使患者在社会上正常、快乐地生活。简单地说，生物医学给我们带来的希望就是，它能使人们更长寿、更健康。

What is at issue are the pace and breadth of discovery, and how quickly we can make the benefits of our knowledge available to the patients who need them.

现在还有待解决的问题就是新药开发的步伐有多快、范围有多广，以及需要多长时间才能让那些有需要的患者从中受益。

Therefore, the policy environment the biomedical industry will face in the next century may make or break the next wave of biomedical breakthroughs. Will that environment include protection for intellectual property, freedom for the market to determine price, and support for a robust science base?

因此，下个世纪制药业所面临的政策环境将会决定生物医药领域是否会出现新一波的突破。改革后的政策环境会保护知识产权吗？会允许市场自由定价吗？会建立强大的科研基地而提供支持吗？

Will healthcare systems nurture innovation, or remove incentives for discover? Will they give consumers information and options, or impose stringent rules and regulations that limit access and choice? For the U. S., as for the rest of the world, the healthcare debate is by no means over. And for all of us, the stakes are higher than ever.

改革后的医疗体制是有助于培养创新意识，还是会抑制创新？这样的医疗体制是为消费者提供更多的信息和选择，还是用苛刻的规则和条例限制他们的信息来源和选择权？对于美国和世界上其他国家来说，关于医疗体制的争论绝没有结束。而对我们所有人来说，医疗体制改革的风险比以往任何时候都要大。