1999-2007英语专四CLOZE真题

Our ape-men forefathers had no obvious natural weapons in the struggle for survival in the open. They had neither the powerful teeth nor the strong claws of the big cats. They could not ( 26 ) with the bear, whose strength, speed and claws ( 27 ) an impressive small fire weaponry . They could not even defend themselves ( 28 ) running swiftly like the horses, zebras or small animals. If the ape-men h ad attempted to compete on those terms in the open, they would have been ( 29 ) to failure and extinction. But they were (30) with enormous concealed advantages of a kind not possessed by any of their competitors.

In the search ( 31 ) the pickings of the forest, the ape-men had ( 32 ) efficient stereoscopic vision and a sense of colour that the animals of the grasslands did not possess. The ability to see clearly at close range permitted the ape-men to study practical problems in a way that lay far ( 33 ) the reach of the original inhabitants of the grassland. Good long-distance sight was ( 34 ) another matter. Lack of long-distance vision had not been a problem for fores t-dwelling apes and monkeys because the higher the viewpoint, the greater the range of sight—so ( 35 ) they had to do was climb a tree. Out in the open, however, this simple solution was not ( 3 6 ) . Climbing a hill would have helped, but in many places the ground was flat. The ape-men ( 37 ) the only possible solution. They reared up as high as possible on their hind limbs and began to walk upright. This vital change of physical position brought about considerable disadvantages. It was extremely unstable and it meant that the already slow ape-men became slower still. ( 38 ) , they persevered and their bone structure gradually became ( 39 ) to the new, unstable position that ( 40 ) them the name Homo erectus, upright man.

26. A. match B. compare C. rival D. equal

27. A. became B. equipped C. posed D. provided

28. A. in B. upon C. by D. with

29. A. driven B. doomed C. forced D. led

30. A. bestowed B. given C. presented D. endowed

31. A. for B. of C. on D. at

32. A. progressed B. generated C. developed D. advanced

33. A. from B. apart C. beyond D. above

34. A. rather B. quite C. much D. really

35. A. anything B. that C. everything D. all

36. A. available B. enough C. sufficient D. convenient

37. A. chose B. adopted C. accepted D. took

38. A. However B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Subsequently

The difference between a liquid and a gas is obvious ( 26 ) the conditions of temperature and pressure commonly found at the sur face of the Earth. A liquid can be kept in an open container and ( 27 ) it to the level of a free surface. A gas forms no free surface but ( 28 ) to diffuse throughout the space available; it must ( 29 ) be kept in a closed container, as ( 30 )a planet’s atmosphere. The distinction was a prominent feature of early theories ( 31 )the phases of matter. In the nineteenth century, for example, one theory maintained that a liquid could be “dissolved” in a vapor without losing its identity, and another theory held that the two phases are ( 32 ) different kinds o f molecules(分子). The theories now prevailing ( 33 ) a quit e different approach by emphasizing what liquids and gases have in common. They are both forms of matter that have no permanent structure, and they both flow ea sily. They are fluids.

The ( 34 ) similarly of liquids and gases becomes clear ly apparent when the temperature and pressure are raised somewhat.( 35 ) a closed container partially filled with a liquid is heated. The li quid expands or ( 36 ), becomes less dense; some of it evapor ates.( 37 ), the vapor above the liquid surface becomes dense r as the evaporated molecules are added to it. The combination of temperature an d pressure ( 38 ) the densities become equal is ( 3 9 ) the critical point. Above the critical point the liquid and the gas can no longer be ( 40 ); there is a single, undifferentiated fluid phase of uniform density.

26. A. in B. on C. under D. beyond

27. A. fills B. be filled C. filling D. to fill

28. A. intends B. tends C. inclines D. contends

29. A. however B. nevertheless C. so D. therefore

30. A. in the event of B. in the case of C. with a view to D. with reference to

31. A. having described B. described C. describing D. to have described

32. A. made up of B. consisted of C. constituted of D. made from

33. A. apply B. adapt C. take D. conduct

34. A. elementary B. crucial C. rudimentary D. fundamental

35. A. Suppose B. To suppose C. Being supposed D. Supposed

36. A. in a word B. in the meantime C. in other words D. in that case

37. A. Similarly B. In contrast C. Furthermore D. Instead

38. A. on that B. on which C. at that D. at which

39. A. known B. defined C. called D. referred to

40. A. classified B. recognized C. categorized D. distinguished

The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his source languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual ( 26 )and a knowledge and understanding of the latest subject-matter in his field of specialization.

This is, as it were, his professional equipment. ( 27 ) this, it is desirable that he should have an inquiring mind,wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work ( 28 )is own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others ( 29 )his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task in hand. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding ( 30 )with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to ( 31 )rapidly from one source language to another, as well as from one subject-matter to another,since this ability is frequently ( 32 )of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator’s work,i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, ( 33 )that he should be able to speak thelanguage he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage ( 34 )a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can ( 35 )with. It is, ( 36 ),desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to ( 37 )how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same ( 38 ) to an ability to write his source languages. If he can, well and good; if he cannot, it does not ( 39 ). There are many other skills and ( 40 )that are desirable in a translator.

26. A. application B. use C. utility D. usage

27. A. More than B. Except for C. Because of D. In addition to

28. A. of B. by C. for D. on

29. A. should B. when C. because D. if

30. A. familiariy B. acquaintance C. knowledge D. skill

31. A. change B. transform C. turn D. switch

32. A. lacked B. required C. faced D. confronted

33. A. essential B. unnecessary C. advantageous D. useless

34. A. over B. despite C. rather than D. instead

35. A. deal B. concern C. work D. do away

36. A. however B. accordingly C. consequently D. thus

37. A. knowing B. having known C. know D. have known

38. A. refers B. comes C. applies D. amounts

39. A. matter B. mind C. harm D. work

People thinking about the origin of language for the first time usually arrive at the conclusion that it developed gradually as a system of grunts, hisses and cries and ____26 a very simple affair in the beginning. ______27 when we observe the language behavior of ____28 we regard as primitive cultures, we find it _____29 complicates. It was believes that an Eskimo must have at the tip of his tongue a vocabulary of more than 10,000 words ___30 to get along reasonably well, much larger than the active vocabulary of an average businessman who speaks English. ______31, These Eskimo words are far more highly inflected (词尾变化的)than _____32 of any

Of the well-known European languages, for a ___33 noun can be spoken or written in ______34 hundred different forms, each ___35 a precise meaning different from that of any other. The forms of the verbs are even more _____36. The Eskimo language is, therefore, one of the most difficult in the world to learn, ______37 the result that almost no traders or explorers have ___38 tried to learn it. Consequently, there has grown up, in communication between Eskimos and whites, a jargon ___39 to the pidgin English used in Old China, with a vocabulary of from 300 to 600 uninflected words. Most of them are derived from Eskimo but some are derived from English, Danish, Spanish, Hawaiian and other languages. It is this jargon that is usually ___40__by travelers as the Eskimo language.

26. A. must be B. must have been C. ought to be D. should be

27. A. However B. Therefore C. probably D. undoubtedly

28. A. whose B. that C. which D. what

29. A. conspicuously B. usually C. surprisingly D. sufficiently

30. A. so as B. so that C. as such D. as well as

31. A. However B. Moreover C. Though D. Therefore

32. A. the others B. all others C. these D. those

33. A. single B. singular C. plural D. compound

34. A. some B. several C. various D. varied

35. A. getting B. causing C. having D. owning

36. A endless B. multiple C. uncountable D. numerous

37. A. with B. for C. owing to D. as

38. A still B. indeed C. just D. even

39. A. alike B. similar C. related D. relevant

40. A. referred to B. talked about C. spoken D. told

During McDonald's early years French fries were made from scratch every day. Russet Burbank potatoes were (1), cut into shoestrings, and fried in its kitchens. (2) the chain expanded nationwide, in the mid-1960', it sought to cut labor costs, reduce the number of suppliers, and (3) that its fries tasted the same at every restaurant. McDonald's began (4) to frozen French fries in 1966--and few customers noticed the difference. (5), the change had a profound effect on the nation's agriculture and diet. A familiar food had been transformed into a highly processed industrial (6) McDonald's fries now come from huge manufacturing plants (7) can process two million pounds of potatoes a day. The expansion (8) McDonald's and the popularity of its low-cost, mass-produced fries changed the way Americans eat.

The taste of McDonald's French fries played a crucial role in the chain's success--fries are much more profitable than hamburgers--and was (9) praised by customers, competitors, and even food critics. Their (10) taste does not stem from the kind of potatoes that McDonald's (11) , the technology that processes them, or the restaurant equipment that fries them: other chains use Russet Burbank, buy their French fries from the (12) large processing companies, and have similar (13) in their restaurant kitchens. The taste of a French fry is (14) determined by the cooking oil. For decades McDonald's cooked its French fries in a mixture of about 7 per cent cottonseed oiled and 93 per cent beef fat. The mixture gave the fries their unique (15).

1. A. scaled B. stripped C. peeled D. sliced

2. A. As B. Due to C. owing to D. With

3. A. ensue B. ensure C. enrich D. enable

4. A. switching B. perting C. modifying D. altering

5. A. Still B. Anyway C. Besides D. Nevertheless

6. A. brand B. stuff C. commodity D. produce

7. A. this B. that C. / D. what

8. A. into B. from C. in D. of

9. A. long B. only C. first D. lonely

10. A. distinctive B. distinct C. distinguished D. distinguishable

11. A. possesses B. buys C. acquires D. grows

12. A. exact B. identical C. same D. alike

13. A. works B. pots C. boilers D. fryers

14. A. adequately B. massively C. plentifully D. largely

15. A. flavor B. fragrance C. smell D. perfume

The normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours’ sleep alternation with some 16-17 hours’ wakefulness and that the sleep normally coincides(26) ____ the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this(27)____ can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one. The ease with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a(28)____ of growing importance in industry where automation(29)____ round-the-clock working of machines. It normally(30)____ from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a (31)____ routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the day and working at night. (32)____, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine(33)____ he has to change to another, (34)____ much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very(35) ____.

One answer would seem to be(36)____ periods on each shift, a month, or even three months. (37)____, recent research has shown that people on such systems will revert to go back to their(38)____ habits of sleep and wakefulness during the week-end and that this is quite enough to destroy any(39)____ to night work built up during the week. The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to those permanent night workers whose(40)____ may persist through all week-ends and holidays.

26.A.in B.with C.of D.over

27.A.cycle B.period C.circle D.round

28.A.problem B.difficulty C.trouble D.matter

29.A.asks B.invites C.calls for D.reacts to

30.A.takes B.spends C.demands D.asks

31.A.former B.returned C.reversed D.regular

32.A.Therefore B.Unfortunately C.In a word D.In comparison

33.A.as B.when C.then D.than

34.A.though B.so that C.while D.as

35.A.efficiently B.good C.easily D.happily

36.A.shorter B.better C.longer D.nicer

37.A.So B.In short C.Similarly D.However

38.A.new B.normal C.temporary D.favourite

39.A.change B.return C.adaptation D.tendency

40.A.wakefulness B.sleep C.preference D.habit

2005

A person’s home is as much a reflection of his personality as the clothes he wears, the food he eats and the friends with whom he spends his time. Depending on personality, most have in mind a(n) “(31) ______ home”. But in general, and especially for the student or new wage earners, there are practical (32)________ of cash and location on achieving that idea.

Cash (33) ________, in fact, often means that the only way of (34) _________when you leave school is to stay at home for a while until things (35) _________financially. There are obvious (36) ________of living at home—personal laundry is usually (37) _________ done along with the family wash; meals are provided and there will be a well-established circle of friends to (38) _________. And there is (39) _________ the responsibility for paying bills, rates, etc.

On the other hand, (40) _________ depends on how a family gets on. Do your parents like your friends? You may love your family—(41) _________do you like them? Are you prepared to be (42) __________ when your parents ask where you are going in the evening and what time you expect to be back? If you find that you cannot manage a(n) (43) _________, and that you finally have the money to leave,how do you (44) _________ finding somewhere else to live?

If you plan to stay in your home area, the possibilities are (45)_________well-known to you already. Friends and the local paper are always (46)_________. If you are going to work in a (47) _________ area, again there arethe papers—and the accommodation agencies, (48) _________ these should be approached with (49) _________. Agencies are allowed to charge a fee, usually the (50) ________ of the first week’s rent, if you take accommodation they have found for you.

31. A. ideal B. perfect C. imaginary D. satisfactory

32. A. deficienciesB. weaknessesC. insufficiencies D. limitations33. A. cut B. shortage C. lack D. drain

34. A. getting over B. getting in C. getting back D. getting along

35. A. improve B. enhance C. develop D. proceed

36. A. concerns b. issues C. advantages D. problems

37. A. still B. always C. habitually D. consequently

38. A. call in B. call over C. call upon D. call out

39. A. always B. rarely C. little D. sometimes

40. A. little B. enough C. many D. much41. A. andB. but C. still D. or

42. A. tolerant B. hostile C. indifferent D. good-tempered

43. A. agreement B. consensus C. compromise D. deal

44. A. go about B. go over C. go in for D. go through

45. A. seldom B. less C. probably D. certainly

46. A. dependent B. a good source of information C. of great value D.reliable

47. A. familiarB. cold C. humid D. new48. A. though B. while C. since D. as

There are many superstitions in Britain, but one of the most (31)_______ held is that it is unlucky to walk under a ladder—even if it means (32)_______ the pavement into a busy street! (33)_____ you must pass under a ladder you can (34)_____bad luck by crossing your fingers and (35)_____them crossed until you have seen a dog. (36)_____, you may lick your finger and (37)______ a cross on the toe of your shoe, and not look again at the shoe until the (38)______ has dried. Another common (39)_______ is that it is unlucky to open an umbrella in the house—it will either bring (40)______ to the person who opened it or to the whole (41)_______. Anyone opening an umbrella in fine weather is (42)_____, as it inevitably brings rain! The number 13 is said to be unlucky for some, and when the 13th day of the month (43)_______ on a Friday, anyone wishing to avoid a bad event had better stay (44)_______.

The worst misfortune that can happen to a person is caused by breaking a mirror, (45)_____ it brings seven years of bad luck! The superstition is supposed to (46)_________ in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. Black cats are generally considered lucky in Britain, even though they are (47)______ witchcraft. It is (48)_____ lucky if a black cat crosses your path—although in America the exact opposite belief prevails. Finally, a commonly held superstition is that of touching wood (49)_______ luck. This measure is most often taken if you think you have said something that is tempting fate, such as “my car has never (50)_______, touch wood?”

31. A. broadly B. widely C. quickly D. speedily

32. A. running from B. jumping off C. stepping off D. keeping from

33. A. If B. As C. Though D. Unless 34. A. erase B. remove C. avoid D. ease

35. A. keep B. keeping C. kept D. to keep

36. A. Consequently B. However C. Comparatively D. Alternatively

37. A. make B. print C. perform D. produce 38. A. label B. symbol C. mark D. cut

39. A. argument B. superstition C. opinion D. idea

40. A. loss B. difficulty C. tragedy D. misfortune

41. A. house B. household C. home D. circle

42. A. unwise B. unintelligent C. unpopular D. unfortunate

43. A. falls B. arrives C. drops D. happens

44. A. away B. outdoors C. indoors D. far

45. A. when B. as C. if D. though

46. A. have originated B. be originating C. be originated D. originate

47. A. concerned about B. related with C. associated with D. connected in

48. A. especially B. specially C. frequently D. rarely

Until I took Dr Offutt’s class in DeMatha High school , I was an underachieving student,but I left that class (31)_______never to underachieve again.He not only taught me to think,he convinced me,(32)________by example as words that it was my moral (33)_______to do so and to serve others.(34)_____of us could know how our relationship would(35)_______over the years .When I came back to DeMatha toteach English, I worked for Dr Offutt,the department chair.My discussions with him were like graduate seminars in adolescent(36)______,classroom management and school leadership.

After several years,I was (37) _______department chair,and our relationship (38)________ again. I thought that it might be (39)______chairing the department ,since all of my (40)______English teachers were(41)_______there,but Dr. Offutt supported me(42)_______.He knew when to give me advice(43)_______curriculum,texts personnel ,and when to let me (44)______my own course.In 1997,I needed his (45)______about leaving DeMatha to become principal at another school.(46)_______he had asked me to stay at DeMatha,I might have .(47)_______,he encouraged me to seize the opportunity.

Five years ago ,I became the principal of DeMatha.(48)________,Dr Offutt was there for me,letting me know that I could (49)_______him. I have learned from him that great teachers have an inexhaustible(50)________of lessons to teach.

31. A.concerned B.worried C.determined D.decided

32. A. as much B. much as C. as such D. such as

33.A. work B. job C. duty D.obligation

34.A. Both B. Neither C. Either D. Each

35. A. evolve B. stay C. remain D. turn

36.A.process B.procedure C.development D.movement

37.A.called https://www.360docs.net/doc/b42160139.html,d C.asked D.invited

38.A. moved B. altered C. went D. shifted

39.A.awkward B.uneasy C.unnatural D.insensitive

40.A. older B.experienced C.former D. /41. A. / B.still C.even D.already

42. A.through B.throughout C.at the beginning D.all the way

43. A.for B.at C.over D.about

44. A.chart B.head C.describe D.manage

45.A.opinion B.request C.permission D.order

46.A.Even if B.Although C.If D.When

47.A.Naturally B.Instead C.Consequently D.Still

Salt, shells or metals are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.

Salt may seem rather a strange (31)____ to use as money, (32)_____ in countries where the food of the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an (33)_____ necessity. Cakes of salt, stamped to show their (34)____, were used as money in some countries until recent (35)_____, and cakes of salt (36)____ buy goods in Borneo and parts of Africa.

Sea shells (37)_____ as money at some time(38)____ another over the greater part of the Old World. These were (39)___ mainly from the beaches of the Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, and were traded to India and China. In Africa, shells were traded right across the (40)___ from East to West.

Metal, valued by weight, (41)____ coins in many parts of the world. Iron, in lumps, bars or rings, is still used in many countries(42)_____ paper money. It can either be exchanged(43)____ goods, or made into tools, weapons, or ornaments. The early money of China, apart from shells, was of bronze, (44)_____ in flat, round pieces with a hole in the middle, called "cash". The (45)_____ of these are between three thousand and four thousand years old - older than the earliest coins of the eastern Mediterranean.

Nowadays, coins and notes have (46)____ nearly all the more picturesque (47)____ of money, and (48)____ in one or two of the more remote countries people still keep it for future use on ceremonial (49)____ such as weddings and funerals, examples of (50)____ money will soon be found only in museums.

(31) A. object B. article C. substance D. category(32) A. but B. and C. so D. even

(33) A. abstract B. advantageous C. abundant D. absolute

(34) A. weight B. value C. role D. size(35) A. times B. events C. situations D. conditions

(36) A. even B. also C. still D. never

(37) A. had been used B. are used C. would be used D. would have been used

(38) A. and B. but C. yet D. or(39) A. collected B. produced C. grown D. raised

(40) A. city B. district C. communib D. continent

(41) A. processed B. produced C. preceded D. proceeded

(42) A. in spite of B. instead of C. along with D. in line with

(43) A. against B. as C. in D. for

(44) A. often B. seldom C. really D. much

(45) A. earlier B.earliest C.better D.best

(46) A. replaced B. reproduced C. reflected D. recovered

(47) A. sizes B. shapes C. formats D. forms

(48) A. while B. although C. because D. if

Scientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS -- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome --- was (31) ____ for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi, (32) _____ since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this (33) _____, there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease.

Symptoms start (34) _____ a fever over 100.4 degrees F, chills, headache or body (35)____. Within a week, the patient has a dry cough, which might (36) _____ to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require (37)_____ ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms (38)____ begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it (39) ____ take as long as 10 days. Scientists are close to (40) ____ a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence (41)____ antibiotics or anti-viral medicines help, (42) _____ doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of(43) ____ Scientists aren't sure yet, but some researchers think it's a (44) ____ discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds.

Most cases appear to have been passed (45) ____ droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care (46) ____ them have been most likely to (47) ____ the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the (48) ____ might spread through air, or that the virus might (49) ____ for two to three hours on doorknobs or other (50)____. Health experts say it is unlikely, though, that sharing an elevator briefly with an infected person would be enough to pass the virus.

(31) A. detected B. caught C. disclosed D. revealed(32) A. but B. and C. or D. yet

(33) A. time B. point C. aspect D. instance(34) A. from B. over C. upon D. with

(35) A. hurt B. sore C. aches D. feelings(36) A. process B. advance C. progress D. convert

(37) A. automatic B. artificial C. mechanical D. controlled

(38) A. regularly B. ordinarily C. traditionally D. generally

(39) A. will B. might C. should D. must

(40) A. cultivating B. fostering C. developing D. designing

(41) A. which B. that C. whether D. what(42) A. so B. but C. still D. yet

(43) A. communication B. transportation C. transformation D. transmission

(44) A. lately B. newborn C. newly D. renewed(45) A. under B. throughC. beneath D. from

(46) A. for B. over C. after D. about

(47) A. acquire B. receive C. obtain D. contract

(48) A. ailment B. ill-health C. disease D. infection

How men first learned to invent words is unknown; (31)____, the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain (32)____ to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, (33)____ they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed (34)____ certain signs, called letters, which could be (35)____ to represent those sounds, and which could be (36)_____. Those sounds, whether spoken, (37)_____ written in letters, we call words.

The power of words, then, lies in their (38)____ the things they bring up before our minds. Words become (39)____ with meaning for us by experience; (40)._____ the longer we live, the more certain words (41)_____ to us the happy and sad events of our past: and the more we (42)____, the more the number of words that mean something to us (43)____ Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal (44)____ to our minds and emotions. This (45)._____ and telling use of words is what we call (46)____ style. Above all, the real poet is a master of (47)____. He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which (48)_____ their position and association can (49)____ men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will (50)____ our speech or writing silly and vulgar.

(31) A. in addition B. in other words C. in a word D. in summary

(32) A. sounds B. gestures C. signs D. movements

(33) A. such that B. as that C. so that D. in that

(34) A. in B. with C. of D. upon

(35) A. spelt B. combined C. written D copied

(36) A. written down B. handed down C. remembered D. observed

(37) A. and B. yet C. also D. or

(38) A. functions B. associations C. roles D. links

(39) A. filled B. full C. live D. active

(40) A. but B. or C. yet D. and

(41 ) A. reappear B. recall C. remember D. recollect

(42) A. read and think B. read and recall C. read and learn D. read and recite

(43) A. raises B. increases C. improves D. emerges

(44) A. intensively B. extensively C. broadly D. powerfully

(45) A. charming B. academic C. conventional D. common

(46) A. written B. spoken C. literary D. dramatic

(47) A. signs B. words C. style D. sound

“Congratulations, Mr. Cooper. It’s a girl.”

Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and (31) a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel (32) when they receive the news, (33) others worry, wondering whether they will be good father. (34) there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly (36) children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time.

(37) other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have (38)willingly or unwillingly. Whatever the (39) to the birth of a child, it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to (40) of a father is a difficult task. (41) , unfortunately, few attempts have been made to (42) fathers in this resocialization (43) . Although numerous books have been written about mothers, (44)recently has literature focused on the (45) of a father.

It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not (46) as great as the transition the wife must (47) to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete (48) in daily routine. (49) , the father’s role is less demanding and (50) .

31. A. bring down B. bring forth C. bring off D. bring in

32. A. emotional B. sentimental C. bewildered D. proud

33. A. while B. when C. if D. as

34. A. When B. If C. Although D. Yet

35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered

36. A. care about B. care of C. care with D. care for

37. A. For B. Of C. From D. Upon

38. A. received B. taken C. accepted D. obtained

39. A. reply B. reaction C. readiness D. reality

40. A. what B. this C. one D. that

41. A. As a result B. For example C. Yet D. Also

42. A. educate B. cultivate C. inform D. convert

43. A. step B. process C. point D. time

44. A. / B. just C. quite D. only

45. A. role B. work C. career D. position

46. A. a little B. just C. nearly D. almost

47. A. take B. make C. carry D. accept

48. A. transformation B. realization C. socialization D. reception

The earthquake of 26th December 2004 resulted in one of the worst natural disasters in living memory.It was a (31) _____ underwater quake and occurred in the Indian Ocean.It (32) ____ coastlines，communities and brought death to many people.

Why do earthquakes happen?

The surface of the earth has not always looked as it does today;it is moving(33)____ (although very slowly)and has done so for billions of years.This is one(34)____ of earthquakes，when one section of the earth (tectonic plate)(35)____ another.Scientists can predict where but not(36)____ this might happen and the area between plates is called a fault line.On one fault line in Kobe，Japan in 1923 over 200,000 people were killed.(37)____，earthquakes do not always happen on fault lines，(38)____ is why they are so dangerous and (39)____.

Where do volcanoes happen?

V olcanoes happen where the earth's(40)____ is thin：lava，dust and gases(41)____ from beneath the earth.They can rise into a huge cone shape like a mountain and erupt，(42)____ they can be so violent(43)____ they just explode directly from the earth with no warning.There are 1511(44)'____' volcanoes in the world.This means that they may(45)____ be dangerous.In 1985 the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz erupted.The lava melted a glacier and sent tones of mud(46)____ the town below.Twenty thousand people died.Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable.We regularly do not know when they(47)____ pen，or (48)____ where they will happen.In the future，scientists may be able to watch and predict(49)____ before they happen.This could(50)____ many lives.

31.A.massive B.significant C.great D.grand

32.A.changed B.converted C.destroyed D.transformed

33.A.frequently B.continuously C.regularly D.periodically

34.A.source B.reason C.movement D.cause

35.A.collides with B.confronts with C.meets with D.faces with

36.A.how B.why C.when D.what37.A.Generally B.However C.Similarly D.Anyway

38.A.that B.it C.this D.which39.A.unpredictable B.unaccountable C.inevitable D.irresistible

40.A.surface B.appearance C.crust D.cover

41.A.flowed out B.burst out C.1eaked out D.trickled out

42.A.or B.and C.nor D.but43.A.like B.for C.as D.that

44.A.living B.active C.alive D.live45.A.relatively B.hardly C.still D.gradually

46.A.down B.on C.across D.beyond47.A.are to B.should C.must D.might

48.A.else B.even C.though D.whether

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: without it, it (31) ______ not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; (32) ______ the workers in government offices who (33) ______ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. (34) ______ taxation, we pay for things that we need just (35) ______ we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But (36) ______ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about (37) ______ taxation should be arranged.

In most countries, a direct tax on (38) ______, which is called income tax, (39) ______. It is arranged in such (40) ______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows (41) ______ as the taxpayer''s income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people (42) ______ as high as ninety-five per cent!

(43) ___ countries with taxation nearly (44) ______ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties.” Of cours e, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops (45) ______ really have to pay the duties, in the (46) ____ of higher prices. In some countries, (47) ______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is (48) ______ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things (49) ___ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is (50) ___, as the rich pay it.

31.A. can B. may C. could D. would

32.A. nor B. neither C. never D. not

33.A. look into B. look over C. look after D. look through

34.A. In accordance with B. By means of C. With reference to D. On account of

35.A. as well as B. as good as C. as such as D. as much as

36.A. if B. when C. though D. as

38.A. persons B. sectors C. communities D. classes

39.A. remains B. stays C. exists D. happens

40.A. form B. way C. measure D. method

41.A. quicker B. speedier C. more D. larger

42.A. grows up B. increases up C. goes up D. lifts up

43.A. But B. Consequently C. Similarly D. And

44.A. periodically B. almost C. often D. always

45.A. which B. who C. what D. whom

46.A. manner B. form C. means D. way

47.A. either B. also C. too D. often

48.A. lent B. saved C. borrowed D. collected

The Victorians had become addicted to speed and they wanted to go ever faster. Time was money and efficiency became (31)____ important. Although divisions of labor had been (32)____ by Adam Smith and illustrated by a pin factory in The Wealth of Nations in 1776, (33)____ could now become fully realized. This specialization of labor was in (34)____ contrast to the rural means of production, in (35)____ the family was the means of production, consumption and socialization. (36)____ greater speed came a greater need for industries and businesses to make more and make it quicker. Steam made this (37)____ and changed working life forever (38)____ were the days when work was (39)____ by natural forces: steam engines were servant (40)____ neither season nor sunshine. Factories had foremen and life became correspondingly more (41)____. The clocking-on machine was (42)____ in 1885 and time and motion studies to increase efficiency would be introduced only (43)____ twenty years later. (44)____ it was not all bad news. Agricultural incomes depended on variable harvests and weather. Factories provided (45)____ and predictable income, but long hours.

Working life was becoming increasingly regulated, and the working (46)____ was reorganized to promote ever-greater efficiency. The old (47)____ St. Monday - when no work was done - was (48)____, work stopped around midday on Saturday and d id not resume (49)____ Monday morning. A new division between “work” and “leisure” emerged, and this new block of weekend leisure time coincided with the development of spectator sports like cricket and football, and the (50)____ of music hall entertainment for the new working classes.

31. A. increasingly B. surprisingly C. slowly D. obviously

32. A. contributed B. informed C. spread D. conceived

33. A. he B. it C. these D. those34. A. clear B. marked C. apparent D. firm

35. A. that B. what C. where D. which36. A. Upon B. Over C. With D. For

37. A. possible B. practical C. worthwhile D. useful

38. A. Passed B. Lost C. Gone D. Missed

39. A. defined B. controlled C. limited D. dictated

40. A. over B. on C. by D. to

41. A. standard B. controlled C. difficult D. dreadful

42. A. designed B. created C. invented D. bought

43. A. some B. certain C. these D. those

44. A. For B. But C. Consequently D. Accordingly

45. A. safe B. good C. continuous D. secure

46. A. week B. period C. pattern D. practice

47. A. culture B. behaviour C. custom D. habit

Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadays (31) we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the TV set. At night, roads are brightly lit, enabling people and (32) to move freely. Neon lighting used in advertising has become part of the (33) of every modern city. In the home, many (34) devices are powered by electricity. (35) when we turn off the bedside lamp and are (36) asleep, electricity is working for us, (37) our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. Every day, trains, buses and subways take us to and from work. We rarely (38) to consider why or how they run -(39) something goes wrong.

In the summer of 1959, something (40) go wrong with the power-plant that provided New York with electricity. For a great many hours, life came almost to a (41) . Trains refused to move and the people in them sat in the dark, (42) to do anything; lifts stopped working, so that (43) you were lucky enough not to be (44) between two floors, you had the unpleasant task of finding your way down (45) of stairs.

Famous streets like Broadway and Fifth Avenue in a(n) (46) became as gloomy and uninviting (47) the most remote back streets. People were afraid to leave their houses, (48) although the police had been ordered to (49) in case of emergency, they were just as confused and (50) as anybody else.

31.A. that B. thus C.as D.so32. A. car B.truck C.traffic D.pedestrians

33. A. appearance B.character C.distinction. D.surface

34. A. money-saving B.time-saving C.energy-saving https://www.360docs.net/doc/b42160139.html,bour-saving

35. A. Only B.Rarely C.Even D.Frequently

36. A. fast B.quite C.closely D.quickly

37. A. moving B.starting C.repairing D.driving

38. A. trouble B.bother C.hesitate D.remember

39. A. when B.if C.until D.after

40. A. did B.would C.could D.should

41. A. pause B.terminal C.breakdown D.standstill

42. A. incompetent B.powerless C.hesitant D.helpless

43. A. although B.when C.as D.even if

44. A. trapped B.placed C.positioned D.locked

45. A. steps B.levels C.flights D.floors

46. A. time B.instant C.point D.minute

47. A. like B.than C.for D.as

48. A. for B.and C.but D.or

Imagine a world without writing. Obviously there would be no books: no novels, no encyclopedias, no cookbooks, no textbooks, no telephone books, no scriptures, no diaries, no travel guides. There would be no ball-points, no typeswriters, no computers, no Internet, no magazines, no movie credits, no shopping lists, no newspapers, no tax returns. But such __________ (31) of subjects almost miss the point. The world we live in has been indelibly marked by the written word, __________ (32) by the technology of writing over thousands of years. Ancient kings proclaimed their authority and __________ (33) their laws in writing. Scribes administered great empires by writing, their knowledge of recording and retrieving information essential to governing complex societies. Religious traditions were passed on through __________ (34), and spread to others, in writing. Scientific and technological progress was achieved and __________ (35) through writing. Accounts in trade and commerce could be kept because of writing. Nearly every step of civilization has been mediated through writing. A world without writing would bear __________ (36) resemblance to the one we now live in. Writing is a __________ (37) necessity to the societies anthropologists call civilizations. A civilization is distinguished from other societies by the complexity of its social organization, by its construction of cities and large public buildings, and by the economic specialization of its members, many of whom are not __________ (38) involved in food procurement or production. A civilization, with its taxation and tribute systems, its trade, and its public works, requires a __________ (39) system of record keeping. And so the early civilizations of Egypt, China, and (probably) India all developed a system of writing. Only the Peruvian civilization of the Incas and their predecessors did not use writing but __________ (40) invented a system of keeping records on knotted color-coded strings known as quipu.

Millions of people now rent their movies the Netflix way. They fill out a wish list from the 50,009 titles on the company’s Web site and receive the first few DVD’s in the mail; when they mail each one back, the next one on the list is sent. The Netflix model has been exhaustively analyzed for its disruptive, new-economy _______ (31). What will it mean for video stores like Blo ckbuster? What will it mean for movie studios and theaters? What does it show about “long tail” businesses —ones that combine many markets into a _______ (32) target audience? But one other major implication has_______ (33) been mentioned: what this and similar Internet-based businesses mean for the United States Postal Service.

Every day, some two million Netflix envelopes come and go as first-class mail. They are joined by millions of other shipments from _______ (34) pharmacies, eBay vendors, https://www.360docs.net/doc/b42160139.html, and other businesses that did not exist before the Internet.

The _______ (35) of “snail mail” in the age of instant electronic communication has been predicted at least as often as the coming of the paperless office. But the consumption of paper keeps_______ (36). It has roughly doubled since 1980. On average, an American household receives twice as many pieces of mail a day as it did in the 1970's.

The harmful side of the Internet's impact is obvious but statistically less important than many would guess. People _______ (37) write fewer letters when they can send e-mail messages. To_______ (38) through a box of old paper correspondence is to know what has been _______ (39) in this shift: the pretty stamps, the varying look and feel of handwritten and typed correspondence, the tangible _______ (40) that was once in the sender’s hands.