专业外语句子
1.The internaIs of the vessel，to aid in the mechanical separation of the gas and liquids·are of aspecial design，depending upon the manufacture．促进气液机械分离的容器内部构件是由制造商专门设计的。
2.Objectionable amoUnts 0f other impurities in the natural gas stream such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are removed by various processes．天然气流中所含的萁他有害杂质，如硫化氢和=氧化碳，可通过各种工艺脱除
3.In order to break a crude oil emulsion and obtain clean oil，it is necessary to displace the emulsifier and its film．This brings about the coalescence of droplets of water and furnishes[8、a means and time period Of undisturbed settling of the coalesced water drops．为使原油乳状液破乳并得到净化油，必须置换乳化剂及其薄膜·并提供聚结后水滴在不受干扰条件下的沉降时间和沉降方法。
4.Heating unnecessary water is not only useless，but it takes more than twice O．S many BTUs t0 heat water tO a given temperature as it does to heat oil。对大量的水加热不仅毫无用处，而且把水加热至某一温度所需的热量是加热原油的两倍.
5.In some cases an oil—water emulsion is not very stable and，if sufficient time is allowed，water will settle toward the bottom of a tank and oil will rise tO the top due to the water’S having a higher specific gravity than the oil 当油水乳状液不十分稳定时，由于水的比重比油大，若允许有足够的时间，水将沉向罐底，油会浮至顶部。
6.Oil that is free of impurities tO the extent that it will meet pipeline specifications is referred tO as clean oil or pipeline oil．It is oil from a separator，free water knockout．heatertreater，or gun barrel，depending upon the type of treating necessary to obtain the clean oil．原油中所含杂质数量在管输要求范围之内时，这种油称净化油或管输油。这种油就是经分离器、游离水脱除器、加热处理器，或油水分离罐处理后的原油，由得到净化油所必须的处理类型决定采用上述哪一种设备。
7.Whether an emulsion istight or 100se depends on several factors，which include the properties of the oil and water’the percentage of each found in the emulsion，and the type and amount of emulsifier present 乳状液破乳的难易取决于若干因素，包括：油水性质，乳状液内油水的百分含量，和乳状液内乳化剂的类型和数量。
8.Thus，when the enclosed water is expanded by heating，the film is torn，the water droplets can merge，and the emulsion is broken．因此，当加热使封闭的水膨胀时，薄膜撕裂，水珠会合并使乳状液破乳9.When the force of collision is great enough，the surrounding film of the emulsying agent is ruptured，and the water drops coalesce，or merge together，and separate out of the oil．当撞击力足够大时，就破坏了水珠外围的乳化剂薄膜，水珠聚结或相互合并，并从油中分离出来。
10.An electric field disturbs the film of polar molecules around each water droplet by causing the polar molecules to rearrange themselves，thus breaking the tight wall of molecules．电场引起极性分子本身重新排列，扰乱了水珠外围的极性分子薄膜，于是破坏了分子构成的致密壁面。
11.Indeed，if at all possiblem，heat is eliminated entirely from the treating process．事实上，只要有可能，在处理工艺中应完全避免加热。
12.The efficiency of a heater is determined by figuring out how much gas the heater burned to heat up how many barrels of emulsion tO the desired temperature 在合适的条件下操作时，直接式加热炉是一种最有效的加热炉。加热炉的效率由加热多少桶乳状液至所需的温度和加热炉烧掉多少气体来确定。
13.The distributor pipe causes the emulsion to spread out to prevent uneven flow and the effects of hot spots caused by the emulsion standing still in parts of the heater分配管使乳状液分散流出，避免不均匀流动和由于加热炉某些区域内乳状液滞留所造成的局部过热效应。
14.The firebox and flow—tube bundle may be built into the body but are usually removable for easy cleaning，inspection，and replacement．火箱和流体管束可建在壳体内，但为了便于清理、检查和更换，通常制成可拆卸的。
15.Chemicals used to treat reverse，or oil—in—water，emulsions differ from those used to treat water—in—oil emulsions in that they are water soluble用来处理反相，或水包油型乳状液的化学药剂不同于处理油包水型乳状液的化学剂，这些化学剂是水溶性的。
16.In the separator，violent agitation could Occur，which would cause the oil and water to reemulsify and remain emulsified if the chemical had been used up．在分离器内可能发生激烈的搅拌，若化学剂已被用完，可能引起油水再次乳化并保持被乳化状态。
17.When a lubricator is used．flow—line pressure is usually piped to the top of the lubricator．and the chemical is allowed to drip into the flow by gravity．当使用加药器时，出口管线的压力常用管子引至加药器的顶部，并利用重力使化学剂一滴一滴地加入出油管线内。
19.Batch treating is gathering large quantities，or batches，of emulsion to be treated all at once instead of continuously．
批量处理是同时收集大量或批量要处理的乳状液，而不是连续地收集乳状液。
20.It is usually not good practice to dump chemical into tanks in 1一or 2-gallon batches because the chemical is often heavier than the emulsion and is likely to sink to the bottom in one large mass and not be able to perform 以1或2加仑的批量把化学剂注入储罐不是一种好的操作方法，因化学剂常重于乳状液并大量沉入罐底，不能发挥药剂作用。
21.This is true for almost the entire range of temperatures likely to be encountered in the field。在现场遇到的几乎全部温度范围内都证实了上述事实。
22.But itmust be remembered that at higher temperatures the saving in the amount of chemicals used to break the emulsion may be more than offset by the loss of income caused by gravity and volume losses in the oil 但必须牢记，在较高温度下破坏乳状液所用的化学药剂的节约可能不足以抵消因油比重和容积损失所引起的收入减少。
23.The relationship between the amount of the correct chemical needed and the amou nt of settling time needed for the oil and water to separate is probably the most misunderstood re lation in tre~／ting．The amount and type of chemical has fl definite effect on how well the emulsion breaks down but has no effect on the speed of the breakdown or the settling time required to separate the oil and water after the emulsion is broken 油水分离所嚣的正确的化学荆用量和沉降时间的关系是处理中最易误解gC-J。化学剂的类型和数量对乳状液破乳程度有明显的影响，但与破乳速度或破乳后油水分离所需的沉降时间毫无关系。
24.Therefore，cooling a gas will cause some of the water vapor to condense with the balance remaining in the gas as water vapor. 因而，冷却气体会引起某些水蒸气凝析，并和气体中的水蒸气保持平衡。
25.In some fields．hydrates form in the tubing and the wellhead valves necessitating the application of heatdown the hole to keep tile well from freezing up。在某些气田内，在采气管和井口阀门内形成水化物，需要在井下加热，以防止气井冰冻堵塞。26.The liquid or the solid having affinity for water and used in the contactor in connection with either ofthe processes is called the desiccant。对水有亲和力并在吸收或吸附工艺中用于接触器内的固体或液体被称为干燥剂
27.Each has its special advantagesand disadvantages and its own field of particular usefulness
每类脱水器各有其优点和缺点，并有各自使用的领域。
28.Hydrates do not form in a gas line unless the gas is saturated and contains still more water that，since it cannot be absorbed，takes the form of free water．除非气体被饱和并含有不能吸收的游离水，否则气管内不会形成水化物。
29.This means that COOl gas that is saturated and has some free water in addition wilI absorb alIthe free water when heated sufficiently at the same pressure这说明：饱和的并含有某些游离水的冷气体，在相同压力下充分加热时会吸收全部游离水。30.However，a substantial quantity of glycol vapor would be driven off with the water，and these losses are sufficiently large to make the use of a simple boiler economically undesirable然而大量的甘醇蒸气会随水而蒸出，这种损失很大。
31.Within this column．water—rich vapor from the reboiler rises in intimate contact with descending glycol—rich liquid from the absorber．在塔内由重沸器来的富含水的蒸气向上流动和由吸收塔来的向下流动的富lzl-醇液体紧密接触。
32.By condensirig water in thetop of the column with an atmospheric heat exchanger or
a reflux cooling coil through whichthe c001．rich glycol circulates before entering the still proper，sufficient liquid，known as reflux is provided for proper，fractionation。在塔的顶部用空气换热器或回流冷却盘管使水冷凝，在进蒸馏釜前，冷的富甘醇在回流冷却盘管或空气换热器内以足够的液量循环，这称为回流．它可提供合格的分馏。
33.Where the highest possible dew—point depression is required，the solid-or dry-desiccant dehydration system is the most effective type．需要最大露点降时，固体或千3=燥剂脱水系统是最有效的形式。
34.The term adsorption refers to the effect that natural forces have on the surface of a solid in tending to capture and hold vapors and liquids on its surface．“吸附”是指在固体表面存在天然力，力求在其表面上捕捉和截留蒸气和液体。
35.For each component in the inlet一．gas stream there will be a section of bed depth。from toD t0 bottom，where the desiccant is saturated with that component and where the desiccant is iuststarting to see that component．对来料气流的每种组分而言，将占有一段床层，该段床层顶部的干燥剂被这种组分所饱和．而其底部刚开始出现这种组分
36.This is simply that zone or section of the bed where a component IS transterring Its mass frooa the gas stream to the surface of the desiccant．在该段床层或传质区内，
一种组分从来料气中传至干燥剂表面。
37.One of the…t important li~ks in the chain of operations that brings oil and gas frotnthe。。。the world is a network of pipelines that transports oiI·na r LIralg as’and other products from producing fields t0 consumers连接油田和用户的输进油、气、成品油的管网是石油生产过程最重要环节之一。
38.Just as remarkable is the technology that makes it possible t0 instalI la rgepipelines in area~such as the Arctic permafrost regions and deep water without dam。Get the environment and with a high degree of safety。北极永冻土地区和深水地区成功地建设大直径管道，并保证了安全和保护了环境，更显示了它们的优势。
39.Products pipelines use about 0．5％of the energy content of the products moved per 1，000 km油品运行1000公里大约消耗被输油品所古能量的0.5
40.OxyacetYIene weId¨1g was introduced in 1920 but was replaced by the late 1920s with electric welding。1920年使用了氧乙炔焊接方法，但到了20年代后期，乙炔焊被电焊所代替。
41.Cross．．country pipelines to carry products got their start in 1930 when a group of mid.continent U．S．refiners built a pipeline network to deliver refined products that allowedthem to compete in markets suck as Chicago，Minneapolis and other cities。1930年，在美国，由于一些内陆炼油厂的建设，需要把成品油输往芝加哥、明尼阿波利斯和其它城市，开始了跨州的成品油管道的建设。
42.Long—distance oil and gas pipeline transportation got a boost during World War 11 whencoastal tanker traffic was disrupted．第二次世界大战期间，由于海洋运输的中断，长距离油、气管道的建设得到了迅速发展
43.Contributing tothe need for expansion were large new discoveries of oil and gas，many of them in remote areas that had little local demand。由于发现了许多新的大型油气田，而且其中大多数新油田位于偏僻地区，当地油、气用量很小。44.When the capital cost of a pipeline is so high，the transportation cost that must be added to the cost of the gas can put the delivered cost out of the reach of many customers.由于管道投资费用很高，再加上输送费用，使得气体价格超出了用户的承受力45.Rising costs，magnified by increased activity in hostile environments，may make cost cutting the biggest challengein the pipeline industry’s future．边缘地区油气开发成本的增加是对未来管道工业降低输油费用的最具挑战性。
46.Other pipelines are needed in producing fields to inject gas，water，or other fluids into the formation to improve oil and gas recovery and to dispose of salt water often
produced with oil．在油田，为提高油气采收率，还有向地层注气、注水和注其它流体的管道，以及处理石油伴生盐水的管道。
47.However，an oil field containing many wells，each of which is connected to central facilities by a flow line，can contain several hundred miles of pipeline in a relatively small geographical area．但是，一个油田内有许多口油井，每口油井都用出油管与集中处理设旋相连。因此，在一个不大的地区内，出油管的总长度可达几百英里。
48.For．economic and operating reasons most offshore development wells are directionally drilled from central platform，permitting the wellheads to all be placed in a small area on the platform基于经济和操作方面的原因，绝大多数的海上油井都是从中心平台定向钻井，这样许多井口可设在平台的一个小范围内。
49.The pressure that forces oil in a flowing well to flow to the surface is I．ISUally sufficient to move the oil on to the central field facility．In wells in which a bottom hole pump must be used to lift the oil to the surface，the pump’s energy also moves the fhfid through the flow line．通常，自喷井的压力足可以把油从井底送到地面，然后输送到中心油田设施。有些油井使用井底泵把油送到地面，然后沿出油线流动
50.The oil in each flow line coming to the tank battery from an individual well’。is meas Hred before being mixed with the flow from other wells for treating and separation．每根出油管的来油在进入联合站和其它井来油混合进行处理之前都需要计量。
51.Some flow lines are coated internally to protect against corrosion．Whether or not internally coated pipe is used depends on the corrosion potential of the oil，the expected producing life of the welI being served，and other factors
为了防止腐蚀，有些出油管道采用了内涂层。管子是否进行内涂层，取决于原油的腐蚀性，被连接油井的生产寿命和其它因素。
52.A sampler also measures the water and sediment in the stream so a correction can be made to the volume measurement when calculating the payment to the lease owner．在运行过程中，采样器可以测量油中的含水量和沉积物，以便于向油田所有者付款时对输送油品的体积量进行修正。
53.Crude trunk lines operate at higher pressures than field—gathering systems and are also made of steel．Individual sections are jointed by welding．These lines are，in the United States at least，almost always buried below ground surface and are coated on
the exterior to protect the steel pipe from corrosion．原油干线的操作压力比集油管的压力高。干线管道使用钢管，管子连接也是焊接。干线管道几乎全部埋在地下，外加防腐层。美国的干线都采用埋地敷设方式
54.But when。a line must cross land owned by many differentowners，most of whom receive no benefit from the pipeline，just the job of obtaining right ofway，for example，becomes significant．但是当一条管道必须经过多个土地拥有者的土地时，由于多数土地拥有者不能从该管道受益，仅是征用铺管用地一项工作就变得相当麻烦。
55.Not only was the permitting process a complex and lengthy one-·—-an act of Congress was required tospeed environmental review in the courts————but new techniques and equipment had to be specially developed to ensure the line did not damage the sensitive Alaskan environment．为了这项工程，议会需要通过一项促进环境评估的法案，该过程复杂而冗长；而且还专门要求开发新技术和新设备。
保证该管道不会影响敏感的阿拉斯加环境
56.Most gas wells flow naturally with sufficient pressure to supply the energy needed to force the gas through the gathering line to the processing plant。大部分气井有足够的压力用于克服管内的摩阻，将气体送至气体处理厂。
57.At the low end of the range are those for which a compressor must be installed near the well．低压气井必须在井口安装压缩机。
58.Pressure is reduced at the well by a choke or pressure—reducing valve．使用节流阀或减压阀降低气体压力。
59.These can be manually operated or of the type that automatically maintains a prescribed pressure downstream of the valve．阀门操作可通过手动或自动控制，后者可使阀下游压力维持在规定的数值。
60.Contracts for the purchase of natural gas from a processing plant by a gas pipeline oper—ator limit the amount of water that can be contained in the gas when it enters the gas trans—mission line．根据销售合同的约定，进入输气干线的净化气的含水量受到限制
61. If the produced gas is sour--contains acid gases hydrogen sulfide or carbon dioxide--these components must be removed in the process plant．如果井口气是酸性气体，即气体中含有HzS、COz组分，必须在处理厂把这些组分除去。
62.Gas—well flow lines may operate at several hundred psi，and in some cases up to 2，000 psi or more where plant and field operating conditions make bringing the gas to
the plant at a high pressure desirable．采气管的工作压力可达几百磅／英寸。，有的可达2000磅／英寸。或更高。对这种情况，可根据需要确定处理厂和生产过程的操作压力。
63. Distribution to the finaI users is handled by utilities that take custody of the gas from the gas transmission pipeline and distribute it through small,metered pipelines to individual customers 负责干线气体的接收计量，然后使用小直径管子，计量后分配给各用户
64.Capacity of the system can be increaseed by adding compreessors at one or more of the compressor stations or by building an additional compressor station. 通过增加压气站的压缩台数或增加压气站数可以增加系统的输送能力。
65.The operation of a gas transmission system that moves gas over a large geographic area and contains several compressors stations and other facilities is a complex control challenge．对于一条长距离、拥有多座压气站和附属设备的管道系统，其操作管理是一个复杂的控制问题。
66. The effects of a lack of natural gas，because gas provides home heating and fuel for business and industry，can be felt more immediately in some cases than a disruption in the delivery of crude to a refinery．由于天然气用作居民、工业和企业的燃料，在某些情况下，天然气供应不足要比中断炼厂原油供应所产生的影响更直接。67.There may，however，be some applications in which this approach to moving natural gas long distances has merit．然而，由于该方法的优点，在某些情况下仍有可能得到应用。
https://www.360docs.net/doc/b87636781.html,ing the allowable pressure drop and temperatures required to keep the LNG in a liquid phase--and other parameters——the spacing of pumping stations and cooling stations was selected．根据允许的压力降和保持液态所要求的温度和其它的参数，选择了泵站和冷却站的间距。
69.The result was a design calling for 20 pumping／cooling stations ranging from 32 to 107 miles apart。最终的设计方案要建20座冷却泵站。站间距从32英里到107英里不等。
70. One part of this system moves refined petroleum products from refineries to storage and distribution terminals in consuming areas．该管网系统中的部分管道是把炼制的成品油从炼厂输送到销售地区的储存和分配油库。
71.Another group of products pipelines is used to transport liquefied petroleum gases(LPG)and natural gas liquids(NGL)from processing plants in oil and
gas—producing areas to refineries and petrochemical plants．另外一类成品油管道是用于把液化石油气和天然气凝液从油气田的处理站输送到炼厂和石油化工厂。
72.Though there is a short length of the pipeline in which two such’“batched“products may be mixed，operating methods allow the purity of each product to be maintained．尽管在两种油品之间会存在一小段混铀，但某些操作技术可以保证每种油品的质量。
73. Like crude and natural gas pipelines，there are no typical products pipelines or products pipeline systems，but 8一in．diameter through 16一in．diameter products pipelines are cornmon．象原油和天然气管道一样，成品油管道或成品油管道系统也没有统一的尺寸。常用的管道尺寸为8英寸～16英寸，但也不仅仅限于这些尺寸。
74.This project also provides an example of what is involved in crossing wildlife areas，just one of the many types of areas for which permits must be obtained and in which activity is restricted．该工程获得了穿越野生动物保护区的许可，其施工管理工作也受到了一定的限制。
75. Not only has efficiency become an important part of the design of a new system·but today’s oil and gas prices make revamping of existing systems or replacing old equipment with more energy—efficient equipment economically justifiable．不仅对新设计的管道系统能量效率是必须考虑的重要因素，而且随油气价格的增长，老管道的更新改造也需要使用高效设备。
76. In general，many decisions on designing for energy efficiency or for increasing the effMeney of existing systems hinge on the trade off between larger line sizes and greater pumping or compression horsepower. 一般，设计工程考虑节能，主要是在增大管径还是增加泵或压缩机的马力之间进行选择。
77. In the case of natural gas pipeline systems·for example，studies have shown that beyond a certain operating pressure the use of larger pipeor looping portions of existing pipelines—to increase system capacity is less expensive than additional compression horsepower and saves significant amounts of fuel．例如，根据对天然气管道系统的研究表明，当管道压力超过一定值时，用增大管径或铺设副管提高输量所需要的费用要比增加压缩机功率需要的费用低，并能节省大量的燃料78. In 1977，NOVA added about 23 miles of loop to its system，saving about 2．4 billion cuft gas per year．Internal coating of pipelines can reduce pressure drop that has to be made Lip by compressor horsepower by reducing internal pipe roughness.1977
年，NOVA公司铺设了大约23英里的副管，每年可节省约24亿立方英尺的天然气。内壁涂层可以减小管内壁粗糙度，从而减少了压降。
79. Since compressors on the system are the largest fuel consumer，the most efficient units are instailed，when new capacity is required．因为管道系统的压缩机是最大的燃料消耗设备，所以当管道增加输量时就需要安装最高效的设备。
80. Another use of compressors to save fuel is the recovery of gas that would otherwise be vented to the atmosphere when additions to the system are tied in or repair work is required.在管道系统扩建或维修时，可以使用压缩机回收管段中的气体，这样可以消除气体的污染排放和节省气体。
81.Optimizing the operation of a pipeline system through the use of computer monitoring and control is also an effective way to save energy．使用计算机系统的监视和控制功能，可以实现管道系统的优化运行，也是节能的一种有效途径。81. Ensuring that irregularities on the ocean floor do not overstress the pipeline after it is laid is also important。requiring consideration of the type of lay barge，water depth，pipe weight，and other factors．确保铺设在地形起伏海底的管道应力不超出允许范围也是非常重要的。对此，需要考虑铺管船的类型、水深、管子重量和其它因素。
82. Many pipelines undergo significant temperature changes during operation that cause expansion of the pipe．在正常运行时，许多管道都会经历很大的温差和热变形。有些输送热流体的管道．停输时温度会下降。
83. An estimate of capital costs and operating costs must be made，and alternative designs compared．必须进行投资和运行费用的估算．然后进行设计方案的比较。
84.Other special problems are not uncommon in pipeline design，but those outlined here give an idea of the complexity of process for a modem pipeline system．还有一些管道设计中不常见的问题。前面的叙述只是想说明现代管道系统设计过程的复杂性。
85.unit eight A secondary advantage is an increase in operational safety brought about byr the absence of a vapor space above the liquid(since the roof rests on the liquid)and the immediate dissipation by the floating roof of any static electric charges on the liquid．由于在液体上方无蒸气空间（因为浮在液体上），并且液体上的任何静电荷可通过浮顶立即消散，所以第二个优点是增加了操作的安全性。
86.This pontoon was constructed as a series of compartments，so that stability was not affected unduly by a leak de—
veloping in one compartment．这种浮舱由一系列隔舱构成，因此它的稳定性不会由于一个隔舱泄漏而受较大影响。
87.By virtue of the extension of theinsulating air space between the double decks，over practically the whole surface of the iiquid．solar heat transfer is so diminished that only the very volatile natural gaslines are liable to boil．由于在双盘间的隔热空气空间实际上已扩展到覆盖了整个液体表面，所以太阳热量的传递已减少，只有挥发性极强的天然汽油才易于沸腾。
88.A gentle pressure is necessary to cause the shoe to bear against the shell．yet allow the shoe to ride over any local
protrusions on the shell surface without severe abrasion．为了使导向板压在壁上，需要轻微的压力，在导向板滑过壁面上局布突出物时，不致产生严重磨损。89.With this type of seal，the annular space between the floating roof and the shell of the tank is closed by an oil—resisting fabric in tube form，the tube being filled with liquid．or gas under slight pressure(50．8 kg／m~Fig．3-5)．采用这种密封时，浮顶与罐壁间的环形空间由管状耐油织物所密封。管内充满液体或带微压的气体。
90.One fixing point corresponds to the minimum height of the tank roof in the lowest working position,0.76 m above the tank floor;the other supports the roof 1.83m above the tank bottom,which is the minimum chearance between the tank roof and floor for maintenance work to be carried out.一个固定点对应于罐顶最低工作处，离罐底的最小高度0.76m，另一个位置是将罐顶支撑于罐底以上1,83m处，这是进行维修时罐顶与罐底的最小间距。
91.Freezing temperatures may also cause a flexible hose to be frozen into any ice at the tank https://www.360docs.net/doc/b87636781.html,ter to suffer serious damage as the roof rises with inflow of oil.在冰点温度以下，柔性软管也可能冻结在罐底部的冰中，以后当油罐进油浮顶上升时，遭受严重损坏。
92.Neither are they suitable where the stored product has a high proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons which have a solvent action on synthetic rubbres from which such hoses are usually fabricated.这些柔性管也不适用于储存芳香烃会含量较高的产品，因为芳香烃对制造软管的合成橡胶有溶解作用。
93.Standby pumps，usually diesel engine driven are provided for use in large facilities or when electrical power may be lost during a fire．大型站库或火灾中有可能断电时，常用由柴油机驱动的备用泵。
94.An important property of foam is that of being able to flow easily over the surface of
oil and around any obstructions which may be in its path and so exclude air泡沫的一个重要性质就是能很容易地在油表面上流动，并绕过流道上的任何障碍物，以隔绝空气。
95.For example,varying the amount of foam compound introduced into the water stream will affect the expansion ratio,shear stress,and drainage rate ,and formulations of foam compounds can be selected to give low ,intermediate or high expansion foams.例如，改变吸入水流中的泡沫剂量将影响膨胀率、剪切应力和析水率，并能通过选择泡沫剂的分子式来生成低，中或高膨胀率的泡沫。
96.The general procedure is to install a foam dam about a foot or so from the seal area and the installation of small foam makers and discharge devices on back boards around the shell.一般的工艺是在离密封区约一英尺处安装环状泡沫堰板，并在围绕罐壁的背板上安装小型泡沫发生器及排放装置。
97.Current systems are fairly sophisticated using two—wire and four—wire data transmission techniques hut were previously based on parallel encoding and parallel independent wiring to all tanks。j that may have had uP to 40 conductors connected in parallel to each tank in the tank farm．现在的系统采用了双线和四线数据传送技术，因而变得相当完善。但采用过去并行译码、两条独立的导线接到各油罐上，在灌区各油罐上并联导线的数量可多达40根
98.However．there is one other level measurement device which is also in common use．This is the level stick or level tape，which is manually lowered into the tank．This level device is also the basis for custody transfer accounting forⅢcrude oil and petroleum products tankage all over the world．然而，还有一种普遍使用的液位计量工具，这就是由人工放到罐内的液位杆或液位尺。这种液位检尺工具也是全世界原油和石油产品库存交接计量的基准。
99.Continued operations would cause the product level to decrease tO the tank suction outlet line．This would draw air and vapors into the product which can cause flashing and inaccurate metering．Level switches are also employed at pump stations on the sump tank to control the sump pump and tO provide a warning when the sump tank is completely full and there is a potential of flooding the pump station with petroleum products。类似地，低液位和低一低液位报警器用来告诫并警告操作232油罐将要抽空，继续操作会使液位降到油罐出口管处。这会使空气和油蒸气进入油品，从而导致闪蒸和计母误差。在泵站的储罐上也采用液位开关来控制储罐泵，并在储罐完全装满时发出警告，会发生石油产品溢出，淹没泵站的潜在危
险。
100.This is achieved by installation of a spot，or average RTD probe on the tank，analogue—to—digital conversion at the gauge head，and digital data transmission on receipt of tank address code for level and temperature data．可在罐上安装一个点状或平均电阻式温度检测器，在表头内进行模拟一数字转换，并在收到油罐的地址码后传送液位和温度数据。
101.Rotational movement is transcribed to parallel data by a shaft encoder．Shaft encoders use light—emitting diodes and photo—transistor sensors，or in older type gauges，used brush type contacts，to convert shaft rotation to parallel data．
轴译码器将旋转运动转换为并行数据．轴译码器采用了发光=极管和光电晶体管传感器。在旧型号的计量仪中则采用刷形触点，将轴的旋转变为并行数据。102.The system configuration once stored on diskette is available for automatic rebooting if there is a power failure or other system malfunction·系统配置存入磁盘后．如发生断电或出现其他系统故障．可自动重新装入这种配置。
103.A tank strapping table is a listing of the volume of the tank measured tor eVery 1 ram／(1／8)in．of the tanks overall height．油罐容积表是油罐总高度内每1毫米或每1/8英寸测得的储罐的相应体积表。
104.Increment factots are incremental volume per unit of height，i。e。1／8 in·depending on the type of unit for a11 sections that have uniform volumes．递增系数是单位高度，如1/8英寸所对应的体积增量。对于具有相同大小的所有截面．它的太小取决于所用单位。
105.To avoid these potential inaccuracies the servo gauge is installed on a tank stand—pipe mounted for the complete height of the tank and protruding through the roof of the tank。为了避免这些潜在的误差，可将伺服液位计装在罐的立管上。立管则穿过油罐的总高，并通过罐顶突出罐外。
106.The fullest coilaboration between Client，Supplier and the Constructor is therefore most essential in the planning stages and every aspect of the tlndertaking must be taken into account SO as to cause minimum disturbance tO the rhythm of operations and tO ensure that the job is carried out in a manner that will give satisfaction to all concerned．
在工程的计划阶段，委托方，供货方和施工方必须充分协作，每一项任务都必须考虑进去，以使施工节奏的变动最小，并使各方对建设工作都满意。
107.Out in front will be the right—of—way crew checking the line 0f the stakes left by
the field survey party and making the road along which the other crews will foil0W[33．Next in line will be the pipe stringing crew and the ditching machine最前面为施工带清理队，它检查现场测量队留下的一系列标桩、筑路、以便其他队进入工地。在施工带清理队之后为布管队和挖沟机，
108.The pibe and other construction material is usually stacked in suitable stockpiles at seleeted pclints on the route．The selection of these points is an exercise in the most efficient and economic use of whatever means of transportation is available，viz．，rail，road．water and sometimes air．管子和其他施工材料通常堆放在沿线所选地点的堆放场地。堆放点的选择要考虑经济有效地应用各种可行的运输方式，即：铁路、公路、水运，有时甚至空运。
109.A complication through cuhivated country is to separate the top soil from the sub—soil and when backfilling to return the subsoil and the top soil in their respective positions．The width of the ditch will vary with the diameter of the pipe and must be of such depth as to give 0引a cover over the pipe of between 18 in．to 3ft经过耕地时，挖沟的复杂性在于要把表层土和次层土分开，回填时，两者必须分别放回原来位置处。沟宽随管径的不同而变化，沟深必须使管上方的覆土厚度为18英寸到3英尺
110.Under—water crossing can vary from a minor stream crossing to a large river．1ake or even open water crossing many miles in length。’“·and developments in equipment and materials have helped considerably in their construction．Laying barges have developed into ocean going vessels completely self—contained in every way and capable of laying many mile：s of pipein open water水下穿越多种多样，从小溪穿越到大型河流、湖泊甚至几英里宽的开阔水域的穿越．设备和材料的不断发展对水下穿越提供了很大帮助。铺管船已发展为功能齐全的远洋轮船．可在开阔水域上铺设数英里管道
111.SteeI pipe is amazingly flexible and has great elastie properties undulating nature the changes in ditch bottom contour may be such that the pipe may not fit within the limits of its elasticity钢管出人预料的柔软而且有很大弹性。但在地形起伏地区，沟底形状的变化可能使管道不能在其弹性极限范围内和沟底贴合
112.Bends in small diameter pipe are generally made by sideboom tractors fitted with bending shoes and in large diameter pipe by horizontal or vertical bending machines：capable of making smooth stretch bends with little detrimentaI change in cross sectional dimensions and without materially changing the wall thickness and
tensile strength of the steel小管径管道的弯管由装有弯管胎具的吊管机进行，而大管径管道的弯管由水平或垂直弯管机完成．这些机械能制作光滑拉伸弯管，横截面尺寸没有有害的变化，其壁厚和钢材的抗拉强度也无实质性改变
113.Improved welding techniques resulted in the Stovepipe method being adopted，this consists of starting with a length of pipe supported on 3 in．by 4 in．timbers(or skids)about 3ft in length and built up to a height of about 18 in．；to this pipe another length is lined upand clamped for the welding operation随焊接技术的不断改进，采用了架高焊管法。首先把一定长度的管子放在3×4英寸，长约3英尺的枕木上垫高约18英寸，然后吊上另一根管子和它对正并夹紧进行焊接操作114.The type and method of applying protection which has been successfully used for years IS to clean the pipe by means of a machine which is mounted on the pipe and travels along under ItS own power，the pipe being supported by a cradle suspended from a sideboom tractor已成功使用多年的实用保护的类型和方法是用机器清管，清管机安装在管道上，靠自身动力沿管道行走，管子由悬挂在吊管机上的吊架支撑
115.Immediately following the cleaning operation and while the surface is stil l free from dust a thin coating of a suitable primer paint is applied，the application of this prime。Coat being done by the rear portion of the same machine which cleans the pipe surface在清管操作后，如果管表面没有灰尘，立即涂一层薄底漆。涂底漆的工作由清理管表面的清理机的尾部设备完成
116.Floowing the application of the primer，another machine also traveling along.。。。
applies a coating of hot bitumen or coaltar into which is drawn a fibre glass reinforcernent and finally an outer wrap of kraft paper or impregnated asbestos felt 涂完底漆后，另一台机器也沿管线运动。它把热沥青或煤焦油喷涂到从机器内抽出的玻璃纤维加强层上。最后在外面包一层牛皮纸或浸油石棉毡
117.The field—weIded ioints must also be protected and great care taken to ensure that the joint protect。on。s properlv bonded to the pre—coated sections现场焊接的接口也必须保护，并应特别注意焊口处的保护层和工厂预涂层之间胶结良好118.Closest inspection of the work through the various stages of operation is essential·the final inspection of the coating，before the pipe is put into the trench，being carried out by a holiday detector which applies a high voltage current across the coating最严密地监视施工各阶段的工作是基本的。在管子下沟前，涂覆层的最后检查由绝缘检疵器来完成。它在涂层内外施加高电压119.Fences and walls which have been breached have the temporary gates removed and are permanently repaired to the satisfaction of the owners从已被破坏的栅栏和墙上拆走临时大门，并进行永久性的修复，直到主人满意Y,j止
120.Some pipelines are installed on’’pipeline bridges”，steel structures built to suspend the pipeline above the stream某些管道可安装在管桥上，管桥是一种在河流上方用来悬挂管道的钢结构
121.Instances where anchoring is required include river crossings where currents can cause pipe movementor Scour beneath pipe installed on the river bed．a dry wash subject to temporary flooding or where certain types of backfill are used需要锚固的例子包括下述情况的河流穿越．在水流可能引起管道移动，或安装在有季节性洪水的干河床上的管道，其下面的泥土有可能被水冲刷淘空的地方；或需采用某种形式回填的场合
122.The most common method of cleaning a new pipeline is by pigging·in which a device with cups or brushes that contact the wall of the pipeline is forced through the pipeline．moving debris ahead of it清理新管道最常用的方法是清管。清管时，带皮碗或钢刷的设备和管道内壁接触．并在外力驱动下通过管道，管道中垃圾在其前面运动
123.Operators of the pipeline report that flow tes…u“prior to and aher cIeaning showed the cleaning operation significantly reduced pipe roughness该管道操作者报告，清管前后的流量试验表明清管作业大大减少了管道的粗糙度
https://www.360docs.net/doc/b87636781.html,rge projects in which pump or compressor stations are complex and involve control rooms，offices，and similar facilities may involve more than one contractor for station construction大型工程的泵站或压缩机站很复杂，包括控制室、办公室和许多相似设备，可能由多个承包商负责站的建设
125.If a welder sees any defect in a weld he has just made，helpers grind it out and the welder makes an immediate repair如果焊工发现他所焊焊道存在任何缺陷，助手就会把缺陷处磨掉，焊工立即进行修理
126.Records are kept of all inspections on every weld[’]--by number—to show the results of the inspection and the nature of any defects found每道焊缝的所有检查记录都必须编号保存。该记录记载了各种检查结果和发现各种缺陷的性质
127.A spider—like crawler device which can move through the pipe is used to X—ray welds能在管内运动的蜘状爬行装置可对焊缝进行X射线透视
128.Where the pipe cannot be moved，a section will be cut out extending to each side
of thedeficient weld当管子不能除去时，可割去一段管子，其长度应包括有缺陷焊缝的两边
129.Interpreters identified 3，955 instances of either duplications in weld radiographs or inconsistencies in the radiographic interpretation解释员发现有3 955张焊缝射线照片或有重复，或照片与对照片的解释不一致
130.Of the total，80％have already been remedied．A continuing program is devoted to correcting defects on a schedule that will not interfere with the start-up date for the pipeline占总数的80 9／6已经纠正，然后是按计划表修补焊接缺陷，这项工作将不影响管道投产日期
131.Of the welds remaining，some require further radiographic evaluation．Others need further visual examination with repairs indicated on more than half of them在其余的焊缝中，有些需进一步用射线照相评估，另一些需进一步外观检查和修理，后者约占半数以上
132.Most of the irregularities now being checked lie below ground．Waivers are being sought on some[1。]from the federal Government已查出的大部分缺陷已埋在地下。联邦政府对某些带缺陷焊缝正考虑放弃修理
133.A number of such defects，however，are on pipe welds already buried．Excavation will be required so that workmen can perform the necessary work and radiographic inspection然而，管道焊缝上许多这种缺陷已埋于地下，需要开挖后工人才能进行必要的修复工作和射线照相检查
134.As part of its review program，Alyeska developed fl unique computerized methods of fingerprinting“all field girth welds made on main—line pipe作为这次评估工作的一部分，Alyeska开发了一个所有干线管子现场施工环焊缝条形照片的计算机处理方法
135.They then record the distances from the top center to the two smaller buttons where welders on each side finished their first welding rods on the final girth pass然后，他们记录从顶部中心至管两侧焊工在盖面环焊层上焊完第一根焊条的距离136.he energy that was imparted to the metal during the refining process seeks to be released…，thus allowing the metal to revert to the ore from which it was derived．在冶炼时付予金属的能量要试图释放出来，使它返回到冶炼前的矿石状态。
137.Two basic forms of electrochemical corrosion mechanisms are responsible for underground corrosion：electrolytic and galvanic．电化学腐蚀机理的两种基本形式
是造成地下管线腐蚀的主要原因：电解腐蚀和电池腐蚀。
138.But there are locations along the pipe where the direct current leaves the pipe tO enterthe soil．Those locations are driven anodic and corrosion resultslzJ．An iron or steel pipe under this influence corrodes at the rate of 20 lb per ampere per year．This type of corrosion is often referred tO as stray current corrosion．但沿线有电流流出管线并进入土壤处，便成了阳极而遭受腐蚀。受这种影响，钢管线或铁管以每年每安培20磅的速度腐蚀，这种腐蚀通常被称为杂散电流腐蚀。
139.An investigation of possible causes of corrosion underground must consequently begin with determining whether there are sources of direct current and whether they are adversely affecting underground structures．调查引起地下腐蚀的可能原因时，首先要考虑是否存在直流电源，以及这些直流电源是否对地下结构产生不良影响。
140.It has been shown，in fact，that buried，coated pipe develops leaks in less time than uncoated pipe．实际表明，埋地涂层管线较未涂层管线穿孔时间更快。
141.The portion of the pipe that is less accessible to oxygen(the portion in the clay)·isthe part that corrodes．不易与氧接触的管段(在粘土中的部分)是被腐蚀的部分。
142.Similarly，when a pipeline transverses moist clay areas adjacent to dry loam'steel Stirfaces in the wet area become anodic to steel surfaces in the dry area．相似，当管线通过与亚粘土接壤的湿粘土区时，湿土区的钢表面相对于干土区钢表面就成为阳极。
143.Basically，the principte is the same for both systems except irnpressed current systerns energize anodes by use of an external energy source．从根本上说，这两种系统的原理是相同的，只是外加电流系统用外部电源给阳极供电。
144.Without going into a great deal of theory regarding electrochemical principles and the solution of metals ，it has been determined that corrosion of steel(or iron)is stopped when its potential to a copper—copper sulfate electrode is -0.85 volt or more electronegative with the reference electrode placed close to the electroIyte／structure interface．This potential value is the most significant measurement with respect to corrosion control．It actually is the measurement of voltage drop at the interface of the metallic surface and the electrolyte，the reference cell being one contact terminal and the structure being protected is the other terminal.不需要了解太多的电化学理论和金属溶液理论，人们已经知道，当把参比电极靠近于电解质
与结构物的接触面，且当钢或铁的电位相对于铜一硫酸铜参比电极的电位达到o．85伏或更负时，腐蚀即会停止。该电位值是腐蚀控制的最重要量度，实际上这种量度是金属表面和电解质界面电压降的数值。两个端点分别是参比电极和被保护构件。
145.The value of 一0．85 volt is generally accepted to compensate for varying conditions，in particular the physical inability to place the reference cell at the surface of the protected structure．Usually，it is necessary to include more voltage drop than should be allowed(in pipeline work，the cell is generally placed on the earth surface，above the line，three or more feet from the metal’s surface)．o．85伏能满足各种不同的环境，实际上．参比电极不可能放在被保护构件的表面，通常要加比允许值更高的电压(用于保护管线，电池要放在管子上方的地表面上；
并要求高于金属表面3英尺以上)。
146.It is advisable to determine extent of interference effects on neighboring structures while conducting current requirement tests so that allowances can be made for cleaning such effects when the permanent cathodic protection system is designed．在进行保护电流测试的同时，建议确定对临近构件的干扰影响，以便在设计永久性保护系统时，做出消除这些影响的考虑。
147.Electrically isolating the structure to be protected from other metallic structures and insuring electrical continuity of the protected structure are important considerations．被保护构件与其它金属构件的电绝缘以及保证被保护结构的电的连续性是重要的考虑内容。
148.Today，cathodic protection has come of age，and industry is supplying the corrosion engineer with equipment specifically designed for this work．Recent developments make the use of cathodic protection far more economical than it has ever been and more effective．今天，阴极保护的时代已经到来，工业也为防腐工程师们提供了专门的设备，近期的发展使应用阴极保护比过去更经济更有效。
149One new”break—through"in this field is the automatic potential control system．This unit makes the use of cathodic protection completely automatic，compensating for any charges which may alter the protective current requirements．在这一领域的最新突破是电位的自动控制系统，它使阴极保护系统完全自动化，能够适应所需保护电流量的任何变化。
150.Certainly this method of combating corrosion．combined with all the advancements in other corrosion control techniques and materials，can help achieve greater savings by preventing waste．当然，这一防腐方法同其它防腐技术和材料的进步，将更有助于防止浪费，节约更多的资源。
公司职位、职业(英文缩写大全)
公司职位及英文缩写 公司高层职位的英文缩写: CEO ：Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CFO ：Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官 COO ：Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官 CTO ：Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官 CIO ：Chief Information Officer 首席信息官 CRO ：Chief Risk Officer 首席风险官 CEO（Chief Executive Officer），即首席执行官，是美国人在20世纪60年代进行公司治理结构改革创新时的产物，它的出现在某种意义上代表着将原来董事会手中的一些决策权过渡到经营层手中。 在我国，CEO这个概念最早出现在一些网络企业中。在那里，CEO往往是自封的，也很少有人去研究这一称谓对企业到底意味着什么。但是，当“CEO”在中国叫得越来越响的时候， 我们应该认识到，高层人员称谓的改变不是一件小事，设立CEO职位不应仅仅是对时尚的追赶。 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)意指公司首席财政官或财务总监，是现代公司中最重要、最有价值的顶尖管理职位之一，是掌握着企业的神经系统(财务信息)和血液系统（现金资源）灵魂人物。 做一名成功的CFO需要具备丰富的金融理论知识和实务经验。公司理财与金融市场交互、项目估价、风险管理、产品研发、战略规划、企业核心竞争力的识别与建立以及洞悉信息技术及电子商务对企业的冲击等自然都是CFO职责范围内的事。 在一个大型公司运作中，CFO是一个穿插在金融市场操作和公司内部财务管理之间的角色。担当CFO的人才大多是拥有多年在金融市场驰骋经验的人。在美国，优秀的CFO常常在华尔街做过成功的基金经理人。 COO (chief Operation officer )首席营运官的职责主要是负责公司的日常营运，辅助CEO 的工作。一般来讲，COO负责公司职能管理组织体系的建设，并代表CEO处理企业的日常职能事务。如果公司未设有总裁职务，则COO还要承担整体业务管理的职能，主管企业营销与综合业务拓展，负责建立公司整个的销售策略与政策，组织生产经营，协助CEO制定公司的业务发展计划，并对公司的经营绩效进行考核。 CTO(首席技术官、技术长)是英语Chief Technology Officer的简写，意即企业内负责技术的最高负责人。CTO是技术资源的管理者，职责是把握总体技术方向，对技术选型和具体技术问题进行指导和把关，完成所赋予的各项技术任务/项目。通常只有高科技企业、研发单位、生产单位等才设立CTO职位。
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
路桥工程专业英语赵永平第五课翻译
南昌大学 第五课 Traffic Engineering Introduction交通工程学概论 A.Text: Traffic Engineering Basics B.Reading Material: Highway Capacity Text Traffic Engineering Basics 1 Prediction of Traffic V olume Growth交通量增长预测 Traffic volume growth may be predicted using a number of methods but the two primary ones are the use of the ARTS long-range plan and manual methods. The ARTS plan may be used to establish average daily traffic volumes for streets within a study area for a future year as predicted by the ARTS model. This data can be used to develop a factor to apply to existing traffic counts to predict future-year traffic volumes. 使用了一些方法，可以预测交通量的增长，但两个主要的是远距离的艺术计划和手动的方法使用。艺术计划可能被用来建立一个研究区域内的街道由艺术模型预测未来一年的平均日均车流量。这些数据可以被用来开发适用于现有的交通计数的一个因素来预测未来年的交通量。 Manual extrapolation of existing data using growth factors may be available from the City, or the consultant may need to develop them. Growth factors may be and can be representative of a number of algebraic trends. Among these are the straight-line, exponential, and decaying-rate exponential trends. For a good discussion of these trend methods, see the Trip Forecasting Manual published by the Florida Department of Transportation. Generally, manual extrapolation of turning movement counts will not be accepted for periods of time exceeding five years. 手动现有数据推算，使用生长因子可能是从化市或顾问可能需要开发它们。生长因子可能是可以代表一些代数趋势。其中有直线，指数，腐烂率指数趋势。对于这些趋势的方法商量好了，看到的旅程预测佛罗里达运输部公布的手册。一般来说，手动外推转动计数将不被接受的时间周期超过五年。 2 Trip Generation Estimation 2出行生成估计 Trip generation may be estimated using the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation. An accompanying publication, the Trip Generation Handbook provides additional information on how to use Trip Generation and how to apply adjustments such as pass-by trips.
财务管理专业英语 句子及单词翻译
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity. 财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。 Decisions involving a firm’s short-term assets and liabilities refer to working capital management. 决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理 The firm’s long-term financing decisions concern the right-hand side of the balance sheet. 该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。 This is an important decision as the legal structure affects the financial risk faced by the owners of the company. 这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。 The board includes some members of top management(executive directors), but should also include individuals from outside the company(non-executive directors). 董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事)，但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。 Maximization of shareholder wealth focuses only on stockholders whereas maximization of firm value encompasses all financial claimholders including common stockholders, debt holders, and preferred stockholders. 股东财富最大化只集中于股东，而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者，包括普通股股东，债权人和优先股股东。 Given these assumptions，shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run。 根据这些假设，从长期来看，股东财富最大化与利益相关者和社会的最好利润是相一致的。 No competing measure that can provide as comprehensive a measure of a firm’s standi ng. Given these assumptions, shareholders’ wealth maximization is consistent with the best interests of stakeholders and society in the long run. 没有竞争措施，能提供由于全面的一个措施的一个公司的站。给这些臆说，股东'财富最大化一贯不比任何人差项目干系人项目利益相关者的利益，社会从长远说来。 In reality, managers may ignore the interests of shareholders, and choose instead to make investment and financing decisions that benefit themselves. 在现实中，经理可能忽视股东的利益，而是选择利于自身的投资和融资决策。 Financial statements are probably the important source of information from which these various stakeholders(other than management) can assess a firm’s financial health. 财务报表可能是最重要的信息来源，除管理者以外的各种利益相关者可以利用这些报表来评估一个公司的财务状况。 The stockholders’ equity section lists preferred stock, common stock and capital surplus and accumulated retained earnings. 股东权益列示有优先股，普通股，资本盈余和累积留存收益。 The assets, which are the “things” the company owns, are listed in the order of decreasing liquidity, or length of time it typically takes to convert them to cash at fair market values, beginning with the firm’s current assets. 资产，也就是公司拥有的东西，是按照流动性递减的顺序或将它们转换为公允市场价值所需要的时间来排列的，通常从流动资产开始。The market value of a firm’s equity is equal to the number of shares of common stock outstanding times the price per share, while the amoun t reported on the firm’s balance sheet is basically the cumulative amount the firm raised when issuing common stock and any reinvested net income(retained earnings). 公司权益的市场价值等于其发行在外的普通股份数乘以每股价格，而资产负债表上的总额则主要是公司在发行普通股以及分配任何再投资净收益（留存收益）时累积的数额。 When compared to accelerated methods, straight-line depreciation has lower depreciation expense in the early years of asset life, which tends to a higher tax expense but higher net income. 与加速折旧法相比,直线折旧法在资产使用年限的早期折旧费用较低，这也会趋向于较高的税金费用和较高的净收入。 The statement of cash flows consists of three sections:(1)operating cash flows,(2)investing cash flows, and(3)financing cash flows. Activities in each area that bring in cash represent sources of cash while activities that involve spending cash are uses of cash. 该声明现金流量表包含三个部分:(1)经营现金流,(2)投资的现金流,(3)融资现金流。在每个地区活动带来现金来源的现金而代表活动涉及到花钱是使用现金 Financing activities include new debt issuances, debt repayments or retirements, stock sales and repurchases, and cash dividend payments. 筹资活动,包括发行新债券，偿还债务，股票销售和回购，以及现金股利支付。 Not surprisingly, Enron’s executives had realized some $750 million in salaries, bonuses and profits from stock options in the 12 months before the company went bankrupt. 毫不奇怪, 公司破产前的十二个月里，安然的高管们实现了7.5亿美金的工资、奖金和股票期权利润。First, financial ratios are not standardized. A perusal of the many financial textbooks and other sources that are available will often show differences in how to calculate some ratios. 首先,财务比率不规范。一个参考的许多金融教科书及来源,可将经常表现出差异如何计算一些率。 Liquidity ratios indicate a firm’s ability to pay its obligations in the short run. 流动性比率表明公司的支付能力在短期内它的义务。 Excessively high current ratios, however, may indicate a firm may have too much of its long-term investor-supplied capital invested in short-term low-earning current assets. 当前的比率过高,然而,可能表明,一个公司可能有太多的长期 investor-supplied资本投资于短期low-earning流动资产 In an inflationary environment, firms that use last-in, first-out(LIFO)inventory valuation will likely have lower current ratios than firms that use first-in, first-out(FIFO). 在一个通货膨胀的环境下,企业选择使用后进先出法对存货计价的公 司比采用先进先出法的公司有一个低的流动比率。 The cash ratio is too conservative to accurately reflect a firm’s liquidity position because it assumes that firms can fund their current liabilities with only cash and marketable securities. 流动比率太稳健不能正确反映一个公司的流动性状况，因为在这一比率假定公司仅仅用现金和有价证券就可以偿还流动负债。 Debt management ratios characterize a firm in terms of the relative mix of debt and equity financing and provide measures of the long-term debt paying ability of the firm. 描述一个公司债务管理比率从相对的混合的债务和股权融资的措施, 提供长期偿债能力的公司。 Total capital includes all non-current liabilities plus equity, and thus excludes short-term debt. 资本总额包括所有非流动负债加上股本,从而排除短期贷款。 Net profit margins vary widely by the type of industry. 有着很大的不同,其净利润为典型的产业。 Note that earnings before interest and taxes, rather than net income, Is used in the numerator because interest is paid with pre-tax dollars, and the firm’s ability to pay current interest is not affected by taxes. 注意,分子中用的是息税前利润而不是净收入，这是因为利息是税前支付的，公司支付现金利息的能力不受税收的影响。 Managers should analyze the tradeoff between any increased sales from a more lenient credit policy and the associated costs of longer collection periods and more uncollected receivables to determine whether changing the firm’s credit sales policy could increase shareholder’s we alth. 管理者应该分析权衡增加的销售从一个更为宽松的信贷政策和相关费用较长的周期和更多的应收账款收集来决定是否改变公司的信用销售的政策可能会增加股东的财富。 If the receivables collection period exceeds a firm’s credit terms this may indicate that a firm is ineffective in collecting its credit sales or is granting credit to marginal customers. 如果应收账款采集时间超过公司的信用条款这也许说明了企业信用销售收集它无效或给予客户信用边缘。 A low, declining ratio may suggest the firm has continued to build up inventory in the face of weakening demand or may be carrying and reporting outdated or obsolete inventory that could only be sold at reduced prices, if at all. 一个低税率、下降率可能显示这个公司已经持续不断地加强库存面对需求不断减弱或可能携带和报告过期或过时的库存,只能减价出售。Thus, the operating profit margin, which indicates the operating profit generated per dollar of net sales, measures t he firm’s operating profitability before financing costs. 因此,经营利润,预示着美元营业利润产生的净销售额,公司的经营利润措施在融资成本。 If the firm’s fixed assets are old and have been depreciated to a low book value, and the assets have not lost their productive ability, the low figure in the denominator will inflate ROA. 如果公司固定资产比较旧,分母的减少会是ROA折旧到低的账面价值，但是资产并没有失去生产能力。 Return on common equity(ROCE) focuses on just the return to common shareholders and is computed by removing the dividends to preferred shareholders from net income and dividing by the capital provided by common shareholders. 普通股权益报酬率仅仅关注普通股股东的报酬率，用净收入扣除优先股股利除以普通股股东提供的资本计算得到。 Dividend yield represents parts of a stock’s total return; another part of a st ock’s total return is price appreciation. 代表部分股息率的股票总回报;另一部分是一个股票的总回报价格上涨。 In fact, of all the concepts used in finance, none is more important than the time value of money, also called discounted cash flow(DCF) analysis. 事实上,财务上所有的概念中，货币时间价值是最重要的，也称作是折现调整现金流量折价分析。
电子专业英语缩写大全
电子专业英语词汇(缩写词汇) A Analog 模拟 A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换 AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码 ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡 ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司 Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿 Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制 ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平 ABLC Automatic Brightness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联 ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局 AC Access Conditions 接入条件 Audio Center 音频中心 ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减 ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制 Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益控制 ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器 ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法 ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统 Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务 Area Communication System 区域通信系统
《自动化专业英语》中英文翻译-中文部分
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
专业英语(土木工程方案路桥方向)李嘉第三版翻译中英对照
Lesson 7 Transportation Systems交通运 输系统 Transportation system in a developed nation consists of a network of modes that have evolved over many years. The system consists of vehicles, guideways, terminal facilities and control systems: these operate according to established procedures and schedules in the air, on land, and on water. The system also requires interaction with the user, the operator and the environment. The systems that are in place reflect the multitude of decisions made by shippers, carriers, government, individual travelers, and affected nonusers concerning the investment in or the use of transportation. The transportation system that has evolved has produced a variety of modes that complement each other. 在发达国家，交通运输系统由网状结构组成的模式已经发展了好多年。这个系统由交通工具、轨道、站场设施和控制系统组成。这些依照空中、陆上和水上已制定的程序和计划运转。这个系统也需要和用户、司机和环境互动。现在的运输体系可以反映出与投资和使用有关的多方决定，包括运输业主、承运商、政府、每个出行者以及受影响的非使用者等。逐步发展的交通运输系统形成了各种互补模式。 The U. S. transportation system today is a highly developed, complex network of modes and facilities that furnishes shippers and travelers with a wide range of choices in terms of services provided. Each mode offers a unique set of service characteristics in terms of travel time, frequency, comfort, reliability, convenience and safety. The term level of service is used to describe the relative values of these attributes. The traveler or shipper must compare the level of service offered with the cost in order to make tradeoffs and mode selection. Furthermore, a shipper or traveler can decide to use a public carrier or to use private (or personal) transportation. For example, a manufacturer can ship goods through a trucking firm or with company trucks, a homeowner who has been relocated can hire a household moving company or rent a truck, and a commuter can elect to ride the bus to work or drive a car. Each of these decisions involves a complex set of factors that require
难倒英语专业的40个翻译句子
1.Do you have a family? 正确译文:你有孩子吗? 2.It's a good father that knows his son. 就算是最好的父亲,也未必了解自己的儿子. 3.I have no opinion of that sort of man. 我对这类人很反感. 4.She put 5 dollars into my hand,"you have been a great man today." 她把5美圆塞到我手上说:"你今天表现得很好." 5.I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two. 我是最小的儿子,但是我还有两个妹妹. 6.The picture flattered her. 她比较上照. 7.The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England. 她杂那个国家水土不服,所以回到了英国. 8. He is a walking skeleton. 他很瘦. 9.The machine is in repair. 机器已经修好了. 10.He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty.
他让法官的职责战胜了父子的亲情，最终宣布儿子有罪. 11.You don't know what you are talking about. 你在胡说八道. 12.You don't begin to understand what they mean. 你根本不知道他们在干嘛. don't begin ：决不 13.They didn't praise him slightly. 他们大大地表扬了他. 14.That's all I want to hear. 我已经听够了. 15.I wish I could bring you to see my point. 你要我怎么说你才能明白呢. 16.You really flatter me. 你让我受宠若惊. 17.He made a great difference. 有他没他结果完全不一样. 18.You cannot give him too much money. 你给他再多的钱也不算多. 19.The long exhausting trip proved too much. 这次旅行矿日持久,我们都累倒了. 20.The monk is only not a dead man. 这个和尚虽然活着,但跟死了差不多. 21.A surgeon made a cut in the patient's stomach.
测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)