MLA格式
关于“美国文学”课程论文MLA格式的细则
Rubric of the Course Paper for “American Literature”
1. The thesis is written in English, including the citation.( 全文用英文书写, 包括引用文献。)
2.What are some essential standard of a MLA paper? (MLA 论文基本要求)Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper. Set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. The paper should be double-space typed. There is one space between every English words. There is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12号新罗马字体排版，双倍行距。页边距为2.54厘米，16开A4白色纸打印，英文单词之间相距一个空格。单词和标点符号之间没有空格。)
3.How to Create a Header? 如何编辑页眉？Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. Omit the page number on Page One.(编辑页眉，将你的姓和页码标注在右上角，姓和页码之间有一个空格，不用标点符号；上面边距是1.27厘米，右边与正文部分对齐。)
4.How to deal with the first page? 第一页格式的处理。In the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutor’s name; the course; and the date. The date in MLA format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 December 2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) Be sure to use double space. (第一页左上角，纵向排列你的名字；学号、班级；指导老师的名字；课程名称；日期（格式是日月年，中间不用标点符号，月份也不用缩写，如：29 December 2011）
5.How to write a title? (如何写标题？)The title is centered and written in 12-piont Times New Roman font. The title is not bold, underlined, or italicized. But use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (标题居中，用12号新罗马字体。标题不用黑体，下划线或斜体，如果标题中有已出版的文章，文章部分用双引号，如果是书籍，书籍部分用斜体。如：Sybolism in “Young Good Man Brown.”或Sybolism in Scarlet Letter。
6.How to write an outline? 如何写提纲？（(You are not required to write an outline this time).注意：这次没有要求写提纲。）As for the outline of a MLA paper, there is a sample of outline on Page 38 of the fifth edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: A- level: I, II, III, B-level: A, B, C; C-level: 1, 2, 3; D-level:a, b, c, E-level: (1), (2), (3); F-level: (a), (b), (c). (MLA论文的题纲可以参考《MLA科研论文写作规范》第五版38页的提纲：A级：用大写罗马数字I, II, III 等；B级：用大写英文字母A, B, C等；C级：用阿拉伯数字1、2、3 等；D级：用小写英文字母a，b, c 等; E级：用阿拉伯数字加括号如(1), (2), (3); F级：用小写英文字母加括号，如：(a), (b), (c).)
7.（如何写副标题？）As for the heading of the text, title the main sections(B-level) 用不同的字
体将文章中B级标题和主标题区分开: 如标题左对齐, 词首字母用12号字体，其余用10号字体，大写锁定键键入，如：主标题是：Symbolism in “Young Good Man Brown”(居中)，B 级标题是SYMBOLIC MEANING OF NATURE.（左对齐），然后用两倍行距分行，开始正文部分；C级标题大写词首字母，用斜体格式，不分行，直接开始正文部分。如: C级标题Symbolic Meaning of the Forest
8.How to indent the first paragraph? (如何编辑段落？)Indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. Microsoft Word suggests using the Tab key. (每一段第一句缩进半英寸（1.75厘米），用Tab键。
9.How many parts are there basically in a thesis? (论文最基本应该包括几部分？)The thesis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (论文应该包括一段引言部分、几段论证部分和一段结论部分。)
10.How to write the introduction? Is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何写论文的引言部分？它是作者的生平介绍吗？它是小说的故事情节介绍吗？) No, The introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. It is an introduction of the paper you are writing. It should set the context for the rest of the paper. It tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. It ends with a thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. The thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介绍，也不是作品的故事情节介绍，而是对你写的论文大致介绍。它为整篇文章定下基调，告知读者你的论文的必要性和重要性；引言部分用一个句子作为全文中心论点结束，中心论点是需要论证阐释的观点，指导和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏题。)
11.How to Make the Ideas of a Long Thesis Easier for the Reader to Grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅较长的论文便于读者理解？)If your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. This can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的论文比较长，在引言之后接下来一段，你可以介绍你论文的结构，便于读者理解你的观点。)
12.What are the elements for the body paragraphs? （正文段落的有哪些要素？）Body paragraphs have these four elements: A transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. At the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory wo rds, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. You’d better begin each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一个自然段开始，要注意用过渡段的连接词，词组或句子，把每一部分串联成一个符合逻辑的整体。每一段开始用一个中心句，接下来用列子证明，句与句之间要有表示逻辑关系的词，词组，最后用一句话概括整段大意,并与下一段自然过渡。)
13.How to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文献？)In-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. The author’s/authors’name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. i.e. “A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that she’s afraid of herself sometimes”(Hawthorne 431). If you go on to quote the same work, put the
page number in a bracket only. i.e. “She’s a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night I’ll cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文献的标注在引用部分后面，句号前面，作者姓空格页码，中间没有逗号），如果同一页引用同一作品，则只标页码。
14. Use block quote when quotations are longer than four-typed lines. Block quotations begin on
a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. Do not use quotation marks. The citation information (the author’s name and the page number) follow. （如果被引用的部分超过三行，则引用整段。整段引用另起一行，双倍行距，自页边空白整体缩进一英寸（2.54厘米），不用引号，末尾添加引用来源（作者姓空格页码）。
15.If you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些单词，用省略号（三个前后有空格的小圆点）。
16.If a source has more than three authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”
i.e. (Barker et al. 23) （如果文献作者是三位以上，文中引用只用第一位作者的姓，后面是空格加“et al." 再空格加页码）
17. Citation from a website:
A. If the website has no page number,you simply use the author's surname after the period.i.e.
B. If you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.(qtd.in author's surname).
C. Source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened title.(The first word of the title with a quotation mark:i.e. "Automatically")
17.Conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. Because it is B-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (结尾部分总结论文中讨论的话题。因它是B级标题，第一段不缩进。)
18.How to Use Endnotes? (如何使用尾注？）Use endnotes to explain something that doesn’t fit in with the rest of the paragraph. Avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. Endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the Work/s Cited page. Double space all entries and indent each entry 0.5 inch from the margin.（如果有和本段不相吻合，可以用尾注加以详细解释。尾注要简洁，避免冗长的讨论。尾注在正文后另起一页，置于文献引用页之前，用双行距，左对齐，页边距是半英寸，即1.75厘米。
19.How to format the Work/s Cited page ?(引用作品格式）
The Work/s Cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. It includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, CD-Rom, interview，classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.（“引用作品”页是在你论文最后列出你文中引用的信息的来源, 包括书籍，期刊，报刊，网络，电影，光盘，访谈，课堂笔记，博客，电子邮件，日记等）
The Works Cited page begins on a new page. Center the title Works Cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. If there is only one entry, write Work Cited.引用作品页置于尾注页之后，另起一页。将Works Cited 的标题居中，不加下划线，不加斜体。如果只引用一项，则用单数“Work Cited."
List the entries in the alphabetically order. 按照字母表的顺序排列。
MLA now requires all sources to have a publication marker. For example, books receive the marker “print”after the citation. Online sources have the marker of "Web." CD-ROM, E-mail, Blog for resources from CD-ROM, E-mail, and Blog respectively. 现在MLA要求所有引用文献要有一个“出版标志." 比如，书籍后用"Print.," 网络信息用"Web" ,光盘用CD-ROM，博客用Blog.电子邮件用e-mail.(详见以下例子。）
If a source doesn’t have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. Place the publisher’s name in brackets.(如果原文没有出版社，但你能够猜到出版商是谁，可以用括号把出版商括起来。
Online Resources Citation: MLA no long requires URLs in the Works Cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. This serves as the entry’s publication marker.
i.e.Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date. Web. Date of access. 对于网络信息，MLA 不再要求给出详细网址，但你必须在你访问网址的时间之前注明“Web”作为出版标记。如：作者姓，名. “文章名”. 网站，最后编辑日月年. Web. 访问日月年.
Russell, Tony, Allen Brizee, and Elizabeth Angeli. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 July 2010.
Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式：小说作者姓，名. “文章标题.”论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print.
Lawrence,D.H. "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R.V.Cassill. 5th. ed. New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print.
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注意：
1.现在MLA不再在书名下用下划线，而是用斜体字。
2.现在MLA要求用print 标记公开出版的纸质刊物的出版特征，包括书，杂志，报纸。
3.现在MLA不要求网络信息的详细网址，但要用Web 标记信息来源的出版特征。
以下信息来自网络，稍作改动。
1. 独著
姓，名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963.Print.
2. 两至三名作者
姓，名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952.Print.
Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979.Print.
3. 四名或以上作者
姓，名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986.Print.
4. 机构作者
机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994.Print.
5. 匿名作者
书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. Print.
6. 同一作者两本以上著作
以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.Print.
---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.Print.
7. 编著
一名编者:
姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print.
Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963.Print.
两名编者:
姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print.
Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm, eds. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Atherns: The
University of Georgia Press, 1966.Print.
三名以上的编者:
第一编者姓, 名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print.
Donadio, Stephen, et al., eds. Emerson and His Legacy. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1986.Print.
8. 译著
原作者姓, 名. 书名. Trans. 译者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.Print.
Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, !961.Print.
9. 再版著作
姓，名. 书名. 版别序号ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 5th ed. Ft. Worth: Harcourt, 1993. Print.
10. 论文集中的文章
文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.”论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print.
Wellek, Rene. “Romanticism RE-examined.” Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Northrop Frye. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. 75-98.Print.
Hall, Stuart, “Minial Selves.” Studying Culture. Eds. Ann Gr ay and Jim McGuigan. Arnold: Hodder Headline Group, 1993. 131-42. Print.
Note: 短篇小说课本引用格式：小说作者姓，名. “文章标题.”论文集名称. Ed. 论文集编者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始页码.Print.
Lawrence,D.H., "The Rocking Horse Winner." The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. Ed. R.V.Cassill. 5th ed.New York: Norton, 1995. 543-559. Print.
11. 多卷、多册或再版著作
书名后注明第几册或第几卷.（带翻译）
姓, 名. 书名. 卷目vols. Trans.译者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.Print.
Plato. Laws. 2 vols. Trans. R. G. Bury. Leob Classical Libery. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1926. Print.
12. 前言，后记
前言作者姓，名. “Introduction (或Forewords 或Preface).”书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始页码.Print.
后记作者姓，名. “Afterwords.”书名. By 书目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后记起始页码.Print.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Introduction.” Pioneer Women: Voices from the Kansas Frontier. B y Joanna L. Stratton. New York: Simon, 1981. 11-15.Print.
13. 期刊文章
文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.”杂志名称卷号. 期号(出版年代): 起始页码.Print. Maguire, James H. “The Canon and the 'Diminished Thing.” American Literature 60 (1988): 645-52.Print.
Davis, Sherri Heckler. “The Zen Art of Prewriting.” New Mexico English Journal12. 1 (1988): 21-23.Print.
14. 周刊或双周刊文章
文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.”杂志名称出版日月年: 起始页码..Print.
Hoagland, Edward. “Standing Tough in the Desert.” New York Times Book Review 7 May 1989:
44-45.Print.
15. 月刊或双月刊文章
文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.”杂志名称出版月年: 起始页码..Print.
Weiss, Philip. “The Book Thief: A True Tale of Bibliomania.” Harper’s January 1994: 37-56.Print.
16. 报纸文章
文章作者姓, 名. “文章标题.”报纸名称出版日月年, 版, 栏, 页码..Print.
Intraub, Anna Jinagwang. “How I learned to Read.” New York Times. 13 January 2002, Section 4, Column 6, Page
16.Print.
如果作者未知, 版栏信息缺失, 格式为:
“文章标题.”报纸名称出版日月年: 页码..Print.
“Learn English through Football.” 21st Century Supplement 21 Feb. 2002: III.Prin t.
17. Multimedia sources: (多媒体资料) MLA format for multimedia Sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. Film, DVD, Radio, Web. E-mail, Presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multimedia that is being referrenced. MLA格式要求多媒体资料的引用要在应用信息后面加上媒体形式：如电影，DVD，收音机，网络，电子邮件，演讲等。
⑴网络著作
l General Format: Author(corporations, governments): Title of Site. Sponsor. Date Created (use n.d. if not given) medium. Date accessed.
基本格式：作者（机构，政府）：网页标题。网站，网页制作日月年（若无，用n. d.）媒介. 访问日月年。
l 整个网站：如：United States Environmental Protection Agency: Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006.
l 网页上一篇不知发表日期的文章：
Shiva. “Biothics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n. d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006
l 网上著作
作者姓, 名. 书名出版年代. 检索日月年.Web
Emerson, Ralph waldo. Essays: First Series.????1841.12 Feb. 1997. Web.
l 网络文章
作者姓, 名. 文章名称. 来源名称. 最后编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年
Fischer, Michael F. “Worthless Words for the Day.” 21 November 2005.Web. 8 May 2007 19.
l 博客：作者姓, 名. 博客名称. 来源名称最近编辑日月年.Web. 检索日月年：Li ChengPeng. Li Cheng Peng. https://www.360docs.net/doc/b214889884.html,, 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 4 Jan. 2011.
⑵电邮：作者. 主题. 电邮大意. 发邮件日月年. E-mail.
i.e. Mu Xinghua. “Re: The Main Characters in ‘Flowering Judas’”. Message to the teacher. 20 Dec. 2011. E-mail.
⑶光盘：作者姓, 名. “条目标题.”光盘名称. (其他信息). CD-ROM. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.
“Communion.” The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.
⑷视频: 作者. “视频标题.”视频用途. 网站上传日月年. Web. 访问视频日月年.
Wang Xinguo et. al. “Kew Gardens: A CWNU Version.” Project: Assignment. https://www.360docs.net/doc/b214889884.html,. 7 July 2006. Web. 4 Jan. 2012
2b.本科学位论文MLA格式的基本结构、引用文献和参考书目格式
论文的基本结构和引用文献格式 （MLA格式） 学术论文文献的引用有三种形式：文内注释、注解（Notes）和参考文献（Bibliography）。正文中引用别人的论述、词汇、材料、观点或思想时，文内注释采用同论文末尾参考文献相关联的信息，用圆括号表示。正文中除了文内注释外，往往还需要注解；注解同文内注释不同，它主要是针对正文中需要说明的问题作注解，而不是针对正文中的引用作注解。参考文献（Bibliography）是指被论文参考和引用过的所有作品，位于正文末尾。如论文末尾有注解，参考文献则位于注解后。论文末尾的“注解”和“参考文献”可能同时存在。 凡是在参考文献中以书的形式出现的出版物品名称，无论是小说、诗歌、戏剧，还是小册子、报刊杂志、电影、光盘、盒式录音磁带、唱片、绘画、雕塑作品等，英文用斜体表示。中文名称则用书名号表示。对于“注解”和“参考文献”中提到的文章、论文、短篇小说、短诗、书中的章节，包括未公开出版的讲座、会议发言稿、手稿、学位论文等，都一律加引号表示。中文的也采用同样方法，避免同书名混淆。 一、论文的基本结构 不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异，但本科毕业论文一般应有以下部分：Introduction，（Literature Review）and Discussions (与APA不一致), Conclusion 等等。当然，研究类型不同，中间部分章节内容也就不同。北京第二外国语学院教务处对各章布局作如下规定，Introduction、Chapter 1、Chapter 2…Conclusion。其中，Introduction和Conclusion前不加Chapter等字样。下面对这些章节的大致内容略作介绍。 Introduction 本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis）。本章要求简练，开门见山，一般为1-2页。 如果论文没有单独一章作文献综述，那么简单的文献综述可以放在这部分。文献综述的主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）为何要做这一研究，论文要研究的问题前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？ Chapter 1, Chapter 2… 论文主体部分对论文所要探讨的研究问题进行展开陈述。 Conclusion 本章名为结论，实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容：本研究的主要发现（Main findings）、本研究的启示（Implications）、本研究的局限性（Limitations of the present study）以及需要进一步研究的问题（Further research suggestions）等等。
文献中mla格式规范
MLA格式简要规范 MLA格式简要规范 1.独著 姓，名. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年代. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963. 2. 两至三名作者 姓，名, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年代. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. 3. 四名或以上作者 姓，名, et al. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年代. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986. 4.机构作者
机构名称. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年代. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994. 5.匿名作者 书名. 出版地: , 出版年代. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. 6.同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 7.编著 一名编者: 姓, 名, ed. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年. Frye, Northrop, ed. Romanticism Reconsidered. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963. 两名编者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 书名. 出版地: , 出版年.
APA、MLA、Chicago、Harvard引用格式说明
APA引用格式说明 一、正文中引用标注格式要求 ● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓，出版年，页码），如： Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin, 1984, p.2) . 注：如文内已出现作者名，括号里就只要加出版年和页码，如 In a recent study Harvey (1993, p.2) argued that ... ● 当直接引用的原话超过三行以上时，引文须另起一行，左右各缩进3个字符，并用斜体书写，不需用引号，在引文结束处将页码放入小括号内。比如， Paine etal.(1983) added that good praise follows the “if-then” rule: The “if-then rule” states that if thestudent is doing something you want to encourage—something youwant to see the student do again or domore often in the future (and if you aresure that that is what the student is doing)—then (and onlythen) you should praise the student for it(p.46). 二、文尾 References页格式要求 ● 按作者姓的首字母顺序排列引用，网页引用放在最后 ● References页不会添加的话，请在如下网址自动生成。 MLA引用格式说明 一、正文中引用标注格式要求 ● 正文中引用的内容后标注为（作者姓页码），如 Naiman et al. (49-52) found a similar relationship, although in this case ‘ effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated with
MLA格式参考文献标注实例
MLA: Bever, G. Tyler and McElree, Bob. “Empty categories access their antecedent during comprehension”. Linguistic Inquiry, 19 (19 88): 35-43. Bever, Tyler. "The cognitive basis for linguistic structures". Cognition and the development of lan guage. Hayes, R. John Ed. New York: Wiley, 1970: 279-362. Dickey, W. Michael and Cynthia K. Thompson. “Automatic processing of wh- and NP-movement in agrammatic aphasia: Evidence from eyetracking”. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 22(2009): 563-83. Dominey, Peter F., et al. “A neurolinguistic model of grammatical construction processing”. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18/12 (2006):2088-107. Dominey, Peter F. "A model of learning syntactic comprehension for natural and artificial grammars". Basic mechanisms of language, reading and reading disability.Ed. Ele Witruk, Friederici Ale and Lachmann. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2002: 61-77. ---. "Emergence of grammatical constructions: Evidence from simulation and grounded agent experiments". Connection Science 17(2005): 289-306. Doughty, J. Catherine and Michael H. Long. The handbook of second language acquisition. UK: Blackwell, 2003. Goral, Mira, et al. “Neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism”. The International Journal of Bilingualism6/4 (2002): 411-40. J ackson, Peter and Isabelle Moulinier. Natural language processing: Natural language processing for online applications text retrieval, extraction and categorization. Philadelphia: Benjamins,2002. Jansky, J. Jack. "Development reading disorder (Alexia and Dyslexia) ". Comprehension Textbook of Psychiatry IV. Kaplan, I. Harry and Baltimore B. Sadock. Eds. Maryland: Williams and Wilkins, 1985: 112-15. Lee, Y. Chia, et al. “Cognitive and neural basis of the consistency and lexicality effects in reading Chinese”. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 23 (2010): 10-27. McWilliams, Sandra, et al. “Comparison and evaluation of aspects of teacher education in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland”. European Journal of Teacher Education 29/1 (2006): 67-79. 桂诗春.认知与语言测试.《基础教育外语教学研究》, 12（2003）：10-13. 沈彤.关于言语障碍的神经语言学思考.《四川外语学院学报》20/4（2004）：69-72. 孙学军等.脑功能磁共振成像研究进展.《中国神经科学杂志》3（2001）:270-278. 杨亦鸣，曹明.基于神经语言学的中文大脑词库.《语言文学应用》3（2000）：91-98. 周雪婷.交叉学科：神经语言学及其哲学思考.《求索》6（2008）：191-93.
MLA格式文内引用_说明
MLA格式文内引用说明 MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics Summary: MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th ed.) and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. Contributors:Tony Russell, Allen Brizee Last Edited: 2010-04-21 07:58:21 https://www.360docs.net/doc/b214889884.html,/owl/resource/747/02/ Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style is covered in chapter six of the MLA Handbook and in chapter seven of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question. Basic In-Text Citation Rules In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This method involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. General Guidelines ?The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1.) upon the source medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) and (2.) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited (bibliography) page. ?Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List. In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the
MLA格式论文范文
. MLA 格式论文范文 MLA论文格式（一） 1 MLA 文献引用格式的基本描述：文学类论文通常使用MLA（Mden Lnguge Assiin）格式。作者在正文中用括号夹注的形式注明参考文献的简要出处，即（作者姓氏+页码）。 Anien ies ibued he invenin f he nhd Pyhgs, h lived in he sixh enuy BC (Muse 19) 而在论文末尾的参考文献部分（按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列），则可根据作者姓氏很容易的找出该引用文献的详细信息。包括作者信息，书名信息，和出版信息（出版地：出版社，出版年）三个部分。三个部分之间用“”分开。 Muse, Sibyl A Suvey f Musil Insuens Ne Yk: Hpe, 195 引语（Quins）的格式—用方括号（sque bkes“[ ]”）和省略号（ellipses“…”）标明更动原文的地方。 —短于三行的一句或者短于一句的引语应该写入正文，并且用双引号标明。 —双引号表示直接引语，单引号只用来标注引语中的引语。 —引语不得使用斜体或粗体来表示（书名除外）。 在任何情况下（即使引语仅仅只有一个单词）： —句末、小句末的句号和逗号都必须放在引号之内（无论单引号还是双引号）， —冒号（“:”）和分号（“;”）都必须放在引号之外， —引文是疑问句则问号应放在引号之内，否则问号（“?”）应放在引号之外。 —三行或以上的引语作为独立的引语段（blk quin）。 —引语段可以用单倍行距，但其首行和末行应与正文空15行。 —引语段左右两边均应较正文缩进5格或1个制表符（TAB）的距离。 —如果引语段原为一自然段，则其首行应进一步缩进4至5格或1个制表符的距离。 —引语段的段首和段尾不得使用引号。
MLAFormatMLA格式解读
MLA 格式指南（文学论文适用） 1.文内引用格式（In-Text Citations） 文内引用是指在论文中对其它文献内容进行直引用或对文献中的某些观点、内容进行诠释。以下部分将简要介绍文内引用时可能遇到的情况及其相应的处理方法。 (1) 基本引用格式（Basic In-Text Citation Rules） 根据MLA格式的要求，如引用他人作品，应该用“文内/括号内引用法(parenthetical citation)”对其出处进行标注。 ●引文的出处应紧跟在引文或对引文观点、内容的诠释之后；格式为：（作者姓名+空格+ 引文所在页码）。例：Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). ●当原文作者不明时，要用缩写的文献名来代替作者姓名这一项。如文献的篇幅较短，文 献名上要加引号；如篇幅较长，则将文献名斜体或加下划线。 ●文内引用项要与你的“Works Cited”页中的条目相对应。如上述对Burke的引用，在Works Cited中应有如下项： Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966. ●如同时进行多项文内引用，用分号将各引用信息分开。例： ...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21). ●作者名可以出现在正文句子里，也可放在引语或对引语的诠释之后的括号中；页码只能 出现在括号中，而不能出现在正文句子里。例如： Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). (2) 古典或经典著作引用格式（Author-Page Citation for Classic and Literary Works with Multiple Editions）
MLA格式范文
Hua Su Political Science 101, Section009 Professor Dighton M. Fiddner 24 March 2010 Brief Analysis of Cuban Missile Crisis I think the people who have at least a little bit concern about the world issues should know the famous Cuban Missile Crisis. It has being discussed and studied over and over again by many scientists, scholars and experts since it happened. On October 15, 1962, United States reconnaissance discovered and had photos to prove that there were missile bases being built in Cuba. “One of the most startling of the thousands of photographs---some 30,000 feet of film in all---analyzed by the President and his advisers is this one of a fully operating medium-range missile base, manned by Russian technicians and able to shoot its missiles as far into the U.S. as Norfolk or Houston “(The Pictures That Spurred Us to Act)”. The next day, the president of United States was informed and organized a group of advisors, which is called Executive Committee of the National Security Council, short for EXCOMM, to discuss how to deal with this perilous event. In Cuba at that time, the government was led by communist Fidel Castro. He was afraid that the United States would attack Cuba again after the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. So he agreed that Soviet Union, which was led by Nikita Khrushchev at that time, could put missiles in Cuba. Because Cuba and United States are so close to each other, the missiles in Cuba were
MLA格式
论文格式要求 1．论文全文采用小四号Times New Roman（12号）字体：论文题目采用小二号Times New Roman；中文题目采用小2号宋体。一级标题（章标题）采用16号Times New Roman，分别冠以I、II、III、IV、V等序号；二级标题（节标题）14号，分别冠以1.1, 1.2、2.1, 2.2、等序号；三级标题（节以下标题）均采用12号，分别冠以1.1.1、2.1.1等序号。所有标题加黑。 2．论文正文采用段首缩进5个字符，单面打印；2倍行距。正文第一页加论文题目。 3．正文（包括附录和参考文献）页码标注格式为阿拉伯数字1 2 3….页码标注在页面底部居中。论文封面不标注页码。 4．论文采用A4复印纸单面打印。上、下、右边距为25mm；左边距为30mm，其中10mm供装订。 5．论文装订次序为论文封面、论文主体（body），参考文献、附录（若有）。论文页码从正文开始。 示例1：MLA格式参考文献著录及引述格式 第一部分：正文内引述(In-text Citation: MLA Style) [The formatting generally follows the latest Modern Language Association (MLA) style, including parenthetical references.＊Parenthetical documentation means that in the text, only the author’s surname and the page number is given in parentheses following the quotation or any reference to another source. If the author’s name is given in the introductory statement to the quotation, only the page number is given in parentheses at the end. Footnotes are not used for this purpose in the modern MLA style. （MLA一般不用脚注）The Works Cited page contains the full name of the author, the title of the book, etc. Internet sites frequently do not have page numbers, so that only the name of the author or web site is given in parentheses. Footnotes are used sparingly, and only to give additional information not suitable to include in the text.] (Julia Diterman) Ⅰ. MLA格式文内摘录一般用括号加注法： 1．括号内（作者姓氏＋引文页码），如果引文中已经给出作者姓名，只需括号加注内页码即可。例如：
MLA引用格式
MLA论文写作规范 Instructions for English Majors on the Preparation of BA Theses 第一章文献引证 (3) 1.1 正文中的引证 (3) 1.2 引语（Quotations） (5) 1.3.1 引用整篇文献的观点 (7) 1.3.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字 (8) 1.3.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献 (8) 1.3.4 引用同样姓氏的不同作者 (9) 1.3.5 引用团体作者（corporate author） (10) 1.3.6 引用无作者文献 (10) 1.3.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 (10) 1.3.8 引用同一作者的多篇文献 (11) 1.3.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献.12 1.3.10 引用非直接文献（indirect source） (12) 1.3.11 引用文学作品和经典文献 (12) 1.3.12 对引语文字的更改 (14) 1.3.13 脚注（footnotes）的使用 (16) 精品
1.4 参考文献著录的格式 (17) 1.4.1 著录已出版的文章 (17) 1.4.2 著录已出版的书籍 (20) 1.4.3 著录尚未正式出版的文献 (22) 1.4.4 著录非印刷材料 (23) 1.4.5 著录汉语著作和文章 (24) 1.4.6 著录网络出版物 (25) 1.4.7 参考文献的排列 (28) 第二章格式规范 (32) 2.1 空格、大小写、标点符号 (32) 2.1.1 正确使用空格 (32) 2.1.2 正确使用大小写 (34) 2.1.3 正确使用连接符号 (34) 2.1.4 正确使用斜体（italics） (35) 2.1.5 正确使用引号 (37) 2.1.6 避免使用缩略语（contractions） (37) 2.2 数字的使用 (37) 2.3 非英语词句的引用 (38) 2.4 统计数字的报告 (40) 2.5 避免使用歧视性语言 (42) 2.5.1 避免使用有性别歧视嫌疑的语言 (42) 2.5.2 避免使用有残疾歧视嫌疑的语言 (44) 精品
参考文献中MLA格式规范
M L A格式简要规范 MLA格式简要规范 1.??独着 姓，名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963. 2. 两至三名作者 姓，名, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. 3. 四名或以上作者 ?姓，名, ?et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986. 4.?机构作者 ?机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994. 5.?匿名作者 ??? ?书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. 6.?同一作者两本以上着作 ?以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 7.?编着
论文写作,MLA格式详解
分享MLA 论文的 （MLA格式） ——大学生毕业论文写作格式MLA 学术论文文献的引用有三种形式：文内注释、注解（Notes）和参考文献（Bibliography）。正文中引用别人的论述、词汇、材料、观点或思想时，文内注释采用同论文末尾参考文献相关联的信息，用圆括号表示。正文中除了文内注释外，往往还需要注解；注解同文内注释不同，它主要是针对正文中需要说明的问题作注解，而不是针对正文中的引用作注解。参考文献（Bibliography）是指被论文参考和引用过的所有作品，位于正文末尾。如论文末尾有注解，参考文献则位于注解后。论文末尾的“注解”和“参考文献”可能同时存在。 凡是在参考文献中以书的形式出现的出版物品名称，无论是小说、诗歌、戏剧，还是小册子、报刊杂志、电影、光盘、盒式录音磁带、唱片、绘画、雕塑作品等，英文用斜体表示。中文名称则用书名号表示。对于“注解”和“参考文献”中提到的文章、论文、短篇小说、短诗、书中的章节，包括未公开出版的讲座、会议发言稿、手稿、学位论文等，都一律加引号表示。中文的也采用同样方法，避免同书名混淆。 一、论文的基本结构 不同学科、不同研究方向以及不同类型的学术论文在基本结构上存在差异，但本科毕业论文一般应有以下部分：Introduction，（Literature Review）and Discussions (与APA不一致), Conclusion 等等。当然，研究类型不同，中间部分章节内容也就不同。北京第二外国语学院教务处对各章布局作如下规定，Introduction、Chapter 1、Chapter 2…Conclusion。其中，Introduction和Conclusion前不加Chapter等字样。下面对这些章节的大致内容略作介绍。 Introduction 本章应该包括以下内容：本研究的背景、意义以及预期解决的问题。有时需要对重要概念或术语进行简单的定义。本章末尾一般对全篇论文的章节主要内容作简单介绍（An overview of the thesis）。本章要求简练，开门见山，一般为1-2页。 如果论文没有单独一章作文献综述，那么简单的文献综述可以放在这部分。文献综述的主要目的是向读者介绍与本研究有关系的现有研究（existing studies），重点介绍以下内容：（1）为何要做这一研究，论文要研究的问题前人已经做了哪些研究？采用了哪些研究方法？得出了哪些研究结论？（2）关于这个问题还有哪些问题没有解决？前人的研究存在哪些局限性？关于这个问题还有哪些争议或值得进一步研究的问题？ Chapter 1, Chapter 2… 论文主体部分对论文所要探讨的研究问题进行展开陈述。 Conclusion 本章名为结论，实际上应该包括以下几方面的内容：本研究的主要发现（Main findings）、本研
MLA格式简要规范
MLA格式简要规范 发布时间： 2009-09-12 15:12:53 浏览次数： 6336 1. 独著 姓，名. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Bambrough, Renford. The Philosophy of Aristotle. New York: The New American Library, 1963. 2. 两至三名作者 姓，名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Horton, Rod W., and Herbert W. Edwards. Backgrounds of American Literary Thought. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., 1952. Atwan, Robert, Donald Mcquade, and John Wright. Edsels, Luckies, and Frigidaires: Advertising the American Way. New York: Dell, 1979. 3. 四名或以上作者 姓，名, et al. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. Belenky, Mary Field, et, al. Women's Ways of Knowing: The Development of Self, Voice, and Mind. New York: Basic, 1986. 4. 机构作者 机构名称. 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1994. 5. 匿名作者 书名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. The New York Times Atlas of the World. New York: New York Times Books, 1980. 6. 同一作者两本以上著作 以书名第一个主要单词的首字母顺序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一条文献条目前，第二条文献条目前用 三个连字号。 Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence, a Theory of Poetry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1973. ---. A Map of Misreading. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. 7. 编著 一名编者:
MLA格式说明
MLA 2009 Formatting and Style Guide General Format MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing. MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages. Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material. Most importantly, the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental un 一般格式 MLA样式指定用于格式化的手稿和使用英语的书面指引。MLA风格也提供了与作家通过括号引用引用其来源在他们的论文和引用文献的页面的系统。 作家谁正确使用工作重点还通过展示问责其来源的材料建立自己的信誉。最重要的是，使用MLA风格可以保护从作家抄袭的指责，这是有目的的或意外的主演使用的源材料由其他作家。credited use of source material by other writers. If you are asked to use MLA format, be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers(7th edition). Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing(3rd edition). The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries; it is also widely available in bookstores, libraries, and at the MLA web site. See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style. For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes, please visit the OWL's MLA Update 2009resource.如果你被要求使用MLA格式，请务必咨询MLA手册为研究论文（第7版）的作家，出版的学者和研究生也应征询MLA格式手册和指南，以学术出版（第三版）的工作重点手册提供最写作中心和参考库; ..它也被广泛使用在书店，图书馆，并在重点网站，请参阅本讲义的其他资源部分为有用的书籍和网站列表关于使用MLA风格为2009年度方针的改变列表，请访问OWL的工作重点更新2009的资源。 Paper Format The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook, and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual. Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style.论文格式论文和手稿在MLA样式的准备是包括在MLA手册的第四章，和MLA样式手册的第四章。下面是在MLA样式格式化文件的一些基本准