Time to Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
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Time to Face It! Facebook Intrusion and the Implications for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
ARTICLE in CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL NETWORKING · MAY 2011
Impact Factor: 2.18 · DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0318 · Source: PubMed
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Rachel A Elphinston
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O RIGINAL A RTICLES
Time to Face It!Facebook Intrusion and the Implications
for Romantic Jealousy and Relationship Satisfaction
Rachel A.Elphinston,B.Sc.(Hons.),Ph.D.(Clinical Psychology),and Patricia Noller,B.A.(Hons.),Ph.D.Abstract
Young people’s exposure to social network sites such as Facebook is increasing,along with the potential for such use to complicate romantic relationships.Yet,little is known about the overlaps between the online and of?ine worlds.We extended previous research by investigating the links between Facebook intrusion,jealousy in romantic relationships,and relationship outcomes in a sample of undergraduates currently in a romantic re-lationship.A Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire was developed based on key features of technological (behav-ioral)addictions.An eight-item Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire with a single-factor structure was supported;internal consistency was high.Facebook intrusion was linked to relationship dissatisfaction,via jealous cogni-tions and surveillance behaviors.The results highlight the possibility of high levels of Facebook intrusion spilling over into romantic relationships,resulting in problems such as jealousy and dissatisfaction.The results have implications for romantic relationships and for Facebook users in general.
Introduction
T he introduction of social network sites (SNSs)such
as ‘‘MySpace’’and ‘‘Facebook’’may be adding to the
complexity of romantic relationships worldwide.Facebook is
one of the best-known SNSs and provides an online com-
munication medium that is increasingly becoming an integral
part of everyday life and a popular way of maintaining rela-
tionships (e.g.,see refs.1,2).Given there is considerable po-
tential for individuals to spend excessive amounts of time
and/or develop strong attachments to Facebook and research
highlighting overlaps between online and of?ine worlds,3the
impact of such extreme usage patterns on individuals and
their romantic relationships needs further exploration.
The emergence in recent years of technological addictions
such as those to the Internet,mobile phones,video gaming,
and SNSs 4–7calls for research into the extent to which indi-
viduals may be excessively attached to Facebook.Technolo-
gical addictions are generally considered a subset of
behavioral addictions,8characterized by core features of ad-
diction,such as salience,withdrawal,and euphoria.9These
addictive behaviors may have reinforcing aspects that can
have negative psychological,interpersonal,and work impli-
cations.10–12According to Wilson et al.,4the reinforcing as-
pects of SNSs can promote addictive tendencies because of the
interactive nature of this form of communication.In general,
addictive behaviors continue despite leading to dif?culties
and may penetrate deeply into an individual’s social life.13In line with recent research that points to high levels of involvement in technologies such as mobile phone usage and the Internet,7,14the present study draws attention to Face-book intrusion.Speci?cally,high levels of Facebook intrusion are characterized by an excessive attachment to Facebook,which interferes with day-to-day activities and with rela-tionship functioning.As such,aspects of high Facebook in-trusion may include withdrawal (distress related to an inability to access Facebook),relapse and reinstatement (ef-forts to reduce Facebook use that have been unsuccessful),and euphoria (feeling connected to others when using Face-book).To date,there has been little research directly investigating Facebook intrusion and its effects.In particular,Facebook intrusion may be associated with negative outcomes such as relationship dissatisfaction.For example,individuals whose lives are disrupted by involvement with Facebook are likely to have dif?culty maintaining satisfying romantic relation-ships.Few studies have investigated the effects of online SNSs by relationship partners on relationship outcomes.However,other literature highlights the deleterious effects of other addictive behaviors (e.g.,alcohol dependence)on rela-tionship satisfaction.15Based on this research,there is po-tential for Facebook intrusion to spill over into a person’s romantic relationship and contribute to negative relationship experiences and outcomes.The centrality of jealousy to investigations of Facebook was ?rst highlighted by Muise et al.16Speci?cally,these School of Psychology,The University of Queensland,Brisbane,Queensland,Australia.
C YBERPSYCHOLOGY ,B EHAVIOR ,AN
D S OCIAL N ETWORKING
Volume 14,Number 11,2011
aMary Ann Liebert,Inc.
DOI:10.1089/cyber.2010.0318631
researchers examined the role of personality and relationship factors in predicting Facebook jealousy and the impact of increased exposure to Facebook on Facebook jealousy.The results indicated that Facebook use predicted Facebook-related jealousy,over and above personality and relationship factors.Overall,the?ndings by Muise et al.16highlighted that the more the time spent on Facebook,the greater likelihood of experiencing Facebook jealousy.In addition,the qualitative data suggested that Facebook jealousy is linked to actual experiences of jealousy in an individual’s current of?ine ro-mantic relationship and a tendency towards Facebook addiction.
On the basis of the research above linking Facebook use and Facebook jealousy,we speculate that individuals who are seriously affected by Facebook intrusion may also expe-rience jealousy in their current romantic relationship because of the propensity of Facebook to disrupt their personal lives and interpersonal relationships.In addition,extrapolating from the evidence for the negative impact of addictive ten-dencies on romantic relationships,15individuals for whom Facebook is intruding in their daily lives may readily perceive relationship threats and respond with jealous thoughts and engagement in surveillance behaviors.In this way,Facebook intrusion may threaten romantic relationships,given that it provides an easily accessible interpersonal communica-tion medium,with an in?nite number of potential third-party threats and may even involve monitoring one’s partner’s activities on Facebook.Hence,Facebook intrusion may translate into hypervigilance for relationship threats, jealousy-related suspicions,and surveillance behaviors in a person’s romantic relationship.
Facebook intrusion and romantic jealousy may also share some underlying similarities.For example,people who are highly involved with Facebook are likely to be focused on maintaining these relationships,in much the same way as the individuals who experience romantic jealousy,who are gen-erally interested in maintaining their current relationship and may be fearful of being abandoned.17Further,Facebook in-trusion is characterized by intrusive thoughts about Facebook (e.g.,thoughts related to an inability to access Facebook)and arguments with others may arise as a result of Facebook use. Similarly,romantic jealousy can involve negative thoughts about the partner and the relationship and associated con?ict with relationship partners.18
Overall,research generally supports relationship dissatis-faction as an outcome of jealousy in romantic relation-ships.19,20In addition,previous work highlights the negative impact of an individual’s addictive tendencies and behaviors on their intimate relationships.15For individuals in romantic relationships,where both partners are members of Facebook, relationship problems such as jealousy and dissatisfaction may emerge,especially when Facebook intrudes a person’s daily life.Facebook provides people with a visible interper-sonal forum in which the information shared between Face-book friends can be ambiguous and perceived by a relationship partner as threatening.Further,individuals whose lives are disrupted by their use of Facebook may share some similarities with individuals who are likely to experi-ence romantic jealousy.Together,this research and theorizing suggest that Facebook intrusion together with the experience and expression of romantic jealousy may negatively impact on relationship satisfaction.The present study
We aimed to extend existing research by exploring young people’s involvement with Facebook in the context of ro-mantic relationships and the potential for Facebook intrusion to spill over to increased romantic jealousy and relational dissatisfaction.
In developing a measure of Facebook intrusion,we used Brown’s10framework and incorporated various behavioral ad-diction components such as cognitive and behavioral salience and withdrawal.In addition,Walsh et al.7have developed a measure of mobile phone involvement;we extrapolate from their work by measuring Facebook intrusion in a similar way. We included cognitive and surveillance behaviors as measures of romantic jealousy and four control variables(gender,age, length of time as a member of Facebook,and relationship length).We expected that Facebook intrusion would be associ-ated with relational dissatisfaction,via the experience of jealous thoughts and involvement in surveillance behaviors. Methods
Participants
A total of342undergraduate students from an Australian university were recruited using the school of psychology’s ?rst-year participant pool,for which they received partial course credit.Between90and95percent of participants and their partners were Facebook members.All participants(110 men and195women)completed an online questionnaire and were aged between18and25years(mean=19.75,standard deviation=1.79).The mean length of the participants’current relationship was16.44months(standard deviation=13.79), and ranged from2months to6years.The majority of par-ticipants were dating(86.9percent)and13.1percent were living together or married.
Measures
Participants were asked to report their time spent on Fa-cebook during a week.In addition,they also completed questionnaires measuring Facebook intrusion,romantic jeal-ousy,and relationship satisfaction.
Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire.An eight-item mea-sure of Facebook intrusion was developed based on Brown’s10behavioral addiction components and the mobile phone involvement questionnaire by Walsh et al.7Responses were reported on a seven-point scale,ranging from1 (strongly disagree)to7(strongly agree)and summed to in-dicate higher levels of intrusion.A sample item is‘‘I often think about Facebook when I am not using it.’’
An initial principal components analysis with oblique (Direct Oblimin)rotation was used to test the factor structure of the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire(FIQ).Missing-values analyses indicated that no more than5percent of cases were missing;therefore,the pairwise correlation matrix was analyzed.No univariate or multivariate outliers were detected and the data were normally distributed.One com-ponent was identi?ed,accounting for49.23percent of the variance.Item loadings,means,and standard deviations are presented in Table1.Internal consistency was high(a=0.85). The mean score on the FIQ was25.89(scores ranged from8to 53),indicating moderate levels of Facebook intrusion.
632ELPHINSTON AND NOLLER
Romantic jealousy.Cognitive jealousy and surveillance
behaviors were measured using the Short-Form Multi-
dimensional Jealousy Scale.21Five items measure cognitive
jealousy (a =0.87),assessing the extent to which a person
experiences suspicions regarding their partner,and a sample
item is ‘‘I suspect that X may be attracted to someone else.’’
The behavioral scale examines how frequently a person en-
gages in surveillance behaviors.A sample item is ‘‘I call X
unexpectedly,just to see if he or she is there.’’Cronbach’s
alpha was 0.81.All responses were summed to indicate
greater levels of romantic jealousy.
Relational satisfaction.Current relationship satisfaction
was measured based on the questionnaire assessing invest-
ment model constructs.22Five items comprised the scale,
ranging from 0(do not agree at all)to 8(agree completely).A
sample item is ‘‘I feel satis?ed with our relationship.’’Higher
scores indicate greater satisfaction (a =0.92).
Results
The means,standard deviations,and intercorrelations for
the study are presented in Table 2.Prior to the main analyses,
the data were inspected for outliers.There were some outliers
detected on the amount of time spent on Facebook;however,
the substantive results did not change when they were re-
moved,and therefore,we retained all responses on this
measure.Overall,the amount of time spent on Facebook was
not related to the dependent variable–relationship satisfac-
tion (see Table 2);thus,the criteria for performing mediation
analyses were not ful?lled.23An extreme or high level of in-
volvement in technology captures broader aspects of behav-
ior rather than level of use.24Hence,these results provide
support for the role of Facebook intrusion rather than time
spent or frequency of access as an important factor in the
context of romantic relationships.More speci?cally,time spent on Facebook may increase the chance a relationship partner is subjected to threat by a third party,and an exces-sive attachment to Facebook (Facebook intrusion)is consid-ered more harmful;that is,Facebook intrusion is more likely to interrupt a person’s daily tasks and negatively in?uence relationship outcomes such as jealousy and dissatisfaction.To test and establish mediation using relationship satis-faction as the dependent variable,the following conditions were met using regression analyses in accordance with Baron and Kenny’s 23criteria:Facebook intrusion was associated with cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors;Facebook intrusion was related to relationship dissatisfaction,and cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors were linked to relationship dissatisfaction.See Table 2for a summary of the bivariate correlations.Next,a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine whether romantic jealousy dimensions mediated the links between Facebook intrusion and relational satisfaction.The predictors were mean centered,to reduce the probability of multicollinearity.Age,gender,length of the current rela-tionship,the length of time individuals had been a member of Facebook,and Facebook intrusion were entered at Step 1.Cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors were entered at Step 2.At Step 1,approximately 10.2percent of the vari-ance in relational dissatisfaction was accounted for by the ?ve predictors (F (5,289)=6.55,p <0.001);age,gender,and Face-book intrusion were signi?cant predictors at this step.*As shown in Table 3,the Step 2variables signi?cantly improved prediction of relational dissatisfaction over the control vari-ables (which included Facebook intrusion),accounting for an additional 14percent of the variance in relational dissatis-faction (F (2,287)=26.57,p <0.001).Speci?cally,cognitive Table 1.Item Means,Standard Deviations,and Component Loadings for the Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire Items
Mean Standard deviation Component loadings 1.I often think about Facebook when I am not using it (cognitive salience) 2.57 1.620.752.I often use Facebook for no particular reason (behavioral salience) 4.78 1.850.643.Arguments have arisen with others because of my Facebook use (interpersonal con?ict) 2.15 1.620.494.I interrupt whatever else I am doing when I feel the need to access Facebook (con?ict with other activities) 2.94 1.970.785.I feel connected to others when I use Facebook (euphoria) 4.52 1.670.636.I lose track of how much I am using Facebook (loss of control) 4.01 2.030.807.The thought of not being able to access Facebook makes me feel distressed (withdrawal) 2.32 1.590.758.I have been unable to reduce my Facebook use (relapse and reinstatement) 2.59 1.740.72
Table 2.Correlations,Means,Range,and Standard Deviations Among Variables
Variables
Mean Standard deviation Range 123451.Time spent (hours per week) 6.137.430.2–4512.Facebook intrusion 25.899.888–530.38***13.Cognitive jealousy 10.05 5.055–300.12*0.18**14.Surveillance behaviors 14.35 6.276–340.15*0.35***0.46***15.Satisfaction
31.857.588–40-0.01-0.12*-0.36***-0.32***1
*p <0.05;**p <0.01;***p <0.001.*Although there appears to be wide variability in relationship length,this variable was not a signi?cant predictor of relationship satisfaction at either step.
FACEBOOK INTRUSION 633
jealousy(b=-0.26,p<.001)and surveillance behaviors (b=-0.20,p<0.01)were negatively associated with relational satisfaction,whereas Facebook intrusion was no longer neg-atively associated with relationship satisfaction(b=-0.07, ns).These analyses were repeated separately for males and females;the overall pattern of results was the same.
Sobel tests were conducted to test cognitive jealousy and surveillance behaviors as mediators between Facebook in-trusion and relationship dissatisfaction.The indirect effects of Facebook intrusion on relational dissatisfaction via cognitive jealousy(t=-2.75,p<0.01)and surveillance behaviors(t= -2.84,p<0.01)were signi?cant.Hence,the results indicate that the association between Facebook intrusion and rela-tionship dissatisfaction is fully mediated by cognitive jeal-ousy and surveillance behaviors.
Discussion
The aim of the study was to explore the extent to which an individual’s involvement with Facebook impacts their rela-tionship satisfaction,via the experience and expression of romantic jealousy.Thus,this study required the development of a measure of Facebook intrusion(FIQ).Preliminary evi-dence supported the eight-item unidimensional FIQ.Speci-?cally,items re?ected core elements of addictive tendencies and behaviors,and internal consistency was high.In addi-tion,Facebook intrusion was moderately associated with time spent on Facebook.
In line with predictions,Facebook intrusion was linked to relationship dissatisfaction via experiences of cognitive jeal-ousy and surveillance behaviors.That is,Facebook intrusion appears only to negatively impact on relationship satisfaction through experiences of romantic jealousy.Our?ndings build on previous research that has pointed to Facebook as an en-vironment that promotes jealousy-related feelings and be-haviors16and evidence showing that addictive behaviors are associated with negative relationship outcomes.15 Because of the interpersonal nature of Facebook,individ-uals highly involved with this form of social networking are also likely to be people whose romantic relationships are also important to them.Hence,the tendency for Facebook to im-pinge on people’s lives,together with the in?nite number of available third-party threats,encourages the experience of jealous thoughts and engagement in surveillance behaviors, resulting in dissatisfying romantic relationships.In addition, Facebook intrusion shares some similarities with romantic jealousy(i.e.,both involve cognitive components and be-havioral responses such as con?ict with people or partners);our results support these overlaps and highlight online and of?ine experiences as intertwined.Further,our results indi-cate that individuals who are more highly involved with Facebook may have relationship dif?culties such as jealousy and dissatisfaction.This?nding adds to previous research that has shown addictive behaviors to impact negatively on romantic relationships.15
The results of this study suggest that young people’s levels of Facebook intrusion can impact their romantic relationships negatively.As participants scored only moderately high on the measure of Facebook intrusion,future studies could in-vestigate these links in a sample of participants who report more extreme levels of intrusion by Facebook.As such,re-searchers could consider Facebook intrusion as including more pathological levels,as it appears that some people are ex-hibiting an excessive attachment to Facebook,in line with de?nitions of behavioral addictions.12We also recommend that further studies examine links between Facebook intrusion and other negative consequences.For instance,research as-sessing the extent to which Facebook intrusion causes personal distress and disruptions to daily functioning is needed. According to our?ndings,the amount of time spent on Facebook differs from Facebook intrusion based on the moderate association between these two constructs(r=0.38), and the differences in associations between Facebook intru-sion and time spent on Facebook with relationship satisfac-tion.Although individuals may spend signi?cant amounts of time lurking on Facebook,these behaviors do not adequately re?ect the extent to which individuals may be excessively involved with Facebook and/or the extent to which Facebook intrudes on their lives.The?ndings in the present study suggest that Facebook intrusion shares commonalities with behavioral addictions and represents a separate construct from the amount of time individuals spend on Facebook. Overall,the links between Facebook intrusion,romantic jealousy,and relationship dissatisfaction are concerning for young adults attempting to maintain satisfying intimate re-lationships.Although feelings of social connection may enhance psychological wellbeing,25there are costs to individ-uals and their intimate relationships,if they develop a reliance on Facebook for these positive outcomes.In addition,as more adults,many of whom are likely to have long-term,committed relationships(perhaps with children)outside the university context,enter the world of Facebook,there is an increasing possibility that these relationships may become strained and in?uenced by jealousy and dissatisfaction.Future studies could explore the extent to which a relationship partner’s low or high involvement with Facebook buffers against or in-creases the impact of such use on their romantic relationships. The present study may have implications for practitioners. Consistent with treatment approaches to other types of ex-cessive behaviors,6we recommend that clinicians should ask questions relating to online use of social networking sites. Further,the development of the FIQ may provide clinicians with an assessment tool to help to explore this phenomenon in clinical practice.
This study is the?rst to investigate the impact of Facebook intrusion and romantic jealousy on relationship satisfaction, using a large sample of individuals in romantic relationships. However,the present study has some limitations.Speci?-cally,the generalizability of the results is limited because of the university sample;as previously mentioned,future re-
Table3.Summary of Beta-Weights for Prediction
of Relationship Satisfaction
Dependent variable Relationship satisfaction
Independent variables Step1Step2
Age-0.21**-0.22**
Gender0.21***0.20***
Relationship length0.080.11
Length of Facebook membership0.050.06
Facebook intrusion-0.20***-0.07
Cognitive jealousy—-0.26***
Surveillance behaviors—-0.20**
**p<0.01;***p<0.001.
634ELPHINSTON AND NOLLER
search could study adults in romantic relationships outside of this context.Further study of Facebook intrusion in younger individuals is also needed,given that these individuals have grown up with advanced online technologies.Given the correlational nature of these data,longitudinal studies could be conducted to explore how Facebook intrusion develops and is managed over time.In addition,studies could look at the impact of an individual’s level of Facebook intrusion on the relationship partner’s level of satisfaction.Perhaps the visibility of social networks,especially the partner’s social networks keeps people highly involved with Facebook.
At present,the underlying mechanisms involved in the association between Facebook intrusion and cognitive jeal-ousy and surveillance behaviors need further consideration. Also,further research is required to investigate the correlates of Facebook intrusion such as Facebook jealousy and at-tachment anxiety,given that we know that attachment anx-iety has strong links to romantic jealousy.17Further, characteristics of attachment anxiety appear to mirror ad-dictive tendencies toward Facebook(e.g.,possible fear of abandonment and sensitivity to rejection from others)and together may contribute to romantic jealousy.
In summary,Facebook intrusion is a relatively new phe-nomenon that appears to result in relationship dissatisfaction if individuals also experience jealousy in their romantic re-lationships.The FIQ provides one time-ef?cient method of gathering information related to Facebook intrusion that may be useful in clinical practice.The potential implications of the results of the present study are extensive,particularly for those in romantic relationships and given that the majority of young people are Facebook members.
Disclosure Statement
The authors have no con?icts of interest.
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Address correspondence to:
Dr.Rachel A.Elphinston
School of Psychology
The University of Queensland
Brisbane,Queensland4072
Australia
E-mail:rachel.elphinston@https://www.360docs.net/doc/b316723327.html,.au
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