翻译学导论

Tytler

Essay on the Principles of translation (London, 1790)

Translation should fully represent:

Ideas信

Style of the original雅

Possess the ease of original composition达

Tytler (1797): laws and rules

1.The TR should give a complete transcripts of the ideas of the original work 译作应完全复写原作思想

2.The styleandmannerofwriting shouldbeofthe same character with that of the original

3.The TR should have all the ease of the original composition

译文应当像原作写作那样自如(驾驭角度/翻译腔)

YanFu

Faithfulness信be true to the original in spirit

Expressiveness达be accessible to the target reader

Elegance雅be in the language the target reader accepts as being educated Comprehensibility is the primary importance.

Wilhelm von Humboldt (19th century)

语言与民族精神的联系

语言的创造性

Schleiermacher

Distinguished between:

Dollmetscher-Commercial texts

übersetzer-Scholarly and artistic texts:

-On a higher creative plane

-Breathing new life into the language

Schleiermacher’s Influence

Enormous influence on modern translation

Consideration of different text types (Reiss)

Alienating vs Naturalizing (Venuti)

“Language of translation” (Benjamin)

Hermeneutics (Steiner)

德国功能翻译

交际翻译(reader: target texts) communicativetranslation效果

语意翻译(writer) semantictranslation形式内在逻辑

Only two paths for the “true” TLR

●Either the TLR leaves the writer alone as much as possible and moves the

reader to the writer(异化), or he leaves the reader alone as much as possible and moves the writer toward the reader(归化).

●TLR must adopt an “alienating” method of TR, orienting himself by the language

and content of the ST

●TLR must valorize the foreign and transfer that into TL

-He must communicate the same impression which he/she received from SLT -A special language of TR is necessary for compensating the hackneyed expression that cannot convey the impression of the foreign

Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the idea which have been expressed in another language.

Traditional Chinese Translation Theory

最早文本笔译：印度佛经翻译-东汉(公元148年)

中国翻译史高潮的切分

1.东汉末到北宋初佛经翻译互补性平等交流

2.明末清初西学翻译

3.鸦片战争到“五四”运动西学翻译

4.改革开放后的翻译

敌意：

antagonism

enmity

hostility

In-class Exercise

道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。

信言不美，美言不信。

The trustworthy words cannotbebeautiful, thebeautifulwords cannotbetrustworthy. 子曰：“质胜文则野，文胜质则史。文质彬彬，然后君子。”

The master said, “when substance outweighs attention to form and beauty”

Names should follow their bearers, while things should follow China

“名从主人，物从中国”

Buddhist Scripture佛教经文圣典

道安五失本三不易

鸠摩罗什manandheavenconnectthe two abletoseeeachother.

Xuanzang’s Five Principles of Translation

秘密不翻(e.g.咒语,音译)

含义多不翻(一词多义)

我们没有的不翻

已经有翻的不翻

意义只可意会的不翻(要音译)

Xuanzang’s Five Untranslatables

Xuanzang’s theory is the Five Untranslatables(五种不翻), or five instances where one should transliterate:

1.Secrets: Dharani陀罗尼,Sanskritritualspeechorincantations, which includes

mantras.

2.Polysemy: bhaga (as in the Bhagavad Gita) 薄伽, which means comfortable ,

flourishing, dignity, name, lucky, esteemed.

3.None in China: jambu tree, which done not grow in China.

4.Deference to the past: the translation for anuttara-samyak-sambodhi is already

established asAnouputi.

5.To inspire respect and righteousness: Prajna般若insteadof “wisdom”(智慧).

介绍翻译家

生平翻译思想翻译作品精彩片段

翻译家翻译思想与其翻译风格

傅雷：

翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而在神似。

(译文必须为纯粹之中文，无生硬拗口之病)-中国规范语文

在白话文中加入方言，行话，文言和“旧小说套语”来转达原文风格和神韵，当中文不足以表达原作信息时，在翻译中“采用西洋长句”“创造中国语言,加多句法变化”，使中国读者体会到异国文化的魅力。

朱生豪：

“第一在求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵，必不得已而求其次，亦必以明白晓畅之字句，忠实传达原文之意趣；而于逐字逐句对照式之硬译，则未敢赞同。”

策略：凡遇原文与中国语法不合之处，往往再三咀嚼，不惜全部更易原文之结构，务使作者之命意豁然呈露，不为晦涩之字句所掩蔽。

翻译风格：

充分利用了汉语表达的优势，不拘泥于原文的语言细节，将原文的词序、句子结构、句型等加以熔化、分解、重新组合，再创造，产生出自然、通畅的译文。其译笔浑厚畅达、气势磅礴，如“行云流水”，“晦涩处也无滞重之笔”，他在“用散文体再现莎氏无韵诗的过程中，特别注意汉语言文字的音乐美，讲究平仄、押韵、节奏等声韵上的和谐。”

鲁迅：

LuXun placed faithfulness above everything else. He said, “Rather be faithful than smooth”.宁信而不顺

茅盾：

最低限度的要求，至少应该是用明白畅达的译文，忠实地表达原作内容。

王佐良：

我们会看出严复的雅是同他的第一个即最重要的一点“信”紧密相连的。换言之，雅不是美化，不是把一篇原来不典雅的文章译得很典雅，而是指一种努力，而传达一种比词、句得简单的含义更精微的东西；原作者的心智特点，原作的精神光泽。

In-classExercise

1.Shewasa striking looking woman, a little short and thick for symmetry, but with

a little beautiful olive complexion, large dark Italian eyes, and a wealth of deep

black hair.

她容貌出众，身材稍稍短小，但有着橄榄色/浅褐色的美丽面庞，意大利人般的大而深邃的眼睛和乌黑浓密的头发。

2.It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot

in Southern Britain the whole country-side visible from the windows of room, in which I write, was in what is called “the state of nature.”

可以想象的是，2000年前，在凯撒踏上英国南部之前，从我写作的房间向窗外望去，整个乡间景色都呈现出自然的状态。

3.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight,

is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.

读书令人愉悦，给人添彩，助人成才，所谓令人愉悦，在于独处和放松的时刻，所谓给人添彩，在于侃侃而谈的时刻，所谓助人成才，在于处事判断的时刻。

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Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of styles.

(Nida and Taber, 1982:12)

SL: source language 源语

TL: target language 目标语

Translation is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques and a knowledge of two languages.

The meaning of a word, sentence, or whole text is grasped by means of interpretation (阐释)

Lexicalmeaning

互涉互文性

Lexeme: Translating/ Scales of Meaning

概念意义conceptual meaning

语境意义contextualmeaning

搭配意义collocativemeaning

文化意义culturalmeaning

Exercise：

1.Where love is the case, the doctor’s an ass.

心病尚需心药医，名医难治相思病。

2.The invention of computers makes 10,000,000 calculations per second child’s

play.

计算机的发明使每秒进行10,000,000次运算成了小儿科。

计算机的发明能轻而易举地在一秒钟进行10,000,000次运算。

3.这是我的一点小意思。

This is my little gift.

This is just a small token of my appreciation.

4.从前，中国人喜欢大家庭，很多人生活在一起，有的家庭四世同堂-四代人

住在一起。现在情况不同了，封建式的大家庭解体了，以小家庭为主。

In the past, Chinese peoplepreferredtolivein an extended family, some families lived with four generations together. Now the situation is different. Feudal extended families have been changed into nuclear families.

5.每个大家庭都有自己的宗祠，在那里供奉着这个家族的祖先。

Every extended family has their own ancestral templewhere their ancestorsareworshiped.

6.长城公司在前进道路上所取得的一次又一次的成功，从一个侧面展示了社会

主义市场经济的大潮中，中国乡镇企业的迷人风采。

The successes Great Wall Company achieved,on one side, shows the glorious accomplishment of Chinesetownshipenterprisesin the tide of socialistmarket economy.

Thesuccess achieved GreatWall Corporation reflects in oneway or other the rapidrise of the Chinesetownship industrial enterprises in the development of the socialistmarket economy.

Explanatory translation:

农户们有的在做汤团，图个团圆之意。

Some farmers are making round dumplings. The shape of dumpling in Chinarepresentsthefamilyreunion.

Some farmers are making round dumplings. This is a kind of stuffed dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and served in soup. It’s a traditional food for Chinese in some southern parts of China. The round shape of dumplings signifies family reunion, for the spring festival is the biggest occasion for family

reunion in a year. Others are preparing fish for New Yea r’s Eve Dinner. As the Chinese character “f ish” is pronounced “yu”, which is homophonic with another character “yu”, meaning “having surplus or more than necessary”, eating fish at the New Year’s Eve means you will hav e more than necessary in the coming year.

It is important that every child get a good grounding in the three R’s. (Reading writing arithmetic)