谢孟媛初级英文文法讲义1~3(新整理)

谢孟媛初级英文文法1

Unit 1 名词、冠词---------------------1

1.名词的种类

2.名词的数

3.名词的所有格

4.冠词

Unit 2 be 动词、一般动词的现在式--------------------3

1.be动词的现在式-am、are、is

2.一般动词的现在式

3.一般动词的否定句

Unit 3 be动词、一般动词的过去式--------------------------5

1.be动词的过去式

2.be动词(过去式)的否定句

3.be动词(过去式)的疑问句

4.一般动词的过去式

5.一般动词(过去式)的否定句

6.一般动词(过去式)的疑问句

Unit 4 代名词------------------------7

1.人称代名词

2.所有代名词

3.反身代名词

4.指示代名词

5.不定代名词

Unit 5 时态--------------------12

1.现代简单式

2.过去简单式

3.现在进行式

4.过去进行式

5.未来式

Unit 6 WH问句、祈使句、感叹句-------------------15

1.WH问句

2.祈使句

3.感叹句

Unit 1 名词、冠词

名词，用来表示人或事物、动物，能做为主语、补语、受词。其中可计数的，称为可数名词；不可计数的，称为不可数名词。

1. 名词的种类

表示具有一定形状的个体，为可数名词，有单数/复数之分。

例：book(书)、pencil(铅笔)、dog(狗)、spaceship(太空船)等。

表示一个单位的群体，或者表示被视做整体的人、事、物的集合体。

例：class(班级；班上的同学)、family(家庭；家人)、audience(听众)等。

例 1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。

2. My family are all early risers. 我的家人都起得早。

如人名、地名等，用来表示其一特定的名称。无冠词，第一个字母须大写。

例：Bob(鲍伯)、Smith(史密斯)、April(四月)、London(伦敦)……等。

※下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the 。

例the United States(美国)、The United Nations(联合国)

表示不具有一定形状的物质名词，如材料、食物、气体、液体等。一律用单数，但前面不加a

或an。

例：glass(玻璃)、wood(木头)、paper(纸)、butter(奶油)、fruit(水果)、meat(肉)、sugar(糖)、air(空气)、gas(瓦斯)、water(水)等。

※物质名词在计算数量时，用容器或度量衡的单位来表示。即：数字+容器(度量衡)+of+物质名词例：1. a loaf of bread (一条面包) 2. a cup of coffee (一杯咖啡)

3. a sheet of paper (一张纸)

4.a spoonful of sugar (一匙糖)

表示观念、性质、动作、过程、状态等。原则上与“数”无关。前面不加a或an，没有复数形

式。

例：beauty(美丽)、honesty(诚实)、love(爱)、patience(耐心)、happiness(幸福)、music(音乐)等。

2. 名词的数

表示人或事物的名词中，有一些是可以计数的。个数只有一个的情形，称之为单数；个数超过一个时，称之为复数。

◎名词字尾加S——大部分名词

例：dog-dogs (狗) book-books (书) girl-girls (女孩)

◎名词字尾为s 、sh、ch、x、o→加es

例：class-classes (班级) bus-buses (公交车) dish-dishes (盘子)

bench-benches (长凳) box-boxes (盒子)

注意：名词字尾为子音+o时，复数名词加es，如tomatoes(蕃茄)。但有例外，如photos(照片)，pianos(钢琴)等。

◎名词字尾为子音+y→去y+ies

例：baby-babies (婴儿) story-stories (故事) city-cities (城市) lady-ladies (女士)

◎名词字尾为f或fe→去f或fe+ves

例：leaf-leaves (叶子) wife-wives (老婆) knife-knives (刀子)

※handkerchiefs(手帕)，chiefs(领袖)，roofs(屋顶)

◎名词字尾加en ，ren

例：ox-oxen (公牛) child-children (小孩)

◎改变元音

例：man-men (男人) woman-women (女人) goose-geese (鹅)

tooth-teeth (牙齿) mouse-mice (老鼠)

◎单复数同形

例：fish-fish (鱼) deer-deer (鹿) sheep-sheep (绵羊)

Chinese-Chinese (中国人) Japanese-Japanese(日本人)

3. 名词的所有格

◎单数名词→名词's

例：the boy's schoolbag (男孩的书包) Joan's dress (Joan 的洋装)

◎复数名词→名词s'

例：a girls' school (一所女校) these students' teacher (这些学生的老师)

◎字尾非S 的复数名词→名词's

例：children's playground (小孩的游乐园) women's activities (女性的活动)

◎共同所有格及个别所有格

...'s 's 's ...'s

→+++→+++???共同所有格名词名词名词个别所有格名词名词名词

例：1. Harry and Bill's father is a scientist. (Harry 和Bill 的父亲是一位科学家。)

2. Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists. (Harry 和Bill 的父亲都是科学家。)

◎(无)生物所有格：A 的B →B of A

例：1. 桌子的脚

the legs of the table

2. 车门(车子的门)

the door of the car

3. 女孩的名字

the girl's name

the name of the girl

◎所有格之后的名词，如在句中非常容易理解时，可以省略。

例：1. She's going to the dentist's. (她要去看牙。)

2. I met him at barber's. (我在理发院遇到他。)

3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's. (我们喜欢去麦当劳吃午餐。)

4. 冠词

冠词可分为不定冠词a(an)及定冠词the ，它通常放在名词之前，用来修饰名词。

()a+a an an+→???字音开头的单数名词的用法母音开头的单数名词

例：a book(一本书) a girl(一个女孩) a young man(一位年轻人)

an apple(一个苹果) an umbrella(一把伞) an old woman(一个老女人)

◎a(an)的发音

一般来说a[ ]，an[ ]，但强调“一个”时，特别加重语气可读成a[ ]，an[ ]

1. I read a novel.

2. I read a novel, not two. [ ] [ ]

定冠词the 可用来限定可数名词及不可数名词，可表示单数及复数。也可用来限定形容词。其

在母音前，读[ ]；子音前则读[ ]。

例：1. Please shut the door. (请关门。)

2. The rich aren't always happy. (有钱人并非是快乐的。)

※the+形容词泛指"……的人"，代表复数。

Unit 2 be 动词·一般动词的现在式

be 动词的现在式—am 、are 、is

a .是(表状态)

例：We are happy. (我们很高兴。)

b.在(表存在)

例：She is in America. (她在美国。)

※含有be 动词(am 、are 、is)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be 动词之后加not(不)即可。

肯定句：主词+am(are 、is)….

否定句：主词+ am(are 、is)+not ….

例：He is a good baseball player. (他是位好的棒球员。)

(否定句)He is not a good baseball player. (他不是位好的棒球员。)

= He's not a good baseball player.

=He isn't a good baseball player.

※含有be动词(am、are、is)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词拿到主词前，句尾加(?)即可。

肯定句：主词+am(are、is)….

疑问句：Am(Are、Is)+主词…?

例：l. That is his camera. (那是他的照相机。)

(疑问句) Is that his camera? (那是他的照相机吗？)

2. The girl is a junior high school student. (那女孩是国中生。)

(疑问句) Is the girl a junior high school student? (那女孩是国中生吗？)

※be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。

(问句) Am (Are、Is)+主词…？

(答句) Yes,主词+am(are、is)

No,主词+am(are、is)

例：1. Is that man your math teacher? (那个人是你们的数学老师吗？)

(答句) Yes, he is. / No, he's not.

(是，他是。/ 不，他不是。)

2. Are you eating your lunch? (你正在吃你的午餐吗？)

(答句) Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)

一般动词的现在式

(1) 一般动词的含义

举凡日常生活中具体的动作，(如：吃饭→eat，走路→walk...等)及抽象的动作，(如：喜欢→like，思考→think...等)皆为一般动词。

(2) 主词+一般动词

s或es。

◎大部分动词加s，其发音为[ ]或[ ]

例：works、plays

[ ] [ ]

◎一般动词字尾为o、s、sh、ch时，加es。

例：goes [ ]washes [ ] watches [ ]

◎一般动词字尾为子音加y时，须去y再加ies。

] study→studies [' ]

例：cry→cries [

※have和has

have(有；吃)的单数动词为has

1. They have a lot of money. (他们有许多钱。)

2. He has a lot of money. (他有许多钱。)

一般动词的否定句

※含有一般动词的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用助动词do或does。而

do或does之后必定出现原形动词。

do→用于主词为I、you、复数。

does→用于主词为第三人称单数。

肯定句：主词+一般动词…

否定句：主词+do/ does + not +原形动词…

例：l. The twin brothers go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟搭公交车上学。)

(否定句) The twin brothers do not go to school by bus.

=The twin brothers don't go to school by bus. (这对双胞胎兄弟不搭公交车上学。)

2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. (Sam在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)

(否定句) Sam does not have dinner at the restaurant.

=Sam doesn't have dinner at the restaurant. (Sam不在那家餐厅吃晚餐。)

※比较→否定句

a. be动词：He is my boyfriend. (他是我男朋友。)

He isn't my boyfriend. (他不是我男朋友。)

b. 一般动词：He likes dogs. (他喜欢狗。)

He doesn't like dogs. (他不喜欢狗。)

一般动词的疑问句

※含有一般动词的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用助动词do或does。而do 或does之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词…

疑问句：Do/Does+主词+原形动词…？

例：l. You visit your grandmother on Sundays. (你每逢假日探访你祖母。)

(疑问句) Do you visit your grandmother on Sundays? (你每逢星期日探访你祖母吗？)

2. He comes from England. (他来自英国。)

(疑问句) Does he come from England? (他来自英国吗？)

※助动词do或does开头的疑问句，Yes或No之后，也须用do或does做简答。

(问句) Do / Does+主词+原形动词…？

(答句) Yes, 主词+do/does.

No, 主词+don't/doesn't.

例：Does the little boy go to school? (这小男孩上学了吗？)

(答句) Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

(是，他是。/ 不，没有。)

※比较→疑问句

a. be动词：She is beautiful. (她是美丽的。)

Is she beautiful? Yes, she is.

(她美丽吗？) (是的，她是。)

b.一般动词： She loves tennis. (她喜欢网球。)

Does she love tennis? Yes, she does.

(她喜欢网球吗？) (是，她喜欢。)

Unit 3 be动词·一般动词的过去式

be动词的过去式

1. (现在式) He is busy now.(他现在很忙。）

(过去式) He was busy then.(他那时很忙。)

2. (现在式) My parents are at home now.(我父母现在在家。)

(过去式) My parents were at home yesterday.(我父母昨天在家。)

※时间副词改变，动词也必须改变

be动词(过去式)的否定句

含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为否定句时，在be动词之后加not (不)即可。

肯定句：主词+was(were)...

否定句：主词+was(were)+not...

例：1. Mr. Brown was a vet. (Brown先生是一位兽医。）

(否定句) Mr. Brown was not a vet. (Brown先生不是兽医。）

= Mr. Brown wasn't a vet.

2. Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Brain在客厅。）

(否定句) Joe and Brain were not in the living room at that time.

= Joe and Brain weren't in the living room at that time. (那时Joe和Bram不在客厅。）

be动词(过去式)的疑问句

含有be动词(was、were)的肯定句变为疑问句时，将be动词放到主词前，句尾加问号(?)即可。

肯定句：主词+was(were)...

疑问句：Was(Were)+主词…?

例：1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. (Wendy去年是七年级。)

(疑问句) Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year? (Wendy去年读七年级吗？)

※be动词开头的疑问句，可用yes或no回答。而答句中的主词，须用代名词。

(问句) Was(Were)+主词…?

(答句) Yes, 主词+was(were).

No, 主词+was(were)+not.

例：Were you a pianist? (你是钢琴家吗？)

(答句)Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

(是，我是。/ 不，我不是。)

一般动词的过去式

一般动词的过去式，分为规则变化及不规则变化。

(1) 规则变化→…ed

例：help→helped (帮忙) spell→spelled (拼字) want→wanted (想要)

例：love→loved (爱) dance→danced (跳舞)

例：stop→stopped (停止) plan→planned (计划)

例：study→studied (读书) cry→cried(哭).

(2) 不规则变化

例：eat→ate (吃) read→read (读) ride→rode (骑) come→came (来)

go→went (去) have→had (有; 吃) see→saw (看) teach→taught (教)

give→gave (给) take→took (拿)

例：1. I walk to school every day. (我每天走路上学。)

(过去式)I walked to school yesterday.(我昨天走路上学。

2. Mother goes to a supermarket every morning. (妈妈每天上超巿。)

(过去式) Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning. (妈妈昨天早上上超巿。)

※主词为第三人称单数时，过去式动词不须加s

※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为否定句时，不可直接在一般动词之后加not，必须使用过去式助动词did(不分人称)。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)…

否定句：主词+did not+原形动词…

例：l. He called you last night. (他昨晚打电话给你。)

(否定句) He did not call you last night. (他昨晚没打电话给你。)

= He didn’t call you last night.

2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我看了一整天的电视。)

(否定句) My sister and I did not watch TV all day yesterday.

= My sister and I didn't watch TV all day yesterday. (我姊姊昨天和我并没有整天看电视。)

比较：否定句(过去式)

a. be动词：She was at home. (她在家。)

She wasn't at home. （她不在家。）

b. 一般动词：She studied English. (她学英语。)

She didn't study English. (她没学英语。)

一般动词(过去式)的疑问句

※含有一般动词(过去式)的肯定句变为疑问句时，不可将一般动词拿到主词前，必须使用过去式助动词did。而did之后，必定出现原形动词。

肯定句：主词+一般动词(过去式)…

疑问句：Did+主词+原形动词...?

例：1. His friends went to that movie last week. (他的朋友上星期去看了那部电影。)

(疑问句) Did his friends go to that movie last week? (他的朋友上星期看了那部电影吗？)

(答句) Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.

(是的，他们看了。/ 不，他们没看。)

2. Grace wrote a letter to David. (Grace写了一封信给David。)

(疑问句) Did Grace write a letter to David? (Grace写信给David了吗？)

(答句) Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

(是，她写了。/ 没，她没有。)

比较：疑问句(过去式)

a. be动词：He was sick. (他病了。)

Was he sick? (他病了吗？)

b. 一般动词：He did his homework. (他做功课了。)

Did he do his homework? (他做功课了吗？)

Unit 4 代名词

人称代名词

※

第二人称→听话者

第三人称→第一人称及第二人称话题中提到者

主格+动词

所有格+名词

一般动词+受格/介系词+受格

例：1. He likes sports. (他喜欢运动。)

2. His friends are over there. (他的朋友们在那里。)

3. The girl loves him very much. (那女孩非常爱她。)

◎it可表示天候、时间、距离

例：l. It rains a lot in Taipei in spring. (it表天候)

(台北春天下很多雨。)

2. It was two o'clock when he came back home. (it表时间)

(他两点回到家。)

3. It is five kilometers from here to the airport. (it表距离)

(从这里到机场距离是5公里。)

◎it表示某一状况→此时多半是说话的人及听话的人都能了解的特定状况。

例：1. A: Who knocked at the door? (谁敲门？)

B: I thought it was Jack. (我想是Jack。)

2. It's all up to you. (一切由你决定。)

3. I like it here. (我喜欢这里。)

4. I don't feel like it. (我不想。)

◎It可以当假主词→代替一件事

例：1. It is difficult to learn Spanish. (西班牙文很难学。)

(假主词)

2. It's important that you should tell the truth. (你该说实话，这很重要。)

(假主词)

3. It's no use telling him about it.(告诉他这件事是没用的。)

(假主词)

例：1. We had a heavy rain yesterday. (昨天下了一场大雨。)

2. You don't see many Chinese there. (在那里看不到许多中国人。)

3. They speak English in Canada. (在加拿大说英语。)

所有代名词

◎ 所有代名词=所有格+名词

例：1. Your house is bigger than mine (=my house). (你家比我家大。)

2. My bicycles are here and his (=his bicycles) are there. (

我的脚踏车在这里，而他的在那里。)

※所有代名词所代替的名词，要与前者提到的名词单、复数相同。

◎ 伴随双重所有格：

→??

???

?冠词、所有格不可同时放在名词前指示形容词、不定形容词

例：I met one of my old friends on the way home. (我在回家途中遇到我的一位老朋友。)

= an old friend of mine

◎ 名词的所有代名词=所有格

例：My dog is black, and Jason's is white. (我的狗是黑的，而Jason 的是白的。)

= Jason's dog

反身代名词

第一、二人称→所有格+ self(单数) / selves(复数)

例：l. You always talk to yourself. (你老是自言自语。)

2. The little girl hurt herself. (这小女孩受伤了。)

3. He can do it by himself. (他能够独自做这件事。)

(强调句:He himself can do it.)

4. I saw the singer himself. (我看见那位歌手本人。)

指示代名词

用来指示人或事物的代名诃，称之为指示代名词。

◎一般用法

用于人或事物。离说话者距离近者用this(these)；距离远者用that(those)。

例：1. This is my mask, and that is Mary's. (这是我的面具，而那是Mary的。)

2. Who is this? (你是谁？)→电话用语。

Who was that on the telephone? (电话上那人是谁？)

3. Things are easier these days. (这几天事情简单多了。)

◎代替用法

代替已经叙述过的字。代替单数名词用that；代替复数名词用those。但this(these)无此用法。

例：1. The weather in Taipei is cooler than the weather in Kaohsiung.

=The weather in Taipei is cooler than that in Kaohsiung. (台北的天气比高雄凉爽。)

2. Her interests are different from the interests of her childhood.

=Her interests are different from those of her childhood. (她现在的兴趣和她童年时的不同。)

作为动词的受词或补语，指前面出现过的字或是句子。

例：l. A: Will it be fine tomorrow. (明天天气好吗？)

B: I hope so. (我希望如此。)

(=I hope that it will be fine tomorrow.)

2. Do you still feel sick? If so, you must see the doctor.

(你仍然不舒服吗？如果是的话，你必须看医师。)

3. Nancy can play the violin, and so can I. (Nancy会拉小提琴，而我也会。)

※She is smart. So she is. (她很聪明。她的确如此。)

她很聪明。他也是。)

有“那样的事物(人)”之意，可当代名词、形容词，也可用于单复数。

1. They will plant flowers such as roses, sunflowers. (他们将种些花，例如玫瑰，向日葵。)

2. I don't know such a man. (我不认识这样的人。)

※such(+a)(+形容词)+名词

3. Have you tasted any such food before? (你以前曾经尝试过任何这样的食物吗？)

※such前可接all、other、another、any、few、every、no等。

一般都加the，表示“相同的……(事物)”之意。

l. A: Can I have a cup of coffee, please? (请给我杯咖啡好吗？)

B: Give me the same, please. (我也要咖啡。)

2. He uses the same typewriter as I do. (他使用和我相同的打字机。)

不定代名词

表示不特定的人或物，或者是表示非一定数量的代名词，称作不定代名词。有时也具有形容词的用法。

例：1. Some of the boys like English. (这些男孩当中有些喜欢英文)

(代名词)

2. Some boys like English. (有些男孩喜欢英文)

(形容词)

one等于a/an+单数名词，用来指不特定的人或物。如果不特定的人或物是多数时，则用ones。

例：1. I have lost my watch and I have to buy one (=a watch). (我弄丢了我的表，我必须再买一只。)

2. I like small cars better than large ones (cars). (我喜欢小车胜于大车。)

※one = a/an+单数名词it = the+单数名词

例：1. Here are some apples. Take one. (这里有些苹果。拿一个吧！)

2. I bought a good camera. I'll lend it (=the camera) to you. (我买了一台相机。我会把它借给你。)

用法：both(两者都)，用于二个人或二个东西，常用作复数。

All(全部；所有的)可用于人及事物。代表可数名词时，总数为三以上。也可代表不可数名词。

位置：be动词或助动词之后。

一般动词之前。

定冠词(the)、所有格、数词、形容词之前。

例：1. Both of her children went to New York. (她的两个小孩都去了纽约。)

2. I've read both these papers. (我看过这两份报纸了。)

3. All of my money was stolen. (我的钱都被偷了。)

4. You may take all these toys. (你可以拿所有的玩具。)

You may take them all.

注意：both、all出现于否定句，表示“部分否定”。

例：1. I do not know both of her parents. (她的父母亲我并非都认识。)

= I know just one of her parents.

2. Not all of them come from England. (他们并非都来自英国。)

either: 指"两者中不论哪一个都可以但是只选其中一个"之意。

neither:为both的否定。表"两者都不…"意指全部否定。本身为否定字，不可和not同时出现。

例：1. Do you know either of the visitor? (你认识这两位访客中的任何一位吗？)

2. I don't like both hats. (这两顶帽子我并非都喜欢。)

I like neither of the hats. (这两顶帽子我都不喜欢。)

※either, neither也有副词用法。

例：Bill didn't come to my party, and ken didn't, either. (=and neither did Ken.)

没来参加我的派对，而Ken也没有。)

some用于肯定句，any用于否定句，疑问句及条件句。可代替可数名词及不可数名词。

例：1. Some of the boys were late. (这些男孩当中有些迟到了。)

2. Some of my money was stolen from my purse. (我皮夹里有些钱被偷了。)

3. Please lend me some money if you have any. (如果你有钱的话，请借我一点。)

你有杂志可读吗?)

其它(人、事物)"之意，其复数为others。

another: 从an + other衍生而来，表示不特定的"另一个别的人、事物"，无复数形。

例：1. I have two students. (我有两个学生。)

One is short; the other is tall. (一位矮个子；另一个高个子。)

2. I have three flowers. (我有三朵花。)

One is red; the others are yellow. (一朵红的；其它黄的。)

One is red; another is yellow; the other is pink. (一朵红的；另一朵黄的；还有一朵粉红的。)

3. I don't like this one;

show me another. (让我看另一个。)

show me the other.(“两个之中”让我看另一个。)

4. Some of the boys are here, but where are the others? (有些男孩在这里，但其它人呢？)

5. Some people said yes and others said no. (有些人说是，其它的说不。)

none：可表示人或事物，可用于可数名词及不可数名词。

several：表示“数个(物)，数个(人)”，只用于可数名词的复数。

most：表示“大部分人(事物)”，可用于可数名词的复数, 或不可数名词，通常前面不加冠词the。

例：1. None of the telephones is (或are) working. (这些电话中没有一支可用。)

2. Several of my friends attended the meeting. (我的朋友中有几位参加了会议。)

3. Most of it is true. (大部分是眞的。)

4. Most of the people know it. (大部分人都知道这件事。)

※most可当形容词，为many, much的最高级，前面可加冠词the。

例：1. Who got the most New Year's cards? （谁收到最多新年卡？）

2. She is the most beautiful girl that I've ever seen. (她是我看过最美的女孩。)

Units 5 时态

现代简单式

动词形式：be动词：am / are / is

一般动词：主词为第三人称单数，一般动词加s。

时间副词：now (现在)、every+时间(每天……)

◎表示现在的状态或动作

例：1. There are many visitors in the zoo. (动物园里有许多游客。)

2. Here comes the bus. (公交车来了。)

◎表示现在习惯性的动作

例：1. David often sleeps during class. (David常在上课时睡觉。)

2. My parents take exercise in the park every morning. (我父母每天早上在公园做运动。)

◎表示不变的事实、真理

例：The earth moves around the sun.(地球绕着太阳转。)

过去简单式

动词形式：be动词：was /were

一般动词：过去式动词，分为规则变化及不规则变化。

时间副词：yesterday昨天

yesterday morning (afternoon, evening) 昨天早上(下午、晚上)

the day before yesterday前天

last+时间(上…)

例：last week上星期last night昨天晚上last year去年

时间+ago (…前)

例：two hours ago (二小时前) five days ago (五天前)

before以前

then(=at that time)那时

◎表示过去的动作或状态

例：1. I bought this yesterday. (我昨天买了这个。)

2. There was an old temple over there. (那里以前有座古庙。)

◎表示过去习惯性的动作

例：My father used to smoke, but now he doesn't. (我父亲以前常吸烟，但现在不抽了。)

现在进行式

动词形式：be动词(am, are, is)+V-ing

原形动词+ing→大部分动词

例：talk→talking say→saying speak→speaking

原形动词字尾有e→去e + ing

例：have→having write→writing come→coming

原形动词为子音+短母音+子音→重复字尾+ing

例：put→putting cut→cutting swim→swimming

例：We are eating breakfast. (我们现在正在吃早餐。)

比较：1. We ate breakfast before going to school. (我们上学前已经吃过早餐。)

2. We eat breakfast every morning. (我们每天早上吃早餐。)

◎表示现在正在进行的动作。

例：John is watching the baseball game on television. (John正在看电视上的棒球赛。)

◎表不重复发生的动作。常伴随着always, all the time, again and again等副词或副词词组。

例：l. He is always complaining. (他老是抱怨。)

2. The car is breaking down all the time. (这辆车老是故障。)

◎表示最近的未来即将发生的动作。此用法常用于某些动词, 如：come, go, start, leave, arrive等。

例：1. I'm leaving for Kenting tomorrow. (我明天前往垦丁。)

2. My boyfriend is coming to see me this afternoon. (我男朋友今天下午即将来看我。)

注意：某些动词不可用于进行式中。

?表"感官"的动词→see, hear, smell等。

?表"情感"的动词→love，like等。

?其它→have, know等

例：I'm seeing the bird in the tree. ( ×)

I'm looking at the bird in the tree. (√) (我正在看树上的那只鸟。)

过去进行式

动词的形式：was(were)+V-ing

例：He was playing frisbee in the park then. (那时他正在公园玩飞盘。)

◎表示过去某一时点正在进行的动作。

例：l. We were playing chess at eight yesterday evening. (昨晚8点我们正在下棋。)

2. Lily was talking a bath when the doorbell rang. (门铃响时Lily正在洗澡。)

◎表示过去时间某一期限中，反复性的动作。

例：1. Whenever I visited him, he was watching TV. (无论何时我去看他，他都在看电视。)

2. In those days, we were getting up at six o'clock. (在那些日子，我们都六点起床。)

末来式

未来式用来表示发生于未来的动作或状态，常用be going to或will。

◎be going to的涵义

be gomg to在用于表现未来时，常表示用于实现性非常高的事或事先计划好的行为。

tomorrow明天

tomorrow morning (afternoon, evening )明天早上(下午、晚上)

the day after tomorrow后天

next+时间(下…)

例：next week (下星期) next year (明年)

in+时间在…(时间)后

例：in a few days在几天后in a week在一周之后

例：l. I'm going to visit my uncle tomorrow. (明天我要去探望我叔叔。)

2. I have to buy the ladder because I'm going to paint the house.

(我必须买个楼梯，因为我打算油漆房子。)

3. I don't feel good; I'm afraid I'm going to be sick. (我觉得不舒服；恐怕我要生病了。)

4. Are they going to have a party on Cristmas Eve? (圣诞前夕他们打算开派对吗？)

◎will+原形动词

will为表示未来的助动词，且不分人称，其后须接原形动词。

例：l. We will leave junior high school soon. (不久我们将自国中毕业。)

=We are going to leave junior high school soon.

=We are leaving junior high school soon.

2. I will be fifteen years old next year. (明年我就15岁了。)

(≠I am going to be fifteen years old next year.)

※年龄不须事先计划，所以不可用be going to。

3. A: I can't move the large box. (我搬不动这大箱子。)

B: I’ll do it for you. (我来帮你。)

(≠I am going to do it for you.)

※很明显地，这并不是事先计划好的行为，所以不可用be going to。

4. I will not change my mind. (我将不改变主意。)

= I'll not change my mind.

= I won't change my mind.

5. Will people live on Mars in the future? (人类未来会在火星上生存吗？)

◎Will you…?

Will you…另外可表示请求或邀约。

Will you…?

回答：Sure. / Ok. / All right.

No, I can't. / I'm sorry. I can't.

Will you…?

回答：Yes, thank you. / Yes, please.

No, thank you.

例：1. Will you look after the baby for me? (请你替我照顾这宝宝好吗？)

→Sure. (没问题。)

→I'm sorry, but I can't. (抱歉，我不能。)

2. Will you have another cup of coffee? (你要再来杯咖啡吗？)

→Yes, please. (请再给我一杯。)

→No, thank you. (不，谢谢。)

Unit 6 WH问句、祈使句、感叹句

WH问句

疑问词(Wh~及how)为首的疑问句，称为WH问句，而疑问词可分为疑问代名词，疑问副词及疑问形容词。

疑问代名词：what、who、which、whose。

疑问副词：when、where、why、how。

疑问形容词：what、whose、which。

◎疑问词当主词

句型：疑问词+动词~？

例：l. Who is cooking in the kitchen? Kate and Mary are. (谁在厨房做饭？是Kate和Mary。)

2. What is there under your bed? (你床底下有什么？)

※疑问词当主词时，视为单数，其后接单数动词。

◎疑问词当补语

句型：疑问词+be动词+主词~？

例：1. Whose are these toys? (这些玩具是谁的？)

2. Who is that tall boy? (那高个子男孩是谁？)

◎疑问词当受词

句型：疑问词+助动词+主词+原形动词~？

例：Which do you want to take? (你想要拿哪一个？)

句型：疑问词+ be动词+主词~？

助动词+主词+原形动词~？

例：1. When are you leaving America? (你何时离开美国？)

2. Where do you come from? (你来自哪里？)

3. Why is he absent? (他为何缺席了？)

4. How did you come here? (你如何到这里？)

句型：疑问词+名词+ be动词+主词~？

助动词+主词+原形动词~？

例：1. Which one do you like best? (你最喜欢哪一个？)

2. Whose house is this? (这是谁的房子？)

例：1. —What time is it? (现在几点？)

—It's eight -ten. (现在8点10分。)

2. — What day is it? (今天星期几？)

— It's Sunday. (今天星期日。)

3. — What date is it? (今天几月几日？)

— It's October 10. (今天10月10日。)

4. — What's the weather like today? (今天天气如何？)

= How's the weather today?

— It's cold. (很冷。)

5. — How old will you be next year? (你明年几岁？)

— I'll be ten. (我明年10岁。)

6. — How tall are you? (你多高)

— I'm 160 centimeters tall. (我160公分。) / I'm five feet three inches tall. (我5呎3吋高。)

7. — How high is Mt.Everast? (圣母峰有多高？)

— It's 8848meters high. (高8848公尺。)

8. How many cups of coffee do you drink every day? (你每天喝几杯咖啡？)

9. How much coffee do you drink every day? (你每天喝多少咖啡？)

10. — How long will you stay in Taipei? (你将在台北待多久？)

― For two weeks. (2星期)

11. — How long is the rope? (这条绳子多长？)

— It's two meters long. (2公尺。)

12. — How often do you play tennis? (你多久打一次网球？)

— Once a month. (一个月一次。)

13. — How far is it from here to the post office? (从这里到邮局有多远？)

— It's about ten minutes' walk. (走路大约10分钟。)

祈使句

表"希望、请求、命令"的句子，称为祈使句。

一般祈使句→原形动词~

否定祈使句→Don't(Never)+原形动词~

邀请祈使句→Let's+原形动词~

例：1. Be quiet, please. (请安静。)

2. Please stop talking and listen to me. (请不要讲话听我说。)

= Will you please stop talking and listen to me?

3. Don't drink before you drive. (开车前勿喝酒。)

4. Never make the same mistake again. (别再犯同样的错误。)

5. Let's go for a walk. (咱们去散步吧。)

Yes, let's. / No, let's not.

(好的。) / (不，不要。)

比较：Let's play outside. (咱们一起去外面玩吧！)

Let us play outside. (拜托你让我们去外面玩。)

感叹句

表"惊讶、惊喜、感动、难过"等意思，并带有赞叹或感叹意味的句子，为感叹句。

句型：What +a (an)+形容词+名词+ (主词+动词)！

How+形容词(副词)+ (主词+动词)！

例：l. What a beautiful dress (this is)! (这件洋装好美啊！)

= How beautiful this dress is!

2. How interesting this novel is! (这本小说好有趣啊！)

3. How fast he runs! (他跑的好快呀！)

4. What a day! 多棒(坏)的一天呀！

感叹句中，有时会将形容词省略，听者必须依照说话者谈话的内容或表情来判断其涵义。比较：直述句：You are a very good girl. (你是很棒的女孩。)

祈使句：Be a very good girl. (当个乖女孩。)

感叹句：What a good girl you are! (你真是一位很棒的女孩！)

谢孟媛初级英文文法2

Unit 1 比较---------------------19

1.比较变化

2.形容词的比较级

3.形容词的最高级

4.副词的比较级、最高级

Unit 2 不定词(to V) ---------------------21

不定词

Unit 3 动名词---------------------23

动名词

Unit 4 分词---------------------25

分词

Unit 5 形容词---------------------27

形容词

Unit 6 副词---------------------29

副词

Unit 7 动词---------------------31

动词

Unit 1 比较

比较变化

为了表示性质、程度等差异，形容词在字形上所做的变化，称为比较。比较分为原级、比较级、最高级。

(1)

(2)

2. As for French and German, the latter is more difficult for me than the former.

(就法文和德文而言，我觉得后者比前者难。)

形容词的比较级

(1) 比较级… than…

例：1. Your article is longer than mine. (你的文章比我长。)

2. Mary is more beautiful than she/her. (口语) (玛丽比她漂亮。)

(2) the+比较级…of the two…

例：1. Kevin is the older of the two boys. (Kevin是两位男孩中年纪较大的。)

2. Jack is the more active of the twins. (Jack是这对双胞胎中较活跃的。)

(3) 修饰比较级

much, a lot, far+比较级→…得多了

even+比较级→…更加

a little+比较→…一点

例：1. He is much busier than I. (他比我忙碌得多了。)

2. This is a little cheaper than that. (这个比那个便宜一点。)