高一英语教案:英语书面表达能力的途径

高一英语教案:英语书面表达能力的途径
高一英语教案:英语书面表达能力的途径

解析提高初中学生英语书面表达能力的途径

上海外国语大学附属浙江宏达学校罗敏江

【摘要】听、说、读和写是大家熟知的我国中学英语教学中所要重点培养学生的四个方面的能力,且常有听说领先、读写跟上的说法,这确实并没错,但如果过于强调“说”,而忽略“写”方面能力的培养,势必导致支撑语言输出的两大支柱,即说和写不能“两手都硬”,从而直接影响学生英语表达能力的全面发展。在书面表达能力被越来越关注的今天,特撰文探讨提高学生书面表达能力的途径。

【关键词】初中英语书面表达能力途径

Abstract: In middle school, it’s important for us English teachers to train the students’abilities on listening, speaking, reading and writing. Usually we say “First listening and speaking, and then reading and writing. There’s no mistake. But as we know, speaking and writing are two backbones of output, so if we only pay attention to speaking, and ignore the ability on writing, it’s sure to prevent the students from developing their abilities wholly.

Key words: Junior middle school English writing ability Approaches

书面表达是写的一种途径,是英语交际的重要组成部分。初中阶段对于英语写作的要求,实际上是“有指导的写作”(Guided Writing)。它通过提供情景(文字、图画、表格),让学生用学过的英语语言来描述事物或事件并表达一定的思想,以此达成和检验对所学英语语言知识的实践应用能力。客观地说,书面表达一直是我们英语教学的一个难点,也是学生应试的一个难点。本文就英语书面表达的教学和训练做了如下探讨。

一、培养学生书面表达能力的重要性。

1.1 英语课程标准对初中生的英语书面表达能力提出了明确的要求。

新出台的课程标准,对初中生的英语书面表达能力提出了明确的要求,五级水平(即初中毕业要求达到的水平)的要求是:

A.能根据写作要求,收集、准备素材;

B.能独立起草短文、短信等,并在教师的指导下进行修改;

C.能使用常见的连接词表示顺序和逻辑关系;

D.能简单描述人物或事件;

E.能根据所给的图示或表格写出简单的段落或操作说明。

以前,初中阶段对学生英语写作能力的培养是做得很不到位的,这与中考中没有这一题型有一定的关联。而作为学生语言输出能力的重要方面之一,书面表达也是一项能充分考查学生语言综合能力的题型。在1995年北京召开的“全国九年义务教育毕业升学英语考试研讨会”上,确定了书面表达这一题型从1996年起被采用。中考引入书面表达后,引起了老师和同学们极大的关注,“指挥”师生们更多地思考如何提高英语写作能力。而英语课程标准的制定,使教师和学生对这一能力的培养更是引起了高度的重视,真正起到了一种导向作用。

1.2是教育改革的发展趋势。

拿新旧教材一对比就会发现:旧教材中要求写的密度和新教材中是不可同日而语的,从初一到初三,旧教材六册中要求书面表达的只有四处,而新教材仅一册就不止四次。(初一上册约8次)

从课程标准提出的五个“能”中,我们不难发现培养初中学生写作能力也实非易事,这需要教师及学生处理好多方面的关系。

二、处理好三个方面的关系。

2.1学生与课程标准、教材的关系。

大纲(课程标准)对写作的任务、形式、范围等方面作了具体的规定。分析一下历年来各其它省市的中考书面表达试题可以发现,尽管其取材广泛,形式灵活多样,但万变不离其宗,这个“宗”就是课本。无论什么体裁、什么形式,都可以在JEFC教材中找到相近或相似的文章。课本(尤其是课本中的文章)学好了,基础打牢了,书面表达就能“水到渠成”。因此,把握教材是提高我们英语书面表达水平的根本。

2.2听、说、读与写的关系。

“听说和读写之间有着十分密切的关系。雷弗斯(Revers)认为,当我们说和写时,我们依赖于我们口头知道的东西。每次写作时,学习者嘴里总是在大声、轻声或默念着要写的东西,这说明说和写之间也有着密切的关系。”(贾冠杰,1996)

这里的“听”是指“听写”。听写短文是我们最好的写作练笔方式之一。通过听写短文,记录其大意,这就是我们的原始习作。听写可使我们在不知不觉中进行初步写作;而且,听写比作文容易得多,我们少有思想上的畏惧感,容易产生兴趣和培养写作意识。A Well beginning is half done. 使自己轻松入门就是写作成功的一半。其次,“说”可以使我们增强语感,了解英汉差异,熟悉日常用语与习惯用语。“基础阶段还是应加强口语训练,发展口头连贯表达能力”(王才仁,1996)经常性的口头作文、课文复述等应是“书面表达”训练中不可忽视的环节,只要有了良好的语感,写起来就不会感觉无法落笔,无话可写。第三,“读”是写的基础。除读课文外,还需要广泛开展课外阅读。读可以开拓我们的视野,积累知识,熟悉各种题材。

2.3词、句与篇的关系。

任何一篇书面表达总是建立在词句的熟练掌强这一基础上。我们在实际写作中对词句的运用有时会出现Ching1ish现象,因此有必要加强对词句的训练,着重训练我们准确选词和用词的能力。“选词”就是要求我们能在所提供的材料中抓住关键词,这是写好书面表达的至关重要的一环。“用词”就是要求我们作文时恰当用词。如该用borrow就不要用lend;该用go on to do something就不能用go on doing something。要正确用词,就要做好同义词、近义词的比较和分析。此外,句子是文章的基本单位,因而要把基本句型的训练作为写作训练的重点来抓。只有熟练掌握了基本句型,才能灵活多样地进行书面表达。如初中阶段必须掌握的简单句的五种类型,there be 句型等。掌握多种变通方式,可以用一句多译的练习来达成。如“我花二十元买了块新手表”可以译为:

(1)I spent twenty yuan on my new watch.

(2)The new watch cost me twenty yuan.

(3)I paid twenty yuan for the new watch.

只有做到选词、用词准确,基本句型运用熟练,才能写出一篇优秀的书面表达。

三、书面表达的几种主要形式和具体要求。

3.1记叙文(尤其是故事性的)

注意五个“W”,即:When, where, who, what, why。即在表达时,我们应注意时间具体、人物详尽、地点明确及叙事得当。在叙述时,还应注意描写的顺序。初中阶段我们使用最多的是按时间或空间顺序进行篇章组织。初三课本中的短文,以时间为顺序来描写的如In the library, The pan, The accident等,以空间顺序为主的如A visit to the factory。

在叙述的过程中,注意使用不同的表示时间的词或短语,如下面这篇范文,它用到了七个时间状语来组织篇章的时间顺序。

Today we visited a farm. Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together. The farm workers gave us a warm welcome. Then the head of the farm showed us around. How glad we were to see the crops and vegetables growing well. At noon we had a picnic lunch in the

sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes or stories. Two of us even played a game of chess. The time passed quickly. Before we knew it, we had to say good-bye to the workers.

3.2说明文

初中阶段对说明文的要求并不高,对事物或人进行简单的描写,能定出其基本特征即可。而其中对环境的描写较为常见。描写事物多以空间为顺序,下面这篇范文,通过一封信来介绍学校,它用六个地点状语来组织篇章的空间顺序,条理相当清楚。

Class 1 Junior 3

Zhe Jiang Hongda School

Haining, Zhejiang 314400

December, 2nd

Dear Mr. Smith,

I was so pleased to hear from you and writing to tell you something about my school. You are right. Quite a few changes have taken place. On one side of the road there is a new classroom building. On the other side, where the playground used to be now stands another new building---our library. In it there are all kinds of books, newspapers and magazines. The playground is now in front of the school. We have also planted a lot of trees in and around the school. I hope you come and see for yourself some day.

Best wishes.

Yours,

Li Hua

3.3应用文及几种文体的结合。

初中阶段要求掌握的包括书信、日记、通知、便条(请假条、电话留言、留言条)及贺卡等的用法。几种文体相结合,这是很值得我们关注的一个趋向,如上面举例中的范文,是在信中进行说明,是一封信,但又是一篇以空间为顺序的说明文。

3.4常见的几种呈现形式:

●图片式:包括单幅的和多幅的。其中的要求又是不尽相同的。如多幅图的可能是按

顺序排列,也有可能要我们先排列,再写作。而有的则在给出图的同时,还作了其

它的要求,如要求是用日记形式、书信形式,或第一人称,或是首句已给出等等。

●文字式:提供的是几点文字信息,如:假如你叫Dick,两个月前去英国的一所高中

读书,前天收到了Michael的一封信。请你写一封回信,信中要涉及以下内容:

1.祝贺他在校运会上获得了男子400米冠军;

2.你已给他寄了一本英英词典,让他收到后告诉你;

3.你在英国和同学们相处得很好;

4.告诉他你新申请(register)了个E-mail, 是Dickyu@https://www.360docs.net/doc/bf18581214.html,

●图表式:(standing room only)

10,000 years ago, the world’s population was very small. For several thousand years it grew quite slowly. But during the last three or four hundred years it has grown very quickly.

Today, it is still growing faster than ever before. This means we must grow more food, and have smaller families with fewer, but healthier children. If we don’t do these things, the results will be very bad. There will not be enough space even to stand in on the earth.

图表式中,我们须根据图示写出其表面的现象,再进一步结合实际加于思索和分析,

阐述鲜明的观点,JEFCBOOKIII中的这篇范文就是一个很好的例子。

四、平时训练中的几个注意点。

“写作是一各不同于一般运动技能的运动技能,它是以手部动作产生言语信号的运动技能。这种习得与提高,主要是通过练习和反馈逐渐形成的连贯的、受到内部心因运动技能(psychomotor skill)。”(朱纯,1994)因此,盲目的训练往往多做无用功,我们必须在平时就十分注重方法与技巧。

4.1 注意多种训练方法相结合。

●与任务(task)相结合。有目的的写作常能更好地调动学生的积极性,所以在培养学生这

方面的能力时,应尽量与教学的多种任务相结合,而不是纯粹布置一篇作文。如可以是作调查后的报告,也可以是课堂上“答记者问”后的笔录,还可以是值日报告(Daily Report)或自己可公开的日记等。

●组织多样的小组活动。新世纪中,我们很重视培养学生的合作精神,而小组活动就是培

养其合作精神的捷径。对于难度较高的材料或题目,可组织学生在小组活动中做好一定的准备,从而降低其难度,使基础好的同学在写作时起点更高,基础较差的同学也能言之有物,互相启发,共同提高。如资料、信息的搜集,材料关键点的把握,文章完成后的修改等。

4.2平时注重解题技巧的养成:

1. 准备工作

①.仔细审题,明确要求。罗列题目所提供的信息,然后认真分析,审清题意后,把要

求表达的各个要点按顺序和层次一一列出。

②.紧扣要点,寻求思路。草拟一个提纲,按时间、空间或逻辑顺序,确定开头,再围

绕这一顺序,周密选词、选句,并拟好如何结尾(可适当发表自己的观点)。

2. 写作之中

①.开门见山,紧扣主题。如写参观农场的日记,就可用“Last Sunday we visited the West

Hill Farm.”直接说明时间及地点。如写的是关于度假的,则可以“We had a happy holiday in Jiaxin last Sunday.”来开头等等。

②.语言正确,规范地道。尽量使用学过的、最熟悉也最有把握的句型、结构,应尽量

避免中国式英语。要养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯,切忌一点到底的错误方法。(I spent 10 yuan buy the book. He by bike to school.)

③.重短轻长, 就易避难。重短轻长——写短句忌长句,由写简易句子开始,即“主语

(谁)谓语(做/是)宾语/表语(什么),应尽量写出自己最有把握,最熟悉的句子,避免写长句,以写正确、通顺为最基本要求。就易避难——多用简单句少用复合句,首先在写好简单句的基础上然后可逐步过渡到较为复杂的复合句,例如用when, before 等连词引导的从句。整个句子越长,出错的可能性就越大。

④.过渡自然,表达流畅。注意前后句、上下文尽量过渡自然,正确使用and, or, but,

because, so, then, after等词,保持行文的流畅。不重复使用可置换的词,如前面提到了Jim这个人,后面再出现就可用he来供代替,但要注意前后的一致性。

⑤.适当评论,发表己见。结尾处用1-2句话发表一点自己的看法,往往有画龙点睛之

妙。如学生们常用的:

How friendly they are! We can learn from them.

They enjoyed themselves very much. What a happy family.

3.成文之后

①.一般语法项目的检查——英语中的人称、时态、单复数、习惯用法等都是非常重要

的,即使在朗读中好像全理解,但在动笔的实践中就往往出错。

②.注意语序——英语中的疑问句、感叹句和宾语从句都是通过语序的变化来构成和体

现的,不注意会出现错误和意义上混淆。

如:

Jim works very hard. So does Jack.(前后主语非一人)

A: Jim works very hard.

B: So he does.(前后主语为一人)

He didn’t know where the bookshop was.

The boys want to know how they should do it.

③.符合习惯——说英语的国家有自己民族的文化、习俗、情感、思维方式、生活习惯

等。受母语思维定式的影响,应避免在练笔当中受母语的干扰,要注意语言表达地道。例如汉语“我的工作很忙。”就不能用英语My work is very busy. 来表达,而应当说I’m very busy with my work.又如:有的同学在表达很常用的“我很喜欢它”

时,会说“I very much like it.”, 而其正确表达应是“I like it very much.”

④.书写规范,卷面整洁。卷面不整洁,使人无法看清你写的究竟是什么,那么就可能

按错处理。所以在写时,如时间允许,应先打草稿,修改后再抄清楚。

因此我们可以把这种写作方式称为“分步法”的写作步骤,举例如下:

A

poss

ible

vers

ion:

1.写作之前:

①理解分析。认真审视,仔细推敲每幅图的大意,整体把握一组图的连贯性理解及题目要求。

②列主题句。指导学生用简单句写出每幅图的主题句(谁做什么?)范例如下:

1).Tom, Bill and Li Lei played football on the street.

2).A car was coming.

3).A policeman came.

4).The policeman told them not to play football on the street.

2.写作之中:

①补充细节。指导学生对每幅图主题句进行扩写、补充每幅图的次要内容(时间、地点、方式、?原因等)。范例如下:

1). Tom, Bill and Li Lei liked playing football very much. One day They played football on

the street. It was a busy street.

2).Suddenly, a car was coming quickly while they were playing, and it almost hit Li Lei.

3).Just then a policeman came and asked them to go to one side of the street.

4)."How dangerous!" the policeman said, “ You mustn’t play football on the street.” The boys were ver y sorry and said, “We won’t do it any more.”(划线处为扩充的内容)

②完善表达。按情节发展先后,承上启下整理成文。范例如下:

Tom, Bill and Li Lei liked playing football very much. One day, they played football on the street. It was a busy street. Suddenly, a car was coming quickly while they were playing, and it

almost hit Li Lei. Just then a policeman came and asked them to go to one side of the street. The policeman told them not to play football on the street. The boys were very sorry and said that they wouldn’t do that again.

It’s really dangerous to play football on the street, the boys will be more careful from then on I think. (98 words)

3.写作后:检查审核。对照各幅图,检查全文定稿。

运用“分步法”写作步骤练习看图形式的书面表达,能基本上保证不遗漏中心要点,并能做到用简明扼要表达图中信息,能做到少出差错,并能达到看图书面表达进行语言输出的目的。

4.3坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

“在开展笔语训练时,循序渐进包含两个内容。从形式上看,在造句练习的基础上,开展连贯的笔头作业或作文,即从短到长。从质量上看,在简单的连贯性的笔头作业基础上,开展要求较高的作文练习。两者之间并无矛盾,关键在于循序”(李庭芗,1983)所以,写作要先易后难,先短后长,先学会运用简单句、并列句,后学会用复合句表达,先写正确句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章,由不限定时间到限定时间,由限定时间长到限定时间短,由限定字数少到多……

4.4注意文章的讲评。

高度重视范文的讲评,教师应认真准备,而学生则应尽力领会教师对文章的点评,指导学生多模仿好文章的优点,特别是应提倡模仿以英语为本族语的人所写的东西,看他们如何组织写作,如何运用词语和句子”(贾冠杰,1996)同进,指出不佳文章的缺点,引起学生注意并在写作中注意尽量避免。以下的学生作文和中考范文的对比,相信能给大家一点启示。(2001年浙江省中考英语看图表达题)

学生作文:

I t’s Sunday today. Jim and his family are playing in a island. They get there very early. And they play and play until it’s time for have lunch. They have some nice food and drink. Look, you can see Jim and Ling Feng are eating. And two girls playing with a plane. They are having a good time.(划线的为错误)

中考答案中的范文:

It’s Sunday today. It’s a nice day. Jim’s family are spen ding their holiday on a small island. They get there early with some nice food and drink. They are enjoying themselves. Look, Jim’s playing with the sand and his parents are drinking and talking happily beside him. Behind them we can see two people lying on the sand and enjoying the sunshine. Some children are swimming in the sea. There are two boys playing with a model ship nearby and two girls playing with a model plane over there. The plane is flying high in the sky. Everyone is having a good time.(划线的为地点状语)

两篇文章在描写顺序、语法的正确性、用词的丰富程度及关键信息的表达上是不可同日而语的。

总之,只要我们思想上重视,训练方法得当,经过初中三年持续有效的训练,定能达成《课程标准》中的要求,从而为学生进一步学好英语打下扎实的基础。

参考文献:

1.全日制高级中学英语教学课程标准,人民教育出版社,2001

2.九年义务教育三年制初级中学英语教科书(Students’ Book1-3),人民教育出版社,1992(老

版本),2000(新版本)

3.浙江省(嘉兴市)2001年中考英语试题、答案及评分标准,浙江省教委教研室,2001.6

4.朱纯,外语教育心理学,上海外语教育出版社,1994

5.贾冠杰,马寅初,姜宁,中学英语教学心理研究,湖南师范大学出版社,1999,5

6.王才仁,英语教学交际论,广西教育出版社,1996.5

7.贾冠杰,外语教育心理学,广西教育出版社,1996.5

8.李庭芗,英语教学法,高等教育出版社,1983.3

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