专八-语言学
专八----英语语言学知识
一、定义：什么是语言学？
Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
二、语言学研究的核心（下面的术语要尽量全都认识，不然做题时可能看不懂选项）
1、Phonetics 语音学
2、Phonology 音位学
3、Morphology 形态学
4、Syntax 句法学
5、Semantics 语义学
6、Pragmatics 语用学
三、语言（Langue）和言语（Parole）
这个考过的。Parole这个概念是F. de Saussure（索绪尔）提出的。Langue指语言系统的整体，“所有（语言使用）个体头脑中存储的词语-----形象之总和”，这个整体相对较为稳定；Parole 指某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语，它是随时间和地点变化的一个动态的实体。
四、语言的功能Functions of Language
（这个也考过的。考过the informative function，就是高速公路指示牌的那道题）
1、The instrumental function
2、The regulatory function
3、The heuristic function
4、The interactional function
5、The personal function
6、The imaginative function
7、The informative function
五、语言的普遍特征Design Features
这个也考过的，这五个特征由美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出。
弱弱地说一句：如果真的在临时抱佛脚，那就不要管这五个术语的具体含义了，只要能强行记下来应付考试就是了。>_<
1、Arbitrariness 任意性
2、Productivity 多产性
3、Duality 双层结构
4、Displacement 移位性
5、Cultural Transmission 文化传播性
六、语音学和音位学
（一）语音学
Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language.
1、三大分支
（1）Articulatory Phonetics发音语音学
（2）Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学
（3）Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学
2、辅音和元音（这个考过的，考过二者的区别）
（二）音位学
Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
1、三个术语
（1）Phone音素
（2）Phoneme音位
（3）Allophone音位变体
2、Suprasegmental Phonology超音段音位（考过的）
包括Stress重音、Tone音调、Intonation语调
七、形态学
Morphology: refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
（一）两类词汇
1、Closed class words封闭性词汇
2、Open class words开放性词汇
（二）Morpheme词素
1、Free morpheme自由词素
2、Bound morpheme粘着词素
3、Stem词干
4、Root词根
（三）Word-formation构词法
（四）Inflection屈折变化
八、句法学
Syntax: studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
九、语义学
Semantics: is generally considered to be the study of meaning in language.
1、Synonymy同义关系
2、Polysemy一词多义
3、Homophones同音异义&Homogragh同形异义&Complete homonyms同形同音异义
4、Hyponymy上下义关系
5、Antonymy反义关系
6、Analysis of meaning语义分析
（1）Componential analysis成分分析
（2）Predication analysis述谓分析
7、Two-place predicate二向谓词、one-place predicate一向谓词、no-place predicate 零向谓词
8、Sense relations between sentences
（1）Entailment
（2）Presupposition
十、语用学
1、Pragmatics: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. (Or it refers to the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings.)
2、区分语义学和语用学的最本质因素是：是否考虑了语言使用过程中的语境。（考过的）
3、Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）: it was originated with J. Austin in the late 50s of the 20th century. The speaker, when uttering a sentence, may be also performing actions. （考过的）
4、言语行为的三种次行为（考过的）
（1）Locutionary act言内行为：指“说话”这一行为本身，如发出声音、说出单词，它表述的是话语的字面意思；
（2）Illocutionay act言外行为：指说话时因言语本身的一些习惯力量而随之产生的一些行为，如允诺、警告，它表述的是说话者的目的或意图；
（3）Perlocutionary act言后行为：指话语在听者身上产生的效果。
在语言学中，言外行为是最常见的研究主题。
十一、语言演变
（一）Addition of new words
1、Coinage合成法：如walkman
2、Clipped words截短法：如expo
3、Blending拼缀法：如smog
4、Acronyms首字母缩略法：如WTO
5、Back-formation逆向构词法：如butch
6、Function shift功能转换法：如brake
7、Borrowing借用法：如tragedy
（二）Loss of words
（三）Changes in the meaning of words
1、Widening of meaning意义扩大
2、Narrowing of meaning意义缩减
3、Meaning shift意义转移
十二、语言与社会
1、Sociolinguistics社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系，以及语言使用者所在的社会结构与语言的使用之间的关系。
2、Speech community言语社团
3、Speech variety言语变体：refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
4、Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.
5、Sociolect社会方言：refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.
6、Idiolect个人语言：it is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
7、Ethnic dialect种族方言：it is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences; it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation.
8、Register语域：refers to the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.指由于交际场合情景不同而产生的不同程度的语言变体。
The three social variables that determine the register are:
(1) Field of discourse话语范围：指谈话的题材，可以是专业性的（technical）或非专业性的（nontechnical）。It answers “why” and “about what” communicati on takes place.
(2) Tenor of discourse话语体式：它依赖于交际参与者之间的关系。正是这种关系决定了谈话以正式、随便或亲密等文体进行。
Degree of formality正式程度：①intimate亲密体；②casual随便体；③consultative询议体；
④formal正式体；⑤frozen刻板体。
(3) Mode of discourse话语方式：指进行交际的手段，主要通过口语或书面体。
9、Standard dialect标准语
10、Pidgin洋泾浜语（考过的）：指一种特殊的语言混合体，通常是因为某种特定的如经商等原因，由原本讲不同语言的人们为进行直接的交际目的而创造的变体。
11、Creole（考过的）混合语、克里奥耳语：指一种已经固定下来的洋泾浜语，整个社团都用它来满足全部或大部分日常交际的需要，并被该社团的儿童作为母语来习得。
12、Bilingualism双语现象：指两种语言并存，每一种各有其不同的地位和作用。
13、Diglossia双言制：in a diglossia situation two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.指两种截然不同的变体存在于社会中，每种有其不同的低位和作用。一般来说，一种变体仅用于正式和公共场合，而另一种变体则是每个人在日常生活中使用。二者在使用场合上各有分工，极少交叉。
十三、语言与文化（尚未在十年真题中出现过）
十四、语言习得
Language acquisition: it refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.
十五、第二语言习得（尚未在十年真题中出现过）
十六、语言与大脑
1、Neurolinguistics神经语言学：the study of the relationship between brain and language.
2、The brain stem脑干：being the lower section of the brain, it keeps the body alive by maintaining the essential functions such as respiration, heart rate, and muscle coordination.
3、Psycholinguistics心理语言学：the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.
4、Bottom-up processing自下而上的处理方式：when a person hears a sentence, he performs
phonetic analysis to isolate phonemes and word boundaries, and to relate these to representation in the mental lexicon.
5、Top-down processing自上而下的处理方式：listeners do not wait until they have analyzed all the phonemes in a sentence before they begin to try to understand it. Rather, they begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to them.
历年真题（2002-2011）
2002年（考点均用黑体和下划线标识，下同）
1、第8题
Predication analysis述谓分析，指分析句子意义的新方法。语义学家讲“述谓”这一范畴分解为“中项”和“谓语”，前者是逻辑参加者，后者是关系因素。
2、第9题
Suprasegmental feature超音段切分特征，指切分单音层面以上的音系特征，包括stress重音、tone音调、intonation语调。
3、第10题
（1）Tautology同义反复，指对同一意思使用不同的词进行不必要的重复、赘言。
如：three-part和trilogy就是同义反复。再如：The orphan has no father.
（2）Entailment蕴涵，指语言表达结构主要包含的信息，是一种基本的语义组合关系。
如：”He has been to France.”意味着”He has been to Europe.”
（3）Presupposition预设，指语言表达结构中附带包含的信息，是在发话人看来交际双方都接受的“共同背景”或“无争议信息”。
如：“John’s bike needs repairing.”预示”John has a bike.”
（4）Contradiction自相矛盾的说法如：Her nephew is a girl.
2003年
1、第8题
（1）Semantic语义学
It is the study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学是以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学。简言之，即对意义的研究。
（2）Pragmatic语用学
It is the study of language as it is used in a social context and affects the interlocutors and their behavior.语用学是有关语言使用于社会环境和语言对使用者及其行为之影响的研究。
（3）Linguistics语言学
It is the study of the nature and structure of human speech.语言学是研究人类语言的性质和结构的学科。
2、第9题
Linguistics语言学的主要分支有：phonetics语音学，phonology音位学，morphology形态学，syntax句法学，semantics语义学和pragmatics语用学。
3、第10题
Bound morpheme粘附词素
指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义，这种词素不能单独存在和使用，只有粘附在其他词素（主要是自由词素）上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀。
如：（1）unfriendliness中的un-、-ly、-ness是三个粘着词素；
（2）physician是由一个自由词素physic和一个粘着词素-ian构成的；
（3）disappearance则含有dis-和-ance两个粘着词素；
（4）desirabilty含有-able和-ity两个粘着词素；
（5）untouchable也有un-和-able两个粘着词素。
2004年
1、第8题
在sematics（语义学）中:
(1) sense（意义）指一个词在与其他词所构成的关系中所占的位置，这纯粹是一种只限于词与词之间的语义关系，与客观世界中的事物不发生直接联系；
(2) synonym（同义词）指具有相同或相似含义的词；
(3) homonym（同音异义词）指读音相同但意义不同的词；
(4) reference（所指或参照）指词和它们所代表的客观事物或现象的关系。如英语单词tree 与现实世界的实物tree（所指对象）之间的关系。
2、第9题
Duality（语言结构的二重性）指语音结构（phonic structure）和语义结构（semantic structure）。语言的二重性的核心是：有限的语音结构能构成无数的语系和词，从而可以形成无数的语义结构（即句子或篇章）。
3、第10题
在所有的发音器官（唇、嘴、舌、声带）中，舌是最灵活的器官。
2005年
1、第8题
（1）Syntax（句法学）是研究句子构成方式和规则的语言学分支，其研究对象是句子结构；
（2）Morphology（形态学）的研究对象是构词法（word formation）。
2、第9题（本题也出现在2008年第7题中）
人类语言的区别性特征（design feature）包括任意性（arbitrariness）、创造性（creativity 或productivity）（这和上面“语言学概述”中的“生产性”可能是同一事物，之所以会有表述上的差别是因为“语言学概述”的参考资料是冲击波系列的《人文知识》，而这里的参考资料是星火的《历年真题》）、文化传递性（cultural transmission）、双重性（duality）、跨空间性（displacement）。
3、第10题
言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）是由John Austin首先提出，再由John Searle进一步阐述拓展。转换生成语法（transformational-generative grammar）是乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky）提出的著名语言学理论。系统功能语言学（systemic functional theory）是澳大利亚语言学家韩礼德（M.A.K. Halliday）提出的。
2006年
1、第8题
（1）Semantics（语义学）研究语言中作为词汇单位的词语的意义、语素意义和句子意义；
（2）Pragmatics（语用学）研究特定语境中特定话语的意义。
将二者区分开来的是context（语境）。
2、第9题
同义词根据其特点可以分为dialectal synonyms（地域性同义词）、stylistic synonyms（文体不同的同义词）、emotive synonyms（感情色彩不同的同义词）、collocational synonyms（搭配不同的同义词）。
如：kid, child和offspring属于stylistic synonyms，因为这三个词分别是口语用词、通用词和正式用语。
3、第10题
瑞士语言学家Saussure（索绪尔）将parole（言语）和langue（语言）进行了区分。
2007年
1、第8题
（1）Morphology形态学
是对单词的结构和形式的研究，包括词尾变化、派生和合成词的构成等。
（2）Phonology音系学--是对一种语言中有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究。
（3）Semantics语义学--是以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学。
（4）Sociolinguistics社会语言学---是对受社会和文化因素影响的语言和语言行为的研究。
2、第9题
Speech variety（言语变体或语言变体），是语言使用者所使用的具有一定区别性特征的变体。文体的差异主要是通过不同的发音（phonological）、不同的语法结构（syntactic）、或不同的词汇（lexical）选择来实现的。
注意：psycholinguistic（心理语言学）不是言语变体的特征。
3、第10题
词义的变化包括：widening of meaning（词义拓宽）、narrowing of meaning（词义变窄）、meaning shift（词义转移）。
2008年
1、第9题
关于句子结构：
（1）Simple sentence简单句：指只包含一个主谓结构的句子；
（2）Coordinate sentence并列句：指包含两个或多个互不依从的主谓结构，通常由一个或多个并列连词来连接的句子。并列句中每个分句之间都有关联，而且表达的意思具有同等重要性；
（3）Complex sentence复合句：指包含两个或多个主谓结构，并且其中一个主谓结构充当主句，另一个或多个主谓结构为从句，充当该主句的主语、表语、定语或状语的句子。复合句中的主句往往是这句话的中心所在，是被强调的部分，从属连词连接的句子为从句，是非强调部分。
2、第10题
关于语义学：
（1）Homonymy同音或同形异义；
（2）Hyponymy上下义关系如：a cat is a hyponymy of animal
（3）Synonymy同义词
（4）Polysemy一词多义
2009年
1、第8题
各种语言学>_<
（1）Psycholinguistics心理语言学---研究语言理解和产生的心理过程
（2）Corpus linguistics语料库语言学---利用语料库对语言的某个方面进行研究的一门学科
（3）Sociolinguistics社会语言学---运用语言学和社会学的语论方法研究语言的社会本质和
差异的学科
（4）Theoretical linguistics理论语言学---侧重考查人类语言的共同规律和普遍特征
2、第9题
（1）Pidgin洋泾浜语---指不同语种的人们在商业交往中发展起来的混杂语言
（2）Dialect方言---它可按照不同因素划分为地域方言、社会方言和种族方言等
（3）Idiolect个人言语方式---指说话者个人使用语言的习惯
（4）Register语域---指根据不同的交际目的、场合及对象使用不同语言元素，具体表现为语言的正式程度、遣词、语法等。
3、第10题
J.L. Austin提出了Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论），该理论的主要内容是：人们说话的过程包括三种相继的行为：
第一阶段称之为言内行为（locutionary act），即通常意义上的言语过程，如发出声音、组成词语、按照一定的规律组成有意义的句子。
第二阶段称之为言外行为（illocutionary act），即表明说话人意图的行为。任何词语、句子等语素都是具有相对固定意义的，说话人可根据自己话语的不同目的和意图对所要使用的词句加以调增，从而更好地表达自己的观点。如：welcome本来是表示欢迎，但人们在回答他人的道谢时也会用welcome一词，表示不用谢的意思。因此welcome在此时就是一种言外行为。
第三阶段称之为言后行为（perlocutionary act），即话语所产生的效果。在上例中，若两人关系正常，一方道谢另一方表示客气，则产生的效果不过是维持正常关系；如果两人之间有间隙，而此次互相道谢和客气导致关系改善，那么言后行为的效果就会得到体现。
2010年
1、第8题
Language acquisition（语言习得）、language comprehension（语言理解）、language production （语言产出）都是心理语言学的研究方向。
（1）语言习得指一个人语言的学习和发展（Language acquisition refers to the learning and development of a language.）；
（2）语言理解是我们认识现实社会的一个过程，包括单词识别、句子理解和篇章理解；
（3）语言产出包括词的生成、句子的生成和书面语的生成三个阶段。
注意：language instruction（语言教学）并不属于心理语言学。
2、第9题
关于构词法：
（1）Back-formation逆向构词--即将已存在的词通过去除或改变其前缀、后缀从而构成新词。
如：cheeseburger由hamburger一词逆构而成
（2）Conversion转类法---指词性的转化或词的功能的转化。
如：一个词由名词转为动词
（3）Blending拼缀法---这是比较灵活的一种构词方式，典型的拼缀法是由一个词的开头和另一个词的结尾共同合成一个新词。
如：motel = motor + hotel
（4）Acronym首字母缩略法---指由已经存在的单词构成，有时首字母拼缩词由单词或适合缩略词的短语的首字母组成。
如：WHO = World Health Organization
3、第10题
语言的基本功能，就是高速公路指示牌的那道题。这道题表明了语言具有informative function.
2011年
1、第8题
（1）Cognitive linguistics认知语言学---主要研究语言和大脑的关系，解释语言习得、产生等大脑活动
（2）Semantics语义学---研究语言的意义
（3）Pragmatics语用学---研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言
（4）Sociolinguistics社会语言学---研究语言与社会的关系
2、第9题
关于元音和辅音
V owel元音与consonant辅音产生的根本区别是：辅音产生需要有气流的阻碍，而元音的产生则没有这种气流阻碍。
原题：A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of absence of obstruction.
3、第10题
（1）Pidgin洋泾浜语、混杂语---指一种简化了的以交流为目的的语言，没有本族语言。
（2）Creole克里奥耳语、混合语---与Pidgin类似，但是二者的区别在于Creole有自己的本族语者。
（3）Multilingualism指能用多种语言进行交流
（4）Bilingualism指能使用两种语言进行交流
专八2003-人文知识真题及答案精编版
2003年英语专八人文知识真题 31. is not a nationally observed holiday of America. [A] Christmas [B] Easter Sunday [C] Thanksgiving Day [D] Independence Day 32. The university of Dublin was not founded until . [A] the 19th century [B] the 18th century [C] the 17th century [D] the 16th century 33. The introduced old-age pensions in New Zealand in 1898. [A] Labor Party [B] Democratic Party [C] Liberal Party [D] Conservative Party 34. Irish culture experienced a golden age from to . [A] the eighth century, the eleventh century [B] the seventh century, the ninth century [C] the sixth century, the eighth century [D] the ?fth century, the seventh century 35. Which of the following writings is not the work by Charles Dickens? [A] A Tale of Two Cities [B] Hard Times [C] Oliver Twist [D] Sons and Lovers 36. is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period. [A] Sinclair Lewis [B] Eugene O'Neill [C] Arthur Miller [D] Tennessee Williams 37. is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. [A] Ernest Hemingway [B] F. Scott Fitzgerald [C] William Faulkner [D] Ezra Pound 38. is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. [A] Concord [B] Immediate constituent [C] Syntagmatic relations [D] Government 39. studies the sound systems in a certain language. [A] Phonetics [B] Phonology [C] Semantics [D] Pragmatics 40. A linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers is called . [A] situational dialect [B] slang [C] linguistic taboo [D] bilingualism 2004年英语专八人文知识真题 31. The following are products imported by Australia from China EXCEPT . [A] food [B] textiles [C] steel products [D] electronics 32. Scots regard as the most important festival in a year. [A] Near Year's Day [B] Christmas Day [C] New Year's Eve [D] Easter 33. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since became Prime Minister in 1992. [A] John Howard [B] Bob Hawke [C] Malcolm Fraser [D] Paul Keating 34. was known for his famous speech "I have a dream". [A] John F. Kennedy [B] Martin Luther King, Jr [C] Abraham Lincoln [D] Thomas Jefferson 35. Of all the 18th century novelists, ______ was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. [A] Daniel Defoe [B] Samuel Johnson [C] Oliver Goldsmith [D] Henry Feilding 36. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his .
专八翻译及人文知识语言学
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
(完整版)英语专八语言学测试题
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专八人文知识总结
英国文学 一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066） 1、贝奥武夫 2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父 二、中古英语时期的英国文学 1、allegory体非常盛行 2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度 3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士 4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》 5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体） 6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》 三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪） 1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》 2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet 3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》 《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱 4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节； 5、莎士比亚： 长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》 四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白 7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》 8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人 9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣
10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一 《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑 《学术的推进》和《新工具》 四、启蒙时期（18世纪） 1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》 2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory 3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人； 《论戏剧诗》 4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作 5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》 6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌； 7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人； 8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》 9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满； 10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》； 11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史； 12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。安德鲁》；《汤姆.琼斯》，英国现实主义小说的最高成就； 13、劳伦斯、斯特恩：感伤主义小说的杰出代表，《项狄传》，第一部开创了意识流小说的先驱之作品；《感伤的旅行》 14、Oliver Goldsmith：《好心人》；《屈伸求爱》；《威客菲尔德牧师传》，感伤主义文学； 诗歌《荒村》从新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡的标志； 散文作品《世界公民》； 15、谢里丹：《造谣学校》，莎士比亚之后最杰出的英国喜剧，是整个英国史上最优秀的作品之一；达到英国“风俗喜剧”之巅； 五、维多利亚时期的英国文学（19世纪）
专八语言学必背
专八语言学必背 1. What is Language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
英语专八人文知识考试总结
英语专八人文知识考试总结 1 专八考试人文知识考试内容总结 其中英美文学包括英国文学和美国文学。英国文学主要分为六个时期： 1. Old and Medieval English Literature（中古英国文学）。 2. The Renaissance Period（文艺复兴时期）。 3. The Neoclassical Period（新古典主义时期）。 4. The Romantic Period（维多利亚时期）。 5. The Victorian Period（维多利亚时期）。 6. The Modern Period（现代时期）。 美国文学主要分为四个时期： 1. The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence（独立革命前后的文学）。 2. American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义文学）。 3. American Realism（美国现实主义文学）。 4. American Modernism（美国现代主义文学）。 语言学，考生不光要知道语言的本质还要掌握语音学，音位学，形态学，句法学，语义学和语言学的知识。 关于英语国家概况，英语专业的学生都会开设英美概况这门课程，但是专八考试的中需要考生了解的是英语国家概况，不光包括英国和美国，还有其他一些说英语的地区，包括爱尔兰概况，加拿大概况，澳大利亚概况和新西兰概况。 3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france
语言学重点知识点整理
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.360docs.net/doc/c4483356.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.
专八语言学模拟题
1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A．Language is a system B．Language is symbolic C．Animals also have language D．Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A．Symbolic B．Dual C．Productive D．Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language? A．Interpersonal B．Phatic C．Informative D．Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A．Saussure B．Chomsky C．Halliday D．Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A．competence B．parole C．performance D．langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ． A．informative B．phatic C．directive D．performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies ___________． A．the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B．the perception of sounds C．the combination of sounds D．the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ___________． A．the place of articulation B．the obstruction of airstream C．the position of the tongue D．the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.
Some important distinctions in linguistics
What is language Definitions of language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality
专八语言学选择题及答案
专八语言学试题一 1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________. A. a particular language B. the English language C. human languages in general D. the system of a particular language 2. The consonant [f] in English can be correctly described as having the following phonetic features: __________. A. voiceless, bilabial, stop B. voiceless, labiodental, fricative C. voiced, bilabial, stop D. voiced, labiodental, fricative 3. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix "ed" in the word "learned" is known as a(n) __________. A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form 4. In the phrase structure rule "S→NP VP", the arrow can be read as __________. A. is equal to B. consists of C. has D. generates 5. "I bought some roses" __________ "I bought some flowers". A. entails B. presupposes C. is inconsistent with D. is synonymous with 6. Y's utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of __________. X: Who was that you were with last night? Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks? A. quality B. quantity C. relation D. manner 7. Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, __________, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered. A. phrases B. sentences C. morphemes D. utterances 8. In a speech community people have something in common __________a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.