Final exam

Unit 7

1._________a. connected with education, esp. in a college or university

2._________n. what is thought to be true or will happen, without any real proof

3._________n. the qualities that make up sb.’s personality

4._________n. a quality or feature that sb. or sth. typically has

5._________a. using force to persuade people to do what they are unwilling to do

6._________n. an officer with a high rank in the army, marine, or the US air force

7._________a. with a lot of details, which makes sth. difficult to deal with

8._________a. of the usual type that has been used for a long time

9._________n. (usu. Pl.) one of a pair of numbers and/or letters that show the exact position of a point on a map or graph

10._________n. a soldier who has a low rank in the army or air force

11._________n. all of the subjects that are taught at a school, college, etc.

12._________v. state or describe exactly the nature, scope, or meaning of

13._________n. the qualifications or abilities required for doing sth.

14._________n. the most basic and important idea or quality

15._________v. judge (sb. in an examination or test) not to have passed

16._________v. visit often

17._________a. not clear

18._________n. a piece of clothing

19._________n. the machinery in a vehicle that you use to go comfortably at different speeds

20._________v. prevent from happening or processing normally

21._________v. shape or carve from some material

22._________n. disposition, temperament

23._________n. being too low in quality or too small in amount

24._________v. show that sth. exists

25._________a. not connected or appropriate to what you are discussing or doing

26._________v. make things such as clothes by using two long needles to connect wool or other kinds of thread into joined rows

27._________n. an officer who has a middle rank in the army, navy or air force

28._________a. likely to make sb. believe sth. that is not true

29._________a. level of achievement most students are expected to reach, what is considered as standard

30._________ad. in a strange or unusual way

31._________v. counterbalance or compensate for

32._________ad. for all future time, or for a very long time

33._________n. a way of regarding situations, facts etc.

34._________n. skill; ability

35._________n. the level of importance that sb. has in an organization such as in society

36._________n. reputation

37._________v. feel bitter or indignant at

38._________v. keep; continue to have

39._________n. fixed ways of doing things

40._________n. one of the two periods into which the school or college year is divided

41._________n. an officer of fairly low rank in the army or police

42._________v. move or change from one position or direction to another

43._________n. a particular class of a larger group

44._________v. give sth. to sb. in exchange for sth. else

45._________n. an official record of a student’s schoo l progress and achievements

46._________prep. directly under sth.

47.__ ___ __have the tendency to

48._________ __match; be similar or equal to

49.__ _____become penniless; go bankrupt

50.__ _____fail; be overwhelmed

51.___ __ ___________judge the real importance of sth. by considering it in relation to other things

52._____ ____treat sth. as unimportant

53.____ __ ____ _____accept sth. as what it appears to be

Unit 8

1._________n. a short piece of writing that summarizes the main points of an article, speech, document, etc.

2._________a. existing in large quantities

3._________n. one of many small planets between Mars and Jupiter

4._________v. declare to be true

5._________a. covered or flooded with water, esp. seawater or rain

6._________n. send out gas noisily from the stomach through the mouth

7._________n. a short description of the contents of a book, printed on the cover or in the advertisement

8._________v. develop (a variety of animals or plants) for a particular purpose or quality

9._________n. the edge of coast

10._________v. fight

11._________n. the condition of being awake and understanding what is happening

12._________n. the action of using up a resource

13._________v. control or limit sth.

14._________n. a period of ten years

15._________v. (cause to) decay

16._________n. the process of removing the trees from an area of land

17._________n. a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water

18._________n. the act of sending forth; discharge

19._________a. known only by a few people

20._________a. more than is usual or allowed

21._________v. defend oneself from a blow, attack, or attacker

22._________n. any substance to make the soil more productive

23._________n. remains of an animal or plant that lived thousands of years ago, or its shape preserved in rock

24._________n. petrol; a liquid used for producing power in car engines

25._________a. of a relating to politics, esp. international relations, as influenced by geographical factors

26._________n. a glass building used for growing plants that need to be protected from the weather

27._________n. sth. that indicates or foreshadows what is to come

28._________a. (often derog.) very strongly following a particular belief

29._________n. a sometimes severe condition of fever and weakness caused by too much heat

30._________n. a half of the Earth

31._________n. a violent storm with extremely strong winds and heavy rain

32._________n. a strong influence or effect produced by an idea, invention, etc.

33._________n. a serious magazine, usu. produced by a specialist society

34._________n. a large deep hole in which large quantities of rubbish are disposed of

35._________n. the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth’s equator, usu. expressed in degrees

36._________a. (of land) not much above the level of the sea

37._________n. a disease common in hot countries that is often spread by mosquitos

38._________n. a republic consisting of over a thousand coral islands in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Sri Lanka

39._________n. a colourless, odourless flammable gas which is the main constituent of natural gas

40._________n. a machine that cooks food very quickly, using electric waves instead of heat

41._________v. make an unpleasant situation or its effect serious and less difficult to bear

42._________a. neither very great nor very small in strength or degree

43._________n. the chemical element of atomic number 7, a colou rless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78 percent of the Earth’s

atmosphere

44._________n. a poisonous blue gas that is a type of oxygen

45._________n. a climate prevalent at a particular time in the geological past

46._________n. an extremely small piece or amount of sth.

47._________a. very dangerous

48._________n. a regularly published magazine, esp. one of a serious kind

49._________v. (fml.) read through carefully

50._________ad. mainly

51._________n. energy in the form of heat or light sent out as beams that you cannot see

52._________n. (of water, glacier, etc.) the process of moving back from an area that it was covering

53._________n. a fairly large area of a country or of the world, usu. without exact limits

54._________a. connected with breathing

55._________n. sth. or a group of things, that forms part of a larger group

56._________v. stimulate or active

57._________v. guess

58._________v. flow out or make sth. flow out with a lot of force

59._________a. of or caused by heat

60._________n. sth. of extremely low quality or value

61._________n. an insect that causes disease by carrying a germ of parasite from one person to another

62._________a. weak and easily sffected by illness

63._________n. the glass window of a car or other vehicle at the front through which the driver looks

64.____ ___make sth. flow out suddenly or violently

65.______ _______a colourless, odourless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration

66.________ _____a binary compound of oxygen with nitrogen

Unit 9

1._________n. a car

2._________n. a wide piece of cloth with a message on it, often stretched between two poles

3._________n. the amount of money a person or organization has to spend on sth.

4._________a. very important

5._________a. (of a person) stiff and not moving, as if dead

6._________n. a document that officially states that sth. is true

7._________n. the front part of your face below your mouth

8._________n. a person who buys and sells a particular product

9._________v. announce officially that sth. is true or happening

10._________v. spend time and effort doing sth,; devote

11._________ad. with a definite intention, not by chance or by accident

12._________v. not approve of sb. or sth.

13._________v. give a clear demonstration of (a quality, emotion, or skill)

14._________v. breathe air out through your mouth or nose

15._________n. a newspaper or magazine article that concentrates on a particular subject

16._________n. great happiness

17._________n. books or stories about imaginary events and people

18._________a. without any mistakes, marks or bad features

19._________n. a strong effect that sth. has

20._________v. increase or make sth. increase

21._________n. a chemical substance produced by your body that influences its growth, development, and condition

22._________a. being a natural part of an activity or situation and can’t be separated from it

23._________n. desire or need that are so strong that cannot be satisfied

24._________v. provide sb. with the things they need for a particular action

25._________n. an old word for “a dishonest man”

26._________n. sth. which you eat or drink that relieves constipation by making you defecate

27._________n. an official document that gives sb. permission to do or use sth.

28._________n. the part of medicine that deals with the treatment of bone injures or disease

29._________n. strong feelings of love, respect, and duty towards your country

30._________n. your opinion of what sth. is and what it is like

31._________a. continuing all the time

32._________n. a book that lists medical drugs, and describes how to prepare and use them

33._________v. try to achieve sth.

34._________n. the process of trying to achieve sth.

35._________v. start offering to sell sth. by making it available for people to buy

36._________v. the purpose of doing, getting, or achieving sth.

37._________n. a medical cream that you spread on sore skin to reduce the pain

38._________n. a very t hin of clothing that fits closely over a woman’s leg and foot

39._________n. a small hard round piece of medicine that you can swallow

40._________n. a form of treatment for an illness or medicine condition

41._________n. an extremely unpleasant or painful experience

42._________v. emphasize sth. or state that it is important

43._________a. making you feel happier or more helpful

44._________ad. in a way that is not clear

45.________ _____a medicine condition in which the veins in your legs become swollen and sore

Unit 10

1._________v. exist in large numbers

2._________v. take for one’s own use

3._________n. (pl.) the police or people in other official organizations with legal power to make people obey laws or rules

4._________v. call

5._________n. an increase

6._________n. an official in a government department, esp. one who uses official rules very strictly

7._________n. strong rough cloth used for tents, sails, etc.

8._________n. a product that is bought and sold

9._________v. keep within limits; limit or restrict

10._________n. connecting of two train carriages

11._________n. a very popular fashion that usu. only lasts for a very short period of time

12._________v. hang loosely

13._________n. a lazy aimless person

14._________n. sth. that you add in order to make sth. else look more attractive

15._________a. that can be clearly proved to be true

16._________n. a person who plans the look or workings of sth. prior to it being made

17._________n. a U-shaped passage cut into ground, esp. for water to flow through

18._________v. give a colour to sth. by using a dye

19._________v. permanently leave one’s own country

20._________a. following, subsequent

21._________n. the state in which people have the same rights, advantages, etc.

22._________v. say more than the truth about sth. or sb.

23._________a. having faults; defective

24._________n. a group of criminals working together

25._________n. an object which is invented only to attract people’s attention, esp. in an attempt to sell sth.; gadget

26._________n. the measurement around the middle of sth., esp. a person’s waist

27._________v. pull with effort

28._________v. fasten or hang sth. onto sth. else

29._________a. of the characteristic behavior of a certain person

30._________n. dark blue-purple

31._________n. the inside leg; the measurement from the top of one’s inner leg to the ankle

32._________a. able to be defended with logic or justification; valid

33._________n. a piece of wire, string, etc. with a shape produced by a curve that bends round and crosses itself

34._________n. a person who cuts down trees for food

35._________a. barely adequate

36._________a. bad-tempered

37._________n. a tie worn round your neck

38._________n. a rock from which metal can be obtained

39._________n. elements added to sth. to enhance its appearance

40._________v. exist longer than

41._________v. bring or restore to a state of peace or calmness

42._________v. obtain a special document giving sb. the right to make or sell a new invention or product

43._________n. a person who goes from place trying to sell small articles

44._________a. producing a profit or a useful result

45._________a. of or related to the working-class people considered as a social group

46._________v. become successful

47._________n. a narrow piece of cloth, used esp. for tying things or as a decoration

48._________n. the difficult and unpleasant aspects of sth.

49._________n. a metal pin used to fasten pieces of metal together

50._________a. strong and able to deal with difficult conditions

51._________v. make a long, narrow cut in

52._________a. only

53._________v. fill with a substance

54._________a. firm

55._________n. small articles of various types not important enough to be named separately

56._________n. the white part forms on the top of waves

57._________n. sth. that represents an idea

58._________ad. afterwards

59._________n. a gift, payment, speech, or other acknowledgment of gratitude, respect, or admiration; evidence attesting to some praiseworthy quality

or characteristic

60._________a. being or seeming to be everywhere at the same time

61._________n. woollen or cotton thread used for knitting

62.__ _______ __be involved in; be committed to, as to a cause

63._____ __stop from continuing, esp. by using force

64.____ ___cut sth. off by hitting it with repeated strokes or using a sharp tool

65._______ ____change into

66.____ _____a holiday place that offers activities, such as horse riding

67.___ ___cause (a small supply) to last longer by adding sth. else

68.___ ______spread

69.____ __accept eagerly

70.____ _____try to get

71._____ __ __last well under certain hard conditions

Unit 7

1.His vision was nearly restored to normal after the _______ of the tumor in his brain. (remove)

2.The major issue of the conference was how to cope with the severe consequences resulting from the _______ changes on our planet. (climate)

3.This company is in trouble and the latest plan for its _______ has few supporters. (salvage)

4.It is said in the job ad that those who apply for the vacancy should have _______ in at least two languages. (proficient)

5.Don’t rely on the information she gave you---it’s pure _______ on her part. (assume)

6.The age of college students _______ ranges from 18 to 22. (norm)

7.The gove rnment’s inaction to curb inflation and unemployment caused strong _______ among the public. (resent)

8.The Sichuan earthquake turned out to be the most _______ one the country has witnessed in the past one hundred years. (disaster)

Unit 8

1.Her natural good sense was improved by the _______ of the best books. (peruse)

2.Efforts to reach the injured men have been _______ because of a sudden deterioration of weather conditions. (intense)

3.I knew he deserved to be punished but making him stay in every night for a year is a little _______. (excess)

4.Theories of the origin of life are partly _______, since there is so little direct evidence available. (speculate)

5.This is a book that contains an _______ of valuable information. (abundant)

6.The cost of the flights, accommodation and car rental is two thousand dollars _______. (include)

7.When an iron object is heated in a fire, it glows red and _______ radiation. (emission)

8.We hardly ever go into London. Whatever we need we can buy _______. (local)

Unit 9

1. A deer suddenly ran across the road, with a hunting dog in hot _______. (pursue)

2.I’m sure many businessmen use some kind of _______ , at times, to achieve their objectives. (deceive)

3.The project has been a success, thanks to the _______ of all of our staff. (dedicate)

4.His first _______ venture was opening a small corner shop. (commercialism)

5.The concert ended with the singers and audience singing _______ songs. (patriotism)

6.It was so convincing that I had to remind myself that they were _______ characters, not real people. (fiction)

7.Not many people are able to indicate their _______ without causing offence. (disapprove)

8.The homeless and _______ refugees of the war were flocking to the cities. (starvation)

Unit 10

1.Scottish names are common in America because of the _______ (emigrate) of many people from Scotland in the 19th century.

2.Some wildly _______ (exaggerate) claims have been made about this so-called “wonder-drug”.

3.The parliamentary system has proved highly _______ (adapt) to changing circumstances.

4.His sudden _______ (convert) to that movement may make the voters suspicious.

5.The town’s _______ (prosper) comes from the textile industry.

6.Nowadays it is not easy to teach people middle school students because they are becoming more and more _______ (demand).

7.The final division of German was _______ (symbol) by the completion of the Berlin Wall.

8.Since the recession, many of the successful retailers have recorded reduced _______ (profitable).

PART 4

Unit 7

1.Saunas merely remove a little body water, and health farms, says the report, serve as expensive holidays.

A. look like

B. play the role of

C. are regarded to be

D. are wonderful for

2.To their great dismay, they found that their wage increases had been offset by the soaring prices as a result of inflation.

A. set loose

B. leveled off

C. caused to happen

D. reduced in degree

3.The historian claims to possess a transcript of a filmed interview with one of the former Soviet security service officers who conducted the

negotiations with the British lieutenant colonel.

A. translation

B. manuscript

C. written text

D. cassette tape

4.Poor Donaldson had no head for business, and it was not long before he went under.

A. acquired a new identify

B. sank in the sea of business

C. became bankrupt

D. failed in the exam

5.More controversy is expected over a decision that phone numbers registered in a new cellular network will not retain the Yugoslav country code.

A. recognize

B. keep

C. make use of

D. pay for

6.The lack of natural resources hampers the country’s process of industrialization.

A. accelerates

B. stops

C. completes

D. impedes

7.To realize his dream of becoming a top-class photographer, he left home at the age of 19 and started to travel the world. That was a crucial step in his

career.

A. dangerous

B. critical

C. correct

D. well-planned

8.The country is rich in oil but it suffers a serious inadequacy of fresh water supply.

A. impurity

B. inefficiency

C. loss

D. lack

Unit 8

1.Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like.

A.centre

B. distraction

C. force

D. direction

2.The baby mice are at the most vulnerable shortly after birth, when they are frequently attacked by birds of prey.

A. defended

B. well-protected

C. defensive

D. ill-protected

3.Car workers’ organization have tried to mitigate the inhuman nature of assembly-line work.

A. enhance

B. reduce

C. establish

D. migrate

4.Gagarin’s space flight had an immediate and wide-ranging impact on US scientific policy.

A. impression

B. significance

C. effect

D. affect

5.There were long flames on the sky, which made remote people speculate on the whereabouts of the fire.

A. specify

B. analyze

C. discuss

D. guess

6.The Chinese leader publicly advocated the cooperation of all the countries in the protection of the environment.

A. supported

B. opposed

C. proclaimed

D. announced

7.The government sees price controls as a way to combat inflation.

A. slow down

B. prevent

C. fight

D. stop

8.Agriculturalists are attempting to breed a new disease-resistant type of corn.

A. produce

B. invent

C. test

D. place

Unit 9

1.Blankets and warm clothes will be issued to those who need them.

A. shipped

B. donated

C. provided

D. allowed

2.This child is clearly very disturbed emotionally and may require long-time therapy.

A. checkup

B. treatment

C. inspection

D. observation

3.Most of the city’s leading artists display their works in the local art gallery.

A. paint

B. list

C. sell

D. show

4.An educational effort to heighten awareness about global warming is currently underway.

A. awaken

B. increase

C. force

D. develop

5.From where I was standing I had a partial view of the house.

A. superb

B. fantastic

C. whole

D. incomplete

6. A White House spokesperson declared that there would be no change in the Administration’s policy on Iraq.

A. stated officially

B. argued strongly

C. insisted

D. claimed

7.Businesses are alarmed at the costs they foresee in complying with the new rules.

A. cover

B. budget

C. predict

D. plan

8.Both leaders underlined their commitment to making the agreement work.

A. honored

B. made

C. fulfilled

D. stressed

Unit 10

1.She confined herself to using the phone only once a day because the telephone bill had been so high.

A. restricted

B. allowed

C. controlled

D. restrained

2.Someone shouted “fire!” and in the ensuing panic several people were injured.

A. previous

B. terrible

C. sudden

D. following

3.They plan to walk to the South Pole, using sledges to haul their suppliers as Scott had done.

A. carry

B. pull

C. load

D. send

4.We sat on the edge of the pool with our legs dangling in the water.

A. soaking

B. treading

C. bathing

D. hanging

5.She pacified her friend by saying she was late because she’d been choosing a present for him.

A. cheated

B. coaxed

C. calmed

D. consoled

6.If you can give a legitimate explanation for why you took $5,000 of company money, I won’t fire you.

A. detailed

B. simple

C. scientific

D. reasonable

7.It’s amazing how quickly stories of people’s misfortune get round, isn’t it?

A. are invented

B. spread

C. are related

D. are made up

8.The material are exported in a raw state to other countries to appropriate the profit.

A. earn

B. yield

C. generate

D. take…for themselves

THE FINAL PART

Unit 7

1.他因急性阑尾炎住院治疗，结果连期末考试都没参加。(acute appendicitis, with the result that)

2.前来听讲座的人数远远超过原来的估计，分给大家的讲义不够了。(go round)

3.不管一天工作有多忙，他在睡觉前总要看一下电子信箱里有没有新邮件。(make a point of)

4.世界各国都有失业问题，但各国政府处理这个问题的方法不尽相同。(handle)

5.第一次来到异国的人往往会感到自己周围的一切既陌生，又有趣。(be apt to)

6.球迷们对这场足球赛中双方球员场上的表现都感到十分失望。(disappointed at)

7.他的话，你得好好想一想，千万不要他说什么你就信什么。(take at face value)

8.医生的一番话消除了他对手术的恐惧感。(remove)

Unit 8

1.经过几个月的讨价还价，这两家公司最后达成了一个解决方案，这个方案实质上就是我们最初的建议。(come up with)

2.这个非洲部落的人民对月亮的崇拜，就和我们的祖先对太阳的崇拜差不多。(in the same way that…)

3.四千多年前古埃及金字塔是如何建成的至今还是个迷。有些人猜测它们是外星人造的。(speculate)

4.非法使用劣质建筑材料最终导致了宾馆的倒塌。(result in)

5.当前，许多国家正纷纷采取行动，缓解金融危机对经济的冲击。(take action)

6.这对夫妇由于多年不断的争吵而最终离了婚，这种争吵其实都是因缺乏理解引起的。(result from)

7.两国政府同意建立一条军事热线，以降低因情报失误而发生战争的风险。(reduce)

8.有些中国学生在美国的大学里不大成功，因为他们没能适应那里的新环境。（adapt to）

Unit 9

1.1935年10月，中国红军历尽苦难和牺牲，最后终于到达了陕北。(endure, make/fight one’s way to)

2.在经济危机中，政府发表了一个声明，号召人们尽可能购买当地的产品。(release, call upon)

3.世界各国政治家们正在尽一切努力利用原子能，恢复人类安全的自然环境。(harness, restore)

4.他没有听见门铃声，因为他正在聚精会神地工作。(rapt)

5.这个国家经常发生暴乱，一方面是因为广泛的赤贫现象，另一方面则因为人民对腐败政府固有的不信任。(inherent)

6.这位经济学家在做关于当前经济形势的经济报告时，在PPT上用许多具体的数字来强调这场危机的严重性。(underline)

7.他笑着回答说，“不用谢。我做这件事不光是为了你，也是为了我自己。”(as much as)

8.评价一个人，并不看他说了什么，而看他为自己的国家和人民做了些什么。(measure)

Unit 10

1.他分不清法语和西班牙语，更别提说着两种语言了。(draw a distinction)

2.20世纪90年代的文物热中，明清两代传下来的瓷器受到了收藏家的青睐。(craze, seek after)

3.这位将军不顾大多数顾问的反对，决定碰碰运气，发动了那场战斗，结果遭到惨败。(take one’s chance*s+ on)

4.中华民族经受了数千年的沧桑，正在重新焕发青春。(stand up to, vicissitudes)

5.希望你只讲事实，而不是传播报纸上登的那篇充满偏见的报道。(confine to, spread)

6.他一到巴黎便把手里的钱全部兑换成欧元。(convert into)

7.这部莎士比亚剧本搬上中国舞台时为迎合中国观众的口味进行了改编，结果他更像一部中国的戏剧，而不是英国的戏剧。(tailor, so much so that)

8.如果你真想学好英语，就必须有一段时间不再讲母语。（abandon）

1.He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination.

2.As many more people came to the lecture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.

3.No matter what a long day he may have, he makes a point of checking his e-mail inbox before going to bed.

4.Unemployment is found in all countries in the world, but governments vary in their way to handle the problem.

5.Anyone who has come to a foreign country for the first time is apt to find everything around him both strange and interesting.

6.The football fans were very disappointed at the performance of the players of both teams.

7.Never take what he says at face value. Think it over yourself.

8.The doctor’s words removed his fears about the operation.

9.After months of negotiation, the two companies finally came up with a solution, which was in essence our original proposal.

10.The people of that African tribe worship the moon in much the same way that our ancestors worshipped the sun.

11.It is still a puzzle as to how the ancient Egyptian pyramids were built over 4,000 years ago. Some people speculate that they were built by

supernatural beings.

12.The illegal use of inferior building materials eventually resulted in the collapse of the hotel.

13.At present, many countries are taking action to mitigate the impact of the financial crisis on their economy.

14.The couple finally divorced after years of incessant quarrels, which had resulted from a lack of understanding.

15.The governments of the two countries agreed to set up a military hotline to reduce the risk of war due to incorrect information.

16.Some Chinese students were not very successful in America universities because they failed to adapt to the new environment there.

17.In October, 1935, the Chinese Red Army, having endured all the hardships and sacrifices, finally made/fought their way to the north of Shaanxi

Province.

18.In the economic crisis, the government released a statement, calling upon the people to buy local products as far as possible.

19.The politicians in various countries are trying their best to harness nuclear energy and restore the safe environment for the human race.

20.He didn’t hear the doorbell because he was rapt in his work.

21.This country suffers from frequent riots because of widespread extreme poverty, as well as people’s inherent distrust of the corrupt government.

22.In his report on the current economic situation, the economist used a lot of specific figures on the PPT to underline the seriousness of the crisis.

23.He answered with a smile, “Not at all. I did this as much for you as for myself.”

24. A man is measured not by what he says, but by what he does for his country and people.

25.He can’t even draw a distinction between French and Spanish, not to say speaking them.

26.In a craze for cultural relics in the 1990s, old chinaware, such as those handed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties, were much sought after by

collectors.

27.Despite the opposition of most of his advisors, the general decided to take his chances on the battle and suffered a total defeat in the end.

28.The Chinese nation has stood up to the vicissitudes of years and is now in the process of rejuvenation.

29.I wish you would confine your talk to the facts rather than spread word about the biased report in that newspaper.

30.The first thing he did after his arrival in Paris was to convert all his money into euros.

31.That Shakespearean play was tailored to the taste of the Chinese audience when it was put on the Chinese stage, so much so that it was more like a

Chinese play than an English one.

32.You must abandon your native language for some time, if you really want to acquire a good competence in English.

Unit 7

Unit 8

Focus on Global Warming

John Weier Twenty-five years ago if you made a trip to the local library and perused the periodical section for articles on global warming, you’d probably have come up with only a few abstracts from hardcore science journals or maybe a blurb in some esoteric geopolitical magazine. As an Internet search on global warming now attests, the subject has become as rooted in our public consciousness as Madonna or microwave cooking.

Perhaps all this attention is deserved. With the possible exception of another world war, giant asteroid, or an incurable plague, global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet. For decades human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming. Many see this as a harbinger of what is to come. If we don’t curb our greenhouse gas emissions, then low-lying nations could be awash in seawater, rain and drought patterns across the world could change, hurricanes could become more frequent, and El Ninos could become more intense.

What has worried many people now is that over the past 250 years humans have been artificially raising the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Our factories, power plants, and cars burn coal and gasoline and spit out a seemingly endless stream of carbon dioxide. We produce millions of pounds of methane by allowing our trash to decompose in landfills and by breeding large herds of methane-belching cattle. Nitrogen-based fertilizers, which we use on nearly all our crops, release unnatural amounts of nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere.

Once these carbon-based greenhouse gases get into the atmosphere, they stay there for decades or longer. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide levels have increased 31 percent and methane levels have increased 151 percent. Paleoclimate readings taken from fossil records show that these gases, two of the most abundant greenhouse gases, are at their highest levels in the past 420,000 years. Many scientists fear that the increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have prevented additional thermal radiation from leaving the Earth. In essence, these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earth’s atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.

Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears. Temperature data gathered from many different sources all across the globe show that the surface temperature of the Earth, which includes the lower atmosphere and the surface of the ocean, has risen dramatically over several decades. Worldwide measurements of sea level show a rise of 0.1 to 0.2 meters over the last century. T hat’s an increase of roughly 1℃every 4,000 years. Readings gathered from glaciers reveal a steady recession of the world’s continental glaci ers. Taken together, all of these data suggest that over the last century the planet has experienced the largest increase in surface temperature in 1,000 years.

Not surprisingly, many scientists speculate that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days. According to the IPCC, land surface areas will increase in temperature over the summer months much more than the ocean. The mid-latitude to high-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere — areas such as the Continental United States, Canada, and Siberia — will likely warm the most. These regions could exceed mean global warming by as much as 40 percent.

As far as human health is concerned, those hit hardest will probably be residents of poorer countries that do not have the funds to fend against changes in climate. A slight increase in heat and rain in equatorial regions would likely spark an increase in vector-borne diseases such as malaria. More intense rains and hurricanes could cause more severe flooding and more deaths in coastal regions and along riverbeds. Even a moderate rise in sea level could threaten the coastlines of low-lying islands such as the Maldives. All across the globe, hotter summers could lead to more cases of heatstroke and deaths among those who are vulnerable, such as older people with heart problems.

The warmer temperatures may also lead to higher levels of near-surface ozone from cars and factories, which would likely cause more perilous air quality days and hospital admissions for those with respiratory problems.

Fortunately, we can take actions to slow down global warming.Global warming results primarily from human activities that release heat-trapping gases and particles into the air. The most important causes include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil, and deforestation. To reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxides, we can curb our consumption of fossil fuels, use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible, and protect the forests in the world.

We can also do things to mitigate the impacts of global warming and adapt to those most likely to occur, e.g., through careful planning and other strategies that reduce our vulnerability to global warming.

But we can’t stop there. We are also advocating policies that will combat global warming over the long term, things like clean cars that run on alternative fuels, environmentally responsible renewable energy technologies, and stopping the clear-cutting of valuable forests.

Clearly, global warming is a huge problem. It will take everyone — governments, industry, communities and individuals working together to make a real difference. Fortunately you can be part of them.

Unit 9

Unit 10

The Jeaning of America

This is the story of a sturdy American symbol which has now spread throughout most of the world. The symbol is not the dollar. It is not even Coca-Cola. It is a simple pair of pants called blue jeans, and what the pants symbolize is what Alexis de Tocqueville called "a manly and legitimate passion for equality---" Blue jeans are favored equally by bureaucrats and cowboys; bankers and deadbeats; fashion designers and beer drinkers. They draw no distinctions and recognize no classes; they are merely American. Yet they are sought after almost everywhere in the world -- including Russia, where authorities recently broke up a teen-aged gang that was selling them on the black market for two hundred dollars a pair. They have been around for a long time, and it seems likely that they will outlive even the necktie.

本文讲述了美国一个坚实的象征物，如今已经遍及世界大部分地区。这个象征并不是美元。也不是可口可乐。而是一条被称作蓝色牛仔裤的普通裤子。这种裤子所象征的，正如亚克力西德托儿所谓的对“平等的果断的正当的追求”。无论是官员还是牛仔，银行家还是赖账徒，时尚设计师还是酗酒者都同样青睐蓝色牛仔裤。这种裤子不分高低贵贱，只要是美国人都可以穿。可是牛仔裤几乎在世界的任何地方都广受欢迎-- 包括俄罗斯，其当局最近刚刚粉碎了一个在黑市贩卖牛仔裤的团伙，他们的牛仔裤卖到了200美元一条。牛仔裤已经流行了很长时间了，看起来其生命力已经超过了领带。

This ubiquitous American symbol was the invention of a Bavarian-born Jew. His name was Levi Strauss.

He was born in Bad Ocheim, Germany, in 1829, and during the European political turmoil of 1848 decided to take his chances in New York, to which his two brothers already had emigrated. Upon arrival, Levi soon found that his two brothers had exaggerated their tales of an easy life in the land of the main chance. They were landowners, they had told him; instead, he found them pushing needles, thread, pots, pans, ribbons, yam, scissors and buttons to housewives. For two years he was a lowly peddler, hauling some 180 pounds of sundries door-to-door to eke out a marginal living. When a married sister

in San Francisco offered to pay his way West in 1850, he jumped at the opportunity, taking with him bolts of canvas he hoped to sell for tenting.

这种无处不在的美国象征是一个出生在巴伐利亚的犹太人发明的。他与1982年出生于德国的巴德奥且姆。1848年欧洲政局动荡期间，他决定去纽约试试运气，他的两个哥哥已经移民到了那里。到了纽约，里维发现他的两个哥哥广域他们在这片充满机遇的土地上生活的比较安逸的说法有点言过其实。他们说他们拥有土地。可他发现他们正向家庭主妇推销针线、锅罐、缎带、见到和纽扣。里维做了两年寒酸的小贩，拉着180磅的杂货挨家挨户的叫卖，勉强维持生计。他的一个嫁到旧金山的姐姐为他提供西行路费，他急忙抓住这个机会，带着几个帆布卷，他打算卖给别人做帐篷。It was the wrong kind of canvas for that purpose, but while talking with a miner down from the mother lode, he learned that pants -- sturdy pants that would stand up to the rigors of the digging -- were almost impossible to find. Opportunity beckoned.

岂料这些帆布并不适合做帐篷，不过里维与自主矿脉的矿工交谈后了解到，人们买不到耐得起采矿磨损的坚实耐穿的裤子。机会在向他招手。

On the spot, Strauss measured the man's girth and inseam with a piece of string and, for six dollars in gold dust, had [the canvas] tailored into a pair of stiff but rugged pants. The miner was delighted with the result, word got around about "those pants of Levi's," and Strauss was in business. The company has been in business ever since.

施特劳斯当场用一根带子量了那人的腰围和裤长，用帆布做成了一条粗硬的耐穿的裤子，卖了六美元的沙金。矿工觉得很满意，于是有关里维斯的裤子一词不胫而走。他的公司一直在运转。

When Strauss ran out of canvas, he wrote his two brothers to send more. He received instead a tough, brown cotton cloth made in Nimes, France -- called serge de Nimes and swiftly shortened to "denim" (the word "jeans" derives from Genes, the French word for Genoa, where a similar cloth was produced). Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets which have long since become a company trademark. The rivets were the idea of a Virginia City, Nevada, tailor, Jacob W. Davis, who added them to pacify a mean-tempered miner called Alkali Ike. Alkali, the story goes, complained that the pockets of his jeans always tore when he stuffed them with ore samples and demanded that Davis do something about it. As a kind of joke, Da vis took the pants to a blacksmith and had the pockets riveted; once again, the idea worked so well that word got around; in 1873 Strauss appropriated and patented the gimmick -- and hired Davis as a regional manager.

当施特莱斯用完了那些帆布料，他写信给他的两个哥哥，让他们在送点过来。没想到却受到了法国尼姆产的一种坚韧的棕色的棉布。称作“尼姆哔叽（”serge de Nimes），很快就简称为“劳动布”（英语词jeans牛仔裤）源自于法语的Genes，即英语的Genoa（热那亚）此地盛产一种类似的棉布）。从一开始，斯特赖斯将他的布料染成了湛蓝色。蓝牛仔裤因此而得名。不过，知道19世纪70年代，他才在牛仔裤上加了铜柳钉。长期以来，这铜柳丁成；公司的标志。给裤子加上柳丁是内华达州的一名名叫雅各布W戴维斯的裁缝所想出的主意。他这样做是为了安抚一个名叫叫阿尔克利.艾可的脾气暴躁的矿工。这名矿工抱怨他往牛仔裤里放矿石标本时，牛仔裤的口袋那里总是被撕破，他要求戴维斯想想办法。戴维斯有点像开玩笑，把裤子拿到了铁匠铺，给口袋打上柳丁。这一招果然奏效，消息不胫而走。1873年，施特莱斯采纳了这一小发明，出资为其申请了专利，并雇用了戴维斯去做地区经理。

By this time, Strauss had taken both his brothers and two brothers-in-law into the company and was ready for his third San Francisco store. Over the ensuing years the company prospered locally, and by the time of his death in 1902, Strauss had become a man of prominence in California. For three decades thereafter the business remained profitable though small, with sales largely confined to the working people of the Westcowboys, lumberjacks, railroad workers, and the like. Levi’s jeans were first introduced to the East, apparently, during the dude-ranch craze of the 1930s, when vacationing Easterners returned and spread the word about the wonderful pants with rivets. Another boost came in World War II, when blue jeans were declared an essential commodity and were sold only to people engaged in defense work. From a company with fifteen salespeople, two plants, and almost no business east of the Mississippi in 1946, the organization grew in thirty years to include a sales force of more than twenty-two thousand, with fifty plants and offices in thirty five countries. Each year, more than

250,000,000 items of Levi's clothing are sold -- including more than 83,000,000 pairs of riveted blue jeans. They have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America. They can be purchased

pre-wash-ed, pre-faded, and pre-shrunk for the suitably proletarian look. They adapt themselves to any sort of idiosyncratic use; women slit them at the inseams and convert them into long skirts, men chop them off above the knees and turn them into something to be worn while challenging the surf. Decorations and ornamentations abound.

这时候，斯特赖斯把他的两位哥哥和两个姐夫带进了公司，并准备在旧金山开办他第三家商店。此后的几十年，公司在当地生意兴隆。直到1902年施特劳斯去世时，他已经成为加利福尼亚的知名人士。在此后的30年，生意虽然小，但一直在盈利。主要的销售对象是西部劳工阶层--—诸如牛仔、伐木工、铁路工之类的人。里维斯的牛仔第一次被引进到东部，显然，20世纪30年代农场热，在西部度假的东部人回家后，到处宣扬带着柳丁的奇妙的裤子。二战期间，蓝色牛仔裤再一次走俏，被宣布为紧要商品，只卖给从事防务工作的人，从1946年，只有15名销售人员，两家工厂，以及在密西西比东部没有任何业务的公司，在30年间，发展成一个拥有2万2千人的销售团队，并在35个国家开设了55个工厂和办事处。每年，里维斯服装的销售量都超过了两千五百万件，其中拥有830万件是钉有柳丁的蓝色牛仔裤。通过市场营销，口口相传，以及显而易见的可靠性，牛仔裤成了美国的寻常裤装。人们可以买到进行过水洗的、褪色和缩水处理的牛仔裤，以符合无产阶级的形象。牛仔裤几经改造还可以供各种癖好的人使用。妇女们将裤管拆开，将裤子改成裙装。男人们将其从膝盖下方截下来，变成冲浪用的短裤。人们还给牛仔裤装上各式各样的装饰。

The pants have become a tradition, and along the way have acquired a history of their own -- so much so that the company has opened a museum in San Francisco. There was, for example, the turn-of-the-century trainman who replaced a faulty coupling with a pair of jeans; the Wyoming man who used his jeans as a towrope to haul his car out of a ditch; the Californian who found several pairs in an abandoned mine, wore them, then discovered they were sixty-three years old and still as good as new and turned them over to the Smithsonian as a tribute to their toughness. And then there is the particularly terrifying story of the careless construction worker who dangled fifty-two stories above the street until rescued, his sole support the Levi' s belt loop through which his rope was hooked.

牛仔裤已经成为一种传统。在其发展过程中叶谱写了自己的历史-- 这历史丰富多彩的公司，在旧金山开设了一家博物馆。馆中的展品有，例如：一位列车员用一条牛仔裤代替一条失灵的联轴器。；怀俄明州的一个男子用牛仔裤把汽车从沟里拖出来，：一个加利福尼亚人在一个废弃的矿井里捡到几条牛仔裤，穿上的时候才发现这些裤子有63岁年历史了，但却和新的一样好，变将他们捐赠给史密斯学会，以表彰他们的坚实耐用。还有一个特别惊心动魄的故事：一个粗心的建筑工人悬挂在52层楼上，直至获救，他的唯一支撑点就是李维牛仔裤的裤带扣，他的安全绳就扣着这裤带扣。