无主句的翻译

汉语无主句的英译初探

摘要：汉语中有无主句，而且应用范围相当广泛。但是，英语里却没有相应的结构。在把汉语无主句翻译成英语时，我们必须根据具体情况，将其译成英语中的不同句式。本文例举并讨论了在翻译无主句时最常见的八种处理方法，并逐一用实例说明之。

关键词：无主句，翻译

Abstract: In Chinese, there is a type of sentences known as non-subject sentences and it is quite often used. However, there is no non-subject sentence in English. Therefore, in translation we have to translate Chinese non-subject sentences into various English sentences. In this paper, we discuss the most often used techniques in translating Chinese non-subject sentences into English.

Key Words: non-subject sentence translation

无主句是指没有主语1[1]的句子，这类句子的特点是从结构上看它们没有主语，但是，其它句子成分都有可能出现。汉语中有大量的无主句，它是十分常见的句式之一。汉语无主句有着以下特征：

1. 语义简洁、明了、不拖沓；

2. 虽然没有主语，但是，其主语要么是不言而喻的；要么是在上下文中已经表达明白了的；要么是泛指的人或事物；要么是在语境2[2]中已经确定了的；

3. 在诸如公文体、科技体等正式语体中无主句大量使用；

4. 书面语的无主句常常具有严肃性、权威性的特点；

5. 指令性（含禁令性）语句，大量使用无主句加以表达。

英语句子除祈使句型和省略句型以外，一般都是有主语的。因此在翻译汉语无主句时，必须根据具体情况选择不同的英语句式加以表达。本文拟对汉语无主句英译时的一些规律性的东西作一个初步的总结和讨论。

一、用There存在句翻译无主句

有的无主句表达一种事实，特别是科技语篇中这种用法十分常见。在翻译的过程中，我们可以用英语的There存在句翻译这一类无主句。使用There存在句可以把所述存在物或情况用作英语句子的实义主语。

(1) 不容否定一批新型材料的作用，这些材料包括合成纤维如尼龙，和合成树脂，如乙烯基树脂。

There is no denying the function of lots of new materials, including synthetic textiles such as nylon and synthetic resins such as vinyl resins

(2)出于诸如生产裂变材料、放射性同位素以及发电等不同目的，不能忽视安装多种类型的反应堆。

There should be no neglecting the carefulness in installation of types of reactors for a number of different purposes, such as the production of fissile materials, the production of radio isotope, and the generation of electricity.

二、用分裂句翻译无主句

汉语无主句可以用来强调某些语义成分。常见的强调型无主句由“正是”、“就是”等词语引导。英语分裂句（cleft-sentence）也可以表达强调语义。所以，许多强调型无主句可以用分裂句来翻译。

(3)正是为了减少摩擦力才把机器部件上了油。

It is for the purpose of lessening friction that we oil the machine parts.

(4)就是只在使用雷达时，才能把远距离的轮廓显示在接收机的荧光屏上。

It is only when radar is made use of that the outlines of distant objects can be shown on the viewing screen of the receiver.

三、用被动句翻译无主句

被动句的大量使用是科技和其它正式英语语体的明显特征之一，同时，英语被动句的使用频率远高于汉语被动句的使用频率。其中一部分英语被动句式跟汉语无主句所表达的意义相同。我们可以用英语被动句来翻译这一部分无主句。最常见的情况是：可以译成被动句的无主句是语义上相当于英语It is V-ed that-cl和S+be+V-ed+to inf结构所表达的含义这一类型。其它类型的无主句，也有可以译成被动句的。

(5)估计这需要十万美元。

It is estimated that it will cost $100,000.

(6)据悉他今天来不了。

It is said that he can't be here today.

(7)据说双方已经同意达成一个解决办法。

Both sides are said to have agreed to a settlement.

(8)应该保证操作过程中脉冲信号本身不出现中断现象。

Care should be taken to ensure that the pulse，itself shall allow no interruptions during operation.

(9)除液化汽之外，不可使用其它燃料。

No other fuel but liquefied gas is allowed.

四、用英语祈使句翻译无主句

指令句型和禁令句型有很多是无主句。这些句子经常用于法律文书、说明文书、实验指南、招牌说明、包装物的指示说明以及各种指令等文体。英语的祈使句通常也可以用于指令和禁令的表达。因此，指令型和禁令型无主句中有许多可以译成英语的祈使句。

(10)请勿在此喧哗。

Don't talk here.

(11). 小心轻放。

Handle with care.

(12)开动辅助燃油压力系统，使燃油压力达到1.20千克／平方厘米。

Operate the auxiliary fuel pressure system to obtain a fuel pressure of 1.20 kg/cm2. (13)开机前，务必把机器放置平稳。

Make sure that the machine is level before starting it.

五、用省略句翻译无主句

这种处理方法，主要用于翻译包装物的指示说明和招牌用语，有的简短说明或指示语也可以这么处理。需要注意的是在翻译这类无主句时，一定要特别注意照顾到英语的表达习惯。千万不能只考虑汉语意思，然后用一个表面上正确的说法对译过去就算了。我们曾经见到过有的公共场所挂着：“Do not smoke!” 、“Do not spit!”字样指示牌。这些就是典型的只看汉语外加正确的英语语法的死译。表面上看这些译法好象并没有什么错

误，但是，挂在那里就是不对劲。原因在于译者没有注意到语言的使用是需要讲究：在适当的语境下使用得体的语言表达形式的。而这“得体的语言表达形式”有时是约定俗成的。作为语言使用人的译者只有遵循这些约定俗成的义务，而无权破坏它们。

(14)此端向上。

Right side up.

(15)请勿抽烟。

No smoking. (或：Non-smoking.)

(16)严禁内服。

For external use only.

(17). 请勿动手。

Hands off.

六、用英语SVC结构翻译无主句。

有的无主句可以用英语的主＋系＋补结构来翻译。在作这样的翻译处理时，要注意到此时，英语句子中的主语通常是相应汉语句子中的宾语。

(18)应当使整个生产过程不受污染。

The entire process should be free of contamination.

(19)需要定期维修。

Regular maintenance is necessary.

七、用先行it作主语的句型翻译无主句

这是的英语句子，用it作形式主语，用不定式或that分句作真实主语。

(20)在当今社会上，学好英语十分重要。

It is extremely important to master English in society today.

(21)最好空腹服此补品。

It is your best choice to take the tonic on an empty stomach.

(22)要求倒换一下阴极和阳极。

It is required that the polarities of cathode and anode should be reversed.

八、根据具体情况，选取一个适当的主语来翻译无主句。

很多情况下，我们可以在英语译文中增加泛指人称代词作为句子主语。有时，也可以根据增加或选用一个恰当的名词主语。

(23)必须熟习各种国际惯例。

You should be familiar with various international practices. (增加泛指人称代词you)

(24)不要在此停车。

We can't park here. (增加泛指人称代词we)

(25)对下列问题，必须经出席会议的董事一致通过，方可作出决定。

Decisions on the following items shall be made only when unanimously agreed upon by the directors present at the Board meeting. (选择名词decisions作主语)

至此我们例举了八种翻译汉语无主句是经常使用的处理方法。除上述八种常见的处理方法以外，还可以根据具体情况，将无主句译成其它形式的英语句子。但是，这八种处理方法是翻译汉语无主句时的最为经常使用的，我们在从事翻译活动时应该灵活使用。

参考书目：

傅新安袁海君汉英语法比较指南(M) 上海交通大学出版社1994

章振邦新编英语语法(修定本) (M) 上海译文出版社1989

李嘉耀李熙宗实用语法修辞教程(M) 复旦大学出版社1996

汉语无主句的翻译

无主句即句子只有谓语而没有主语，翻译成英语时，往往要补上主语或改变句型，使译文符合英语语言习惯。一般说来，无主句可采用以下几种方法来翻译：

（一）根据上下文，补出主语。

1．没有调查，就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak. 2．只有努力工作，才能使山河改变面貌。Only by working hard can we change the backwardness of this land.

3．如果想在有生之年做一点什么事，学一点什么学问，充实自己，帮助别人，使生命成为有意义，不虚此生，那么就不可浪费光阴。Time must not be wasted if you want to do your bit in your remaining years or acquire some useful knowledge to improve yourself and help others,so that your life may turn out to be significant and fruitful.

4．弄不好，就会前功尽弃。If things are not properly handled,our labor will be totally lost.

（二）汉语动宾结构的无主句，译为英语的被动句。

1．大厅里悄无一人，只听见钟在嘀嗒嘀嗒地走着。No one was in the hall;only the ticking of a clock could be heard.

2．没有爱心，就无法了解人生。Life can not be understood without much charity （人与人之间的爱、博爱）.

3．只有认识落后，才能改变落后。Only when the backwardness is perceive d（领会、理解、认识）can it be changed.

4．封面上印着一个猎人的像。The figure of a hunter was printed on the cover.

（三）译为英语的祈使句。

1．小心轻放。Handle with care.

2．请讲慢些。Speak a little slower,please.

3．勿将头伸出窗外！Don’t be leaning out of the window!

（四）译为英语的存在句。

1．没有顺利，无所谓困难；没有困难，也无所谓顺利。Without facility（容易、简易）,there would be no difficult;without difficult,there would be also no facility.

2．可能还有空位子给你们坐。There might still be some vacant seats for you. （五）译为英语的倒装句

1．随着一声吼叫，砰地从树林里窜出一只老虎来。Following the roar,out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.

2．接着是八年抗战。Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.

（六）采用英语的形式主语。

1．现在没有多远了。I t’s only a short way now.

2．看起来老吴的意见更实际一些。It seems that Comrade Wu’s idea is more practical.

3．没明确宣布新路什么时候通车。It hasn’t been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.

汉语有很多无主句，这符合汉语意合的思维习惯。而英语则重形合，句子里一般都需要有主语。汉译英时，需要补出省略的主语，或改变句型结构，以符合译语的习惯。

例1：

原文：但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义做出适当的估计了。（2005年真题）

译文：However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what are his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be that difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one's life.

例2：

原文：开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。（2004年真题）

译文：The starter or cold dish will leave you a very good impression.

分析：这句话没有用we作主语，而是巧妙地把句子中的逻辑宾语充当了译文的主语。

例3：

原文：没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。

译文：Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.

1、翻译成被动句

房子盖在西院：The house is built in the west yard.

有时候由于文化背景和风俗习惯的不同也容易引起误解；

Sometimes, the mistake is easy to be raised because of different cultural backgroud and custom.

在解决环境问题时，不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益，还要考虑全世界的长远利益。Consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of the whole world.

2、补充主语

The thought of spengding another year here makes me phisically sick.

我一想到要在这再呆一年就浑身不舒服。

走一步看一步：You should look back before you take another step.

活到老学到老：You should learn as more as you live.

不怕寒冷、不怕危险、不怕饥饿、不怕困难，勇敢的战士什么都不怕。

The brave soldiers fear nothing even if cold,danger, hunger and difficulty.

3、以动名词做主语

打是疼，骂是爱，不打不骂千奇百怪：Beating and scolding is love, it is strange without them.

跑跑跳跳助消化：Running and jumping is helpfull for digestion.

4、翻译成There be句型

庖有肥肉，厩有肥马，民有饥色，野有饿殍。

There is plentfull meat in the kitchen , strong horses in the scable,but the people look hungery, and many starve to death in the field.

在确定消减速度时，要考虑许多因素。

There are many factors to be considered in determining to cut the speed.

目前对各种消费品的需求量已大大增加。

There is a big increase in the demand for various consuming goods at present.

5、翻译为带有形式主语的句子

倾囊相助是一种美德。It is a virtul to empty your purse to help others.

应当指出，如果国际社会不能帮助发展中国家尽快摆脱贫困和落后，世界就不能有持久的繁荣和发展。

It should be pointed out , unless the international community helps the developing countries to get rid of poverty and backwardness as soon as possible, there is no sustained prosperity and development in the world.

商务英语句子及翻译

1、The market leader is frequently able to lead other firms in the introduction of new products, in price changes, in the level or intensity of promotions, and so on. 市场领导者在引进新产品、调整价格、促销活动等方面能够领导其它企业。 2、Contrary to a common belief, wholly dominating a market, or having a monopoly, is seldom an advantage: competitors expand markets and find new uses and users for products, which enriches everyone in the field, but the market leader more than its competitors. 和普遍看法相反，完全控制市场，或者垄断，很难有优势：竞争者扩大市场，寻找产品的新用途和客户，从而使这个领域的人富有，但是市场领导者比竞争者得到更多。 3、In the car hire business, the challenger actually advertises this fact: for many years Avis used the slogan ‘We’re number two. We try harder.’ 在汽车市场，竞争者登广告的真相是：阿维斯多年来一直用这个标语“我们是第二，我们一直很努力。” 4、Although small companies are generally flexible, and can quickly respond to market conditions, their narrow range of customers causes problematic fluctuations in turnover and profit. 尽管一些小公司很灵活，能够迅速对市场情况做出反应，他们有限的范围内的客户们导致翻覆波动和利润的不确定。5、Although the market could understand data concerning companies’earnings, it was highly inefficient in valuing assets, including land, buildings and pension funds. 尽管市场能够获悉企业收入的资料，对价值资产的利用效率非常低，包括土地，建筑和养老基金。 6、The ideal targets for such buyouts were companies with huge cash reserves that enabled the buyer to pay the interest on the debt, or companies with successful subsidiaries that could be sold to repay the principal, or companies in fields that are not sensitive to a recession such as food and tobacco.

英语简单句翻译练习

英语简单句翻译练习 1.由于大火的结果，成千上万的人失去了家园。 As a result of the fire, thousands of people lost their homes. 2.学生们一路上不停地说笑。 The students went on talking and laughing all the way. 3.我妈妈叫我做作业，而不是洗碗。 My mother asked me to do my homework instead of washing dishes. 4.在公共场合，不允许人们吸烟。 People aren’t allowed to smoke in public places. 5.昨天下午我妈在那家商店给我买了橡皮、小刀和铅笔盒等。 Yesterday afternoon my mother bought me an eraser,a knife, a pencil-box and so on. 6.我英语发音方面有些困难。 I have some difficulties in English pronunciation. 7.祝你在深圳玩得愉快。 Have a pleasant/wouderful time in Shenzhen. 8.这顶帽子是由手工而不是机器做的。 The hat is made by hand not by machine. 9.明天晚上我要到机场去送我姨妈。 Tomorrow evening I’m going to the airport to see my aunt off. 10.所有的学生都必须遵守校规。 All the students must obey the school rules. 11.事实上，我非常喜欢学英语。 In fact, I like to study English very much. 12.有时，英语口语完全不同于英语书面语。 Sometimes spoken English is different from written English. 13.我们学校图书馆将为学生们提供各种类型的书。 The library of our school will supply all kinds of books to the students. 14.下一年我的家乡将建一所新医院。 A new hospital will be built in my hometown next year. 15.许多人在这次车祸中丧生，仅有少数幸运者没有受伤。 A lot of people lost their lives in the accident. Only a few lucky ones were not injured. 16.玉米最先在美国种植。 Corn was first grown in America. 17.飞机比火车重20倍。 The plane is twenty times heavier than the car.

商务英语精读翻译

精读翻译 1. 经理先生，明天我可以不来上班吗？我母亲要来看我 Mr. Manager, may I take a day off tomorrow? My mother is coming to see me. 2. 警察悬赏捉拿抢劫银行罪犯的线索 The police offered a reward for clues about the bank robbers. 3. 上周我生病时，她主动提出来帮助我照顾孩子。 When I was ill last week, she offered to look after my child. 4. 除了厨房以外，这套公寓应该说是非常令人满意的了 Except for the kitchen, the flat is very satisfactory. 5. 她去年被提升为部门经理。 She was promoted to branch manager last year. 6. 人人都累极了，只有约翰没事。 Everyone was exhausted except John. 7. 谁在经营这家公司？ Who's running this company? 8. 他伸手到口袋里去拿钱包。 He reached into his pocket for the wallet 1.我想在镇上买幢房子，但现在买不起 I want to buy a house in town, but can't afford it now. 2.今年生意很好，我们可以买一辆新汽车了。 We can afford a new car this year because of good business/thanks to good business. 3.他把房子照料得很好，每两年粉刷一次 He took good care of the house and painted it every second year/every other year/once in two years 4.她每隔三天回家一次，帮母亲打扫房间。 She went home to help mother to clean the rooms every fourth day/every four days/once in four days. 5.他把家具搬进了另一个房间。 He moved the furniture into another room. 6.他们不喜欢住在这个地区，所以想搬到别处去。 They don't like this place, and have decided to move house to another residential area. 7.李明和其他四位同学合住一个房间。 Li Ming shares the dormitory with four other students. 8.他们俩合买了一台电视机。 They shared the payment for a TV. 1.对不起，我们不招聘学生。 I'm afraid that the position is not open to students. 2.前两天我突然看到一封法国的来信。 I came across a letter from France the other day. 3.他把手放在胸口，显得十分诚恳。 He put his hand on his chest as if to show sincerity. 4.我已经填好了申请表 I've filled in the application form. 5.她身上穿了件外套。

商务英语句子翻译整理

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简单句并列句的翻译练习1-20

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商务英语精读句子翻译58598

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经典商务英语句子翻译

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