英语词汇学第二章复习资料

第二章

词汇：

prussian普鲁士语

Lithuanian 立陶宛语

Bulgarian 保加利亚语

Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语

Persian 波斯语

Bengali 孟加拉语

Hindi 印地语

Romany 吉卜赛语

Norwegian挪威语

Danish 丹麦语

Swedish 瑞典语

inhabit v.居住，栖息

Celt n.凯尔特人

dominated v. 控制 adj. 占主导地位的；强势的

blot out完全清除（思想、记忆等）；遮盖Christianity n. 基督教

Scandinavian n. 斯堪的纳维亚人

vowel n. 元音

inflected adj. 屈折的

Dutch n. 荷兰人；荷兰语

heritage n. 遗产；传统

Renaissance n. 文艺复兴

colonization n. 殖民；殖民地化

tentacles n. 触手

enabling v. 使能够；授权给

synthetic n. 合成物 adj. 综合的；合成的

modes n. 模式

archaic adj. 古代的

obsolete adj. 废弃的；老式的

要点：

一. Indo-European language family (Europe, the Near East, India)

eastern:

1.Balto –Slavic：Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Bulgarian,Czech,Slovenian,Russian

2.Albanian

3.Indo-Iranian:Persian,Bengali,Hindi,Romany(后三个来源于Sanskrit古梵语)

4.Armenian

western:

1.Italic:Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,Roumanian

2.Celtic:Irish,Breton（布里多尼语）,Scottish,Welsh(威尔士语）

3.Germanic(日耳曼）:Norwegian,Icelandic,Danish,Swedish,German,English （Scandinavian)

4.Hellenic:Greek

二. History (时间，历史事件，特征)

1. Old English (450-1150) totally 50,000-60,000 words

[The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. ]

1).The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Sax on dominated and blotted out

the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English.

2).At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the En glish vocabulary.The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words.

3).In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English.

At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech.

特点: highly inflected language ,complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)

2.Middle English (1150-1500) English, Latin, French

[Until 1066, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was

mainly Germanic. ]

1).But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.

2).By the end of the 13th century, English gradually come back into public areas.

Between 1250 and 1500

about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use

today.

3).As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.(trade relation)

特点: fewer inflections ,leveled ending

3. Modern English (1500-up to now) (printing)early modern English (1500-1700)

late modern En glish(1700-up to now)

1).The Renaissance, Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world‘s great literary heritage.

2).The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century.

With the growth of colonization, British tentacles began a

stretching out of to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.

3).After World War II, many new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.

More words are created by means of word-formation.

4).in modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions .English has evolved from a (特点:)synthetic language to the present analytic language.

(science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of

24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .

mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. )

特点: ending are almost lost.

三. Three main sources new words

1).The rapid development of modern science and technology

2).Social, economic and political changes

3).The influence of other cultures and languages

四. Three modes of vocabulary development

1). Creation–the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.) 2). Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need

3). Borrowing–to take in words from other languages.(particularly in earlier time)

4 ). (Reviving archaic or obsolete)

French 30%, Latin 8%, Japanese Italian 7%, Spanish 6%, German Greek 5%, Russian

Yiddish 4%