2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章

2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：普京的魅力

Charlemagne

查理曼

Russia's friends in black

俄罗斯的隐形朋友

Why Europe's populists and radicals admire VladimirPutin

为何欧洲民粹派与激进派皆欣赏普京

IF EUROPE'S far-right parties do as well as many expect in May's European election, no worldleader will be happier than Vladimir Putin. For a man who claims to be defending Russian-speakers in Ukraine against fascists and Nazis, the Russian president has some curiousbedfellows on the fringes of European politics, ranging from the creepy uniformed followers ofJobbik in Hungary to the more scrubbed-up National Front in France.

倘若在不久的五月欧洲大选上，欧洲右翼党派的表现能如很多人所期望的那样，那么普京应该是最为此而开心的领导人。俄总统曾表示自己会支持护卫在乌克兰对峙法西斯和纳粹的俄国民众，他也由此获得几位处于欧洲政治边缘的特殊盟友，包括“为了更好的匈牙利运动”(Jobbik)的团结一致的追随者，和更透明的法国民族阵线。

There was a time when Russia's friends were principally on the left. There are still some pro-Moscow communists, for instance in Greece. But these days the Kremlin's chums are mostvisible on the populist right. The crisis in Ukraine has brought out their pro-Russiansympathies, most overtly when a motley group of radicals was invited to vouch for Crimea'sreferendum on rejoining Russia. The “observers”included members of the National Front,Jobbik, the Vlaams Belang in Belgium, Austria's Freedom Party (FPO) and Italy's NorthernLeague, as well as leftists from Greece and Germany and an assortment of eccentrics. Theydeclared that the ballot, denounced by most Western governments as illegitimate, had beenexemplary.

曾一度，俄罗斯的盟友主要为左翼分子。现在部分地区仍有亲俄共产主义者，希腊就是其一。而如今克里姆林宫的密友多属于民粹派。乌克兰危机激起他们的亲俄情绪，且当一大帮混杂的激进分子受邀担保有关克里米亚重返俄罗斯的公投一事时，这种亲俄情绪达到高潮。这些所谓的“观察家”有来自法国民族阵线、“为了更好的匈牙利运动”、比利时弗拉芒利益党、奥地利自由党和意大利北党的，还有希腊与德国的左翼分子及一伙各式各样的奇葩。他们宣言，被多数西方政府谴责为非法的选举早已为典范。

So what does Europe's far right see in Mr Putin? As nationalists of various stripes, theirsympathies might have lain with their Ukrainian fellows fighting to escape Russian influence. Infact, argues Peter Kreko of Political Capital, a Hungarian think-tank, beyond favourabletreatment in Russian-sponsored media, many are attracted by Mr Putin's muscular assertionof national interests, his emphasis on Christian tradition, his opposition to homosexuality andthe way he has brought vital economic sectors

under state control. For some, pan-Slavic ideasin eastern Europe play a role. A common thread is that many on the far right share Mr Putin'shatred for an order dominated by America and the European Union. For Mr Putin, support fromthe far right offers a second channel for influence in Europe.

那么，欧洲极右派究竟从普京身上看出了什么?作为各国的民族主义者，他们对俄的怜悯之心或许是因乌克兰伙伴努力挣脱俄罗斯影响而起。实际上，匈牙利诸葛亮——政治资本研究所的研究主任彼得·科瑞克(PeterKreko)发表说，多数人支持俄罗斯，不止因为受到俄罗斯媒体友好相待，还因为受到普京的鼓舞，他信誓旦旦地表态一切以国家利益为重，强调发扬基督传统美德，反对同性恋，且成功实现国家对重要经济行业的有效控制。对另外一些人而言，东欧的泛斯拉夫主义也起到一定促进作用。当然有一重要连线就是许多人和普京一样憎恶当下由美国和欧盟掌控的格局。对普京而言，有了极右翼分子的支持，俄罗斯又多了一种影响欧洲的新途径。

The flirtation with Russia first became apparent in eastern Europe some years ago, despitememories of Soviet occupation. Jobbik, which took 20% of the vote in Hungary's recentelection, denounced Russian riots in Estonia after the removal of a Soviet war memorial in2007. But a year later it backed Russia's military intervention in Georgia. Far-right parties inBulgaria and Slovakia also supported Russia. Since then, Russian influence has becomeapparent in western Europe, too. Marine Le Pen, leader of the National Front, has been givenred-carpet treatment in Moscow and even visited Crimea last year. At December's congress ofItaly's Northern League, pro-Putin officials were applauded when they spoke of sharing“common Christian European values”. Among those attending were three nascent allies: GeertWilders of the Netherlands' Party for Freedom, Heinz-Christian Strache of the FPO, and Ludovicde Danne, Ms Le Pen's European adviser.

最先和俄罗斯套近乎的是东欧地区，发生于数年前，尽管它有过被苏维埃侵占的历史。不久前的匈牙利选举大会上，选民占20%的“为了更好的匈牙利运动”曾在07年当全国已然忘却苏维埃对其的侵占史后，公开谴责俄罗斯在乔治亚州发动的暴乱。然而，一年过后，格鲁吉亚转而赞同俄军事干涉乔治利亚。保加利亚和的极右党同样也支持俄罗斯。从此，俄在西欧的影响力也已显露无疑。法国民族阵线领袖马琳·勒庞(Marine Le Pen)去年已在莫斯科受到红毯待遇，甚至还访问了克米利亚。12月，意大利的北方联盟国会上，当亲普京官员发言共同拥护欧洲基督教价值观时，博得阵阵掌声。当时的参会人员为三大新生盟友：荷兰右翼自由党领袖威尔德(Geert Wilders)、奥地利自由党领袖海因茨.斯特拉赫(Heinz-Christian Strache)和马琳·勒庞的欧洲顾问Ludovic de Danne(没查到译名)。

For Mr de Danne the parties share an aversion to the euro and, more widely, to the EU'sfederalist dream. They oppose globalisation and favour protectionism. They seek a “Europe ofhomelands”, stretching from Lisbon to Vladivostok. As for Ukraine, he calls the revolution inKiev “illegitimate” and says the referendum in Crimea was justified by the pro-Russiansentiment of the Crimean population. By attaching themselves to the EU and America,Ukraine's new rulers expose their country to IMF oppression and the pillage of its naturalresources. Such dalliance with Mr Putin may create trouble for Mr Wilders, who sees the EU as amonster but is a strong supporter of gay rights. According to Mr de Danne, the Euroscepticalliance has agreed to co-ordinate only on internal EU matters, not international affairs.

在(Mr de Danne)看来，这些党派均憎恶欧元，或说得更广些，均不认同欧盟未来的联邦蓝图。他们反对全球主义，支持保护主义。他们在寻找“欧洲家园”，该版图横跨里斯本至符拉迪沃斯托克(俄罗斯一城市)。至于

乌克兰，他称的基辅革命(乌克兰共和国首都)是非法的，克里米亚的公投因本国的亲俄情感是合理公正的。乌克兰新任领导人亲附欧盟与美国，实质上是置本国于国际货币基金组织压迫之下，置国内自然资源于遭掠夺境地。如此与普京拉近关系，之后或许会给那位视欧盟为禽兽却大赞同性恋关系威尔德(Mr Wilders)带来诸多麻烦。据(Mr de Danne)透露，反欧联盟已达成协议，仅就欧盟内部事务展开合作，国际事务不在合作范围之内。

A degree of admiration for Mr Putin also stretches to Britain's UK Independence Party (UKIP).It sees Ms Le Pen and Mr Wilders as too tainted by racism and is parting ways with theNorthern League. But UKIP's leader, Nigel Farage, while insisting he dislikes Mr Putin's methods,thinks the Russian leader has skilfully wrong-footed America and Europe. The EU, he declared ina televised debate, “has blood on its hands” for raising Ukraine's hopes of EU membership andprovoking Mr Putin. Mr Farage's critique is perhaps a way of attacking the EU's enlargementpolicy, which is now linked by many to immigration. Yet it is also an implicit admission that theclub remains attractive to those outside it.

追捧普京热潮已袭至英国独立党(UKIP)。它认为马琳·勒庞 and 威尔德已被民族主义冲昏头脑，正和北方联盟分道扬镳。英国独立党领袖奈杰尔·法拉奇(Nigel Farage)尽管不认同普京的处事方法，但仍觉得这位俄罗斯总统巧妙地将美国和欧盟打得措手不及。一次，他在电视辩论上曾批判欧盟“双手沾满血腥味儿”，因为是它挑起俄米争端进而引发战争，是它鼓吹乌克兰心生独立入欧的想法并迫害普京。奈杰尔·法拉奇如此批判欧盟，或许意在攻击欧盟的扩张策略，这种策略现多和移民相关联。然而，无可否认的是，正如城外人总是想往城内挤，许多非欧盟成员仍是热切希望加入该组织。

Hello, Comrade

你好，战友

Mr Putin is too clever to rely only on Europe's insurgent parties, successful as some may be. Soas well as cultivating anti-establishment groups, he has worked to entice national elites. WhileJobbik advocates closer economic relations with the east, Hungary's Prime Minister, ViktorOrban, is already doing it. A veteran of the struggle against communism, embodying thecatchphrase “Goodbye, Comrade”, Mr Orban recently signed a deal with Russia to expand anuclear-power plant, financed by a 10 billion ($14 billion) Russian loan. He has sought toweaken European sanctions against Russia. In Italy the Northern League's leader, MatteoSalvini, may shout “viva the referendum in Crimea”, but Matteo Renzi, the centre-left primeminister, has also been assiduous in resisting tough sanctions.

虽然单靠欧洲那些叛党，普京或许就能实现自己的目标，但他非常精明，在这过程中还动用了其它力量。一方面鼓吹建立反欧盟组织，另一方面还诱使国家精英为其所用。尽管还在提议加强与东欧的经济联系，匈牙利总理维克多·奥班(Viktor Orban)早已将其付诸实践。维克多·奥班驰骋打倒共产主义战场多年，充分阐述了“再见，战友”这一短语。近期，他与俄签署了扩建核发电站的协议，将得到俄100亿英镑(140亿美元)的经济援助。他竭力削减欧盟对俄罗斯的国际制裁。意大利北方联盟领袖马特奥·萨利维尼(Matteo Salvini)也许会呼喊“克米利亚公投万岁”，但中左翼总理马特奥·兰奇(Matteo Renzi)也在奋力抵制严格的国际制裁。

Anti-EU parties will no doubt become stronger and noisier, but they lack the numbers and thecohesion fundamentally to change EU business in the European Parliament. Their effect will bemore subtle. They

may force mainstream parties in the parliament into more backroom deals,deepening the EU's democratic deficit. Their agitation is more likely to influence nationalpolitics and to push governments into more Eurosceptic positions. And they will provide an echochamber for Mr Putin, making it harder still for the Europeans to come up with a firm and unitedresponse to Mr Putin's military challenge to the post-war order in Europe. There is more atstake in May than a protest vote.

反欧各党必然会逐日强大，反对声音也会日渐加大，但他们的盟友太少，且眼下缺少彻底改变欧盟大事在欧洲议会地位的凝聚力。但，他们也将产生更微妙的影响力。他们或许能够迫使议会主要党派进行黑箱操作，加重欧盟民主危机。而且，他们这种不满情绪很可能会波及各国政治，诱导各政府开始反欧。与此同时，他们还会提供普京“回音室”，这样使得欧洲更难坚定一致地对抗普京敢于改变欧洲格局的军事行动。五月，不仅仅只是抗议投票遭遇重重危机。

1.as well as 既…又…; 除…之外

例句:He was suffering from shock as well as theafter-effects of drugs.

他在受着毒品毒副作用影响的同时还出现了休克。

2.for instance 例如;比如;举例说

例句:Ethiopia, for instance uses the equivalent ofjust twenty kilos of oil per head a year.

比如说，埃塞俄比亚每年的人均消费支出仅相当于20公斤的石油。

3.in fact 实际上，其实

例句:You have to admit that you are,in fact, in difficulties.

你不得不承认，你事实上是陷入了困境。

4.according to 根据;按照;依照

例句:He advocates streaming children, and educating them according to their needs.

他提倡把学生按能力分班，因需施教。

2016考研英语阅读题源经济学人文章：房市降温

The housing market

房市

Cool it

该降温了

Property prices are rising swiftly. The Bank ofEngland may intervene

房价一路攀登，英格兰银行可能插手

BRITAIN'S housing market is like food in a microwave, says Spencer Dale, the chief economist atthe Bank of England. It can “turn from lukewarm to scalding hot in a matter of a few economicseconds”. Since the crisis the bank has gained new tools to control the market's temperature.Now that the heat is rising, it may soon start testing them out.

英格兰首席经济学家斯宾塞·戴尔说，英国房市就像微波炉里的食品,“从经济角度来看，几秒之内就能从温热到滚烫”。自欧债危机以来，银行已经学到了一种控制市场温度的新手段。然而现在随着市场升温，这些新手段或许也要开始接受全面考验。

Until last year house prices were rising predominantly in prosperous central London boroughs.That was largely because of an influx of cash-rich buyers, says Neal Hudson of Savills, anestate agency. People saw posh property in the capital as a shelter from economic turmoilabroad. Elsewhere in Britain, the housing market was torpid. Potential buyers struggled to findmortgages. Falling real wages, economic uncertainty and the memory of plummeting houseprices during the crisis curbed Britons' obsession with property.

繁华的伦敦中心市镇去年房价还在显著上升。第一太平戴维斯房地产机构的尼尔·哈德逊称，这种现象主要是土豪扎堆造成的。人们把首都地区豪华时髦的地产看作躲避动荡的国外经济的避难所。在英国的其他地区，房市也很萎靡不振。潜在买家为了房屋贷款垂死挣扎。经济危机期间下降的实际工资、经济的不确定性以及直线下降的房价遏制了英国人对房产的痴迷。

That changed in 2013. Prices rose by 6.8% in the year to January, according to the Office forNational Statistics. They are still increasing fastest in London—up 13.2% compared with lastyear—but the inflation has spread to outer boroughs. In Brent, an unfashionable part ofnorth-west London, prices have risen 31% in a year, according to a report from Nationwide, abuilding society. It recorded chunky increases in every part of Britain.

2013年情况有所改变。根据国家统计局数据，直至今年一月，房价已上涨了6.8个百分点。伦敦房价还在以最快速度增长—与去年相比增长了13.2%—但是通货膨胀已经变得一发不可收拾，甚至影响到了伦敦以外的地方。据全英房屋抵押贷款协会报道显示，作为伦敦西北部不甚有名的博伦特，其房价一年内就已经上涨了31%。此外，英国各地房价都出现了前所未有的大幅提升。

These higher prices are a problem for first-time buyers, but they are not yet

unsustainable.Nationally, house prices remain 16% below their pre-crisis peak, adjusted for inflation. Pricesare high relative to wages, but that is not surprising. Successive governments have failed tofree enough land for new housing developments, while doggedly preserving green belts.Borrowing costs have fallen over recent decades, in part because of a global glut of savings,making it easier for Britons to sustain large mortgages. Neither factor is likely to reverse anytime soon.

对于首次购房者来说，房价更高是一个问题,但是这种价格还可能持续。在全国范围内,房价仍比危机前为了通货膨胀做出调整的峰值水平低16%。房价比工资更高,但这并不令人惊讶。历届政府都未能给新住宅开发用地留

下足够空间，而固执地保留绿化带。最近几十年借贷成本下降，部分原因是全球储蓄过剩,使英国人更容易持有大量的抵押贷款。而这两个因素近期都不可改变。

Even so, the housing market is notoriously prone to bubbles. In January Mark Carney, thebank's governor, warned MPs of the dangers of “extrapolative expectations”—people rushing tobuy on the assumption that prices will continue to surge. Hints of that are visible. Peopleincreasingly think house prices will keep climbing. Even though the government's “Help to Buy”schemes, which subsidise higher-risk mortgages, are probably having only a moderate directimpact, publicity surrounding them has fed a broader conviction that prices can only go up.

即使如此，房地产市场还是容易出现泡沫。1月, 央行行长马克·卡尼警告国会议员关于“外推预测”的危险——人们争相把钱投向“房价会持续上涨”这样一个预设(当然这种预设也并非没有可能实现)。人们越来越觉得房价会持续上涨。即使这样，政府提出的平息高风险抵押贷款的“帮助购房”政策也可能只能带来些微影响，因为周边环境和舆论让人们相信房价还是会持续上升。

Moreover, as borrowers chase higher prices their finances are becoming stretched. At the endof 2013, the average new loan for first-time buyers was 3.4 times the borrower's income—thehighest level on record. Barclays, a bank, currently offers mortgages as large as 5.5 times theborrower's income. While interest rates are low, payments on such large loans aremanageable. But when rates eventually rise, these borrowers could struggle. A wave ofmortgage defaults, accompanied by falling house prices as banks try to sell repossessedhouses, could cause yet another British banking crisis.

除此以外，由于借款者纷纷朝着高房价房产努力，他们的经济情况也越发紧张。2013年底，首次购房者的平均新增贷款是借款人的收入3.4倍，达到历史上的最高水平。巴克莱银行目前提供的抵押贷款是借款人收入的5.5倍。然而利率低，偿还这种大额贷款还是可行的。但是当利率开始稳步上升时，这些借款者就有点心有余而力不足了。银行试图出售回收房，因而房价下跌，如此一来一波又一波的抵押贷款违约很可能会导致另一次英国的银行业危机。

The Bank of England's new Financial Policy Committee (FPC) says it is watching for “emergingvulnerabilities” in the market. Formed less than a year ago to confront threats to financialstability, including bubbles, its range of “macroprudential” tools aim to influence the behaviourof the financial system. Whereas politicians hope rising house prices will cheer voters ahead ofnext year's general election, the committee can afford to take a longer view. With interestrates expected to remain low for a few more years, it is mulling what to do.

英国央行的新金融政策委员会(FPC)说他们正在坐等市场“即将出现的漏洞”。金融政策委员会成立不到一年，就面临包括房价泡沫在内的金融不稳定因素的威胁，其职能范围的“宏观审慎”工具旨在影响金融行业的一举一动。而政客们希望上涨的房价可以在明年的大选之前重振选民信心,这样金融政策委员才会做长远打算。由于几年内预计利率仍保持在较低水平,FPC正在考虑该做什么。

Dabbing the brakes

踩刹车

One approach is stricter vetting of borrowers. From April 26th banks will have to check thatapplicants have enough spare cash to cope if the Bank of England raises interest rates asmarkets expect (to around 3% in 2019). That is still a remarkably low standard. Future interestrates are uncertain; in past decades they have frequently exceeded 5%. The FPC hasrequested the power to impose tougher interest-rate tests, and will probably have it by thesummer. That would allow it to curb the size of new loans, without increasing costs for existingborrowers.

控制局面的一种方法是严格审查借款人。从4月26日起，银行必须检查申请者是否有足够的闲钱应对英格兰银行利率提高的打算(到2019年的3%左右)。事实上这还是一个较低标准。未来利率是不确定的,在过去的几十年,他们经常超过5%。金融政策委员会要求实施更严厉的利率测试,这个测试可能会在夏天。这项测试不增加现有借款人的成本，也可控制新增贷款数额。

Explore and compare house prices in 13 British regions over time with our interactive house-price tool

用交互式房价工具探索和比较13个英国地区不同时间的房价

An alternative is more vigorous stress tests of mortgage lenders themselves, usingstringent scenarios that assume interest rates rise sharply while house prices fall. Forcinglenders to hold buffers large enough to withstand such a shock should deter them fromoffering the riskiest kinds of mortgage.

除了利率测试，还有一个针对借贷者的压力测试，这个测试使用严格的场景，假设利率大幅上升，房价下跌。强迫接待者承受这样的冲击往往让他们不敢提供风险最高的抵押贷款。

Kevin Daly, an economist at Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, thinks the FPC will enforcetougher affordability tests this year, possibly as soon as June. That would take some heat outof the market. It could also be unpopular. Poorer people would have to save for longer to buya house. Wealthy home-owners would lose the comfort of swiftly rising prices. And GeorgeOsborne, the chancellor of the exchequer, would probably regret the cooling of a pre-electionhousing boomlet. But the FPC is independent for a reason. It should not fear to act.

投行高盛投资公司的一个经济学家凯文·戴利认为，金融政策委员会赶在今年6月实施更严格的负担能力测试。这可能会使房产市场降温，也可能不受欢迎。经济条件较差的人可能需要花费更长时间为买房存款，富有的房屋所有者也可能因为急速上升的房价颇感不适。英国财政大臣乔治?奥斯本或许会后悔选前冷却房地产短期繁荣的措施。但金融政策委员独立也是有原因的，他们可不怕采取行动。

1.turn to 求助于;变成

例句:To order, turn to page 236.

如需订购，参见236页。

2.housing market 房地产市场;住房市场

例句:Retailers have given up waiting for a turn in thehousing market.

零售商们已放弃等待房产市场上的转机。

3.struggle to 努力;奋力

例句:Curiously, the struggle to survive has greatly improved her health.

奇怪的是，她拼命求生的抗争使得她的健康状况大有好转。

4.according to 根据;按照;依照

例句:He advocates streaming children, and educating them according to their needs. 他提倡把学生按能力分班，因需施教。

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