学术英语华电考试翻译1-7
Unit 1
A题
1 Through language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture.
我们用语言来分享经验，传递价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。
2 Metaphor is an implicit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common.
隐喻是一种隐含的比较，不同的事物却有共同的东西。
3 In fact, the skillful use of supporting materials often makes the difference between a good speech and a poor one.
事实上，能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。
4 To be more effective, though, they should be vivid and richly textured.
当然，要想演讲效果更好，演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富。
5 Extended examples—often called illustrations, narrations, or anecdotes—are longer and more detailed.
延伸举例——也叫解释、叙述或轶事——更长更详尽。
6 Hypothetical examples describe imagery situations and can be quite effective for relating ideas to the audience.
假设举例描述的是想象的情景，能够很好地把想法传达给观众。
7 Statistics can be extremely helpful in conveying your message, as long as you use them sparingly and explain them so they are meaningful to your audience. 统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息，因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时，听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。
8 Citing the views of people (who are experts) is a good way to make your ideas more credible.
引用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信。
9 Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft.
词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”。
10 There are four basic methods of delivering a speech: reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking with PowerPoint, and speaking extemporaneously, or impromptu.
演讲有四种最基本的方法:照本宣科式;背诵式;ppt辅助演讲式和即兴演讲式。
B题
Outlines are essential to effective speeches. By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.
In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式:详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。
在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。
Unit2
A题
1 But the costs of energy, including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts, detract from well-being.
然而，人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益，这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源，而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。
2 Inadequacy of energy resources or (more often) of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth.
能源资源不足或者(更经常)开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足，会影响能源为人类带来的利益，对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各种限制。
3 One key determinant of the answer is the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in percapita demand of industrial energy forms.
回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来的令人瞠目的能源需求以及同样使人无所应对的人均工业能源需求。
4 But they all require elaborate and expensive transformation into electricity or liquid fuels in order to meet society’s needs.
但是这些能源转化成电力或液体燃料，以满足社会需求，需要经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。
5 In the case of air pollution from fossil fuels, in which the dominant threat to public health is thought to be particulates formed from sulfur dioxide emissions, a consensus on the number of deaths caused by exposure has proved
impossible.
以矿物燃料造成的空气污染为例，一般认为其对大众健康的主要危害是由排放的二氧化硫形成的微粒，但接触这种污染空气究竟会导致多少人死亡，却无法取得一致意见。
6 For both, the very size of the uncertainty is itself a significant liability.
无论是核电还是火电，其对人类的危害都无法确定，这本身就是一大憾事。
7 Nevertheless, enough is known to suggest they portend even larger damage to human well-being.
然而，根据已有认识足以判断这种威胁对人类健康造成的损失将会更大。
8 Energy supply, both industrial and traditional, is responsible for a striking share of the environmental impacts of human activity.
无论是工业能源还是传统能源使用，在人类活动引起的环境问题中均占有很大比重。
9 Of all environmental problems, the most threatening, and in many respects the most intractable, is global climate change.
在诸多环境问题中，对人类威胁最大、在许多情况下却又最让人类无计可施的是全球气候变化。
10 The only other external cost that might match the devastating impact of global climate change is the risk of causing or aggravating large-scale military conflict.
其他唯一能同全球气候变化所造成的灾难性影响相提并论的外化成本是发生或恶化大规模军事冲突的可能。
B题
Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy , well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in energy use.However,with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and internalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand,the external costs seem more worrisome because energy use poses serious threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ecosystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict.
能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面。然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来越高;另一方面，相比之下，外延成本似乎更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。
A题
1 He's the last guy you want to see in your rear-view mirror when you're speeding down the highway.
他是你在高速公路上疾驰时最不愿意在后视镜里看见的人。
2 The bottom line, according to the research, published in the June 28 issue of The Lancet, is that traffic tickets save lives.
据6月28日发表在《柳叶刀》上的研究，最根本的一点就是交通罚单能救命。
3 Their 1998 study caused a stir when they linked cell phone usage to traffic accidents.
他们俩1998年的研究引起了轰动，当时他们认为打手机与交通事故有关联。
4 The full driving record of every licensed driver there was made available to them, warts and all, giving the researchers a huge data base of more than 10 million licensed drivers.
他们在那儿能看到每个有驾照的人的全部记录，这样他们就有了一个良莠俱存的超过一千万个持照司机的巨大数据库。
5 "What we found was that there were fewer tickets in the month before a fatal accident than there were a year before, and that suggests there's a protective effect of having a ticket."
我们发现出重大事故前一个月的罚单要比前一年同一个月的罚单少，这说明罚单有保护作用。
6 They also found that the "relative risk reduction associated with traffic convictions was remarkably consistent among subgroups of licensed drivers," ... 他们还发现“在有驾照的那组司机中拿到罚单后的事故减少率的持续性是显著的”
7 The researchers also addressed the commonly held belief that traffic citations cause more accidents than they prevent because so many people are killed during police chases.
研究者们还澄清了一种普遍的想法:交通罚单引起的交通事故比防止的多，因为很多人是在警察追他们时丧生的。
8 The statistics do not include Ontario drivers who may have been involved in a fatal accident somewhere outside that province.
统计数字不包括有可能在省外某地出严重交通事故的安大略省司机。
9 But the statistics suggest a correlation between the number of citations and the number of fatalities.
但是数据显示交通罚单的数量和死亡率之间呈相关性。
10 Most crashes are unintended, unexpected, and could have been prevented by a small difference in driver behavior.
大多数事故是无意的，意料之外的，只要司机在驾驶上稍有不同就能避免。
Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the Thanksgiving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the numbei of death in the past two weeks on Springfield city streets.
With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been killed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a Chicago family who died the weekend before on interstate 44.
On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Juanita Bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue.
According to police, Jon Bauer’s southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus, also heading southbound, driven by Chadd Rohde,27, of Mountain Home, Ark, at around 10:30 a.m.
Jon Bauer’s vehicle continued south and struck a brick wall and utility pole at Springfield Nationgal Cemetry.
The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the vehicle. Juanita Bauer was pronounced dead at the scene. Jon Bauer, who wan unconscious, was transported to St. John’s Regional Medical Center, where he was later pronounced dead.
Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.
在感恩节的周末，24小时内发生了2起车祸，撞死了3个人，使得过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。
本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括上周在44号洲际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。
周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩鲍尔和59岁的詹尼特。鲍尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死。
据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年生产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是27岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩。
鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了一根公用电线杆。
斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔被当场宣布死亡，乔恩。鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。
警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。
Unit 4
A题
1 The labeling of “women’s language” as “powerless language” reflects the view of women’s behavior through the lens of men’s.
视女性的语言为低微无能者的语言常常反映出男性看女性行为的视觉角度。
2 This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as
nonexperts, by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.
这也说明了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解成低微无能的表现。
3 Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article. 没有什么能比一家报社刊登的采访片段更能清楚地说明这种根深蒂固的歧义。
4 whether women or men are direct or indirect differs, what remains constant is that the women's style is negatively valuated—seen as lower in status than the men' s.
无论男性还是女性的直接或间接的不同，女人风格的负面评价保持不变，认为在社会地位上低于男子。
5 The woman’s style is called “covert,” a term suggesting negative qualities like being “sneaky” and “underhanded.”
女性的这种表达方式被称为“隐蔽的”，该词含有“鬼祟”和“秘密”等贬义。
6 The explanation for a wom an’s indirectness could just as well be her seeking connection. 女性的这种间接方式很可能是因为她们在努力寻找某种关系。
7 You’re neither one-up nor one-down by being happily connected to others whose wants are the same as yours.
当你和对方的需求一致而一拍即合时，你既不高人一等，也不低人一等。
8 Calling an indirect communication covert reflects the view of someone for whom the direct style seems “natural” and “logical”, a view more common among men. 称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些青睐直接沟通方式的人的观点，即直接的方式才是“自然的”、“合乎逻辑的”，这种观点在男性中更普遍。
9 This mutual indirectness in a japaness lunch invitation may strike Americans as excessive.
在日本人的午餐邀请中，双方进行的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了。
10 Only modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for us it is more a value than a practice.
唯有现代西方社会推崇直接沟通方式，而且即使对我们(美国人)来讲，这种方式更是一种价值观，而不是实践。
B题
Perhaps it is our social concept of what is feminine and what is masculine that reinforces the stereotype that women talk more than men, and even causes these different patterns of communication. Maybe a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture--as well as many other cultures--teaches that women should be quiet if they want to be “feminine.” Perhaps masculine culture encourages boys and men to dominate talk and to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt often are not criticized for doing so. These differences in the patterns of
communication and styles of communicating are studied by experts who study the effects of gender on communication. They study these effects in order to understand why misunderstandings occur between men and women in conversation. Often, it’s because their styles and patterns of conersation are so different. It is important that we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate better with people of the other gender.
或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化——还有其他许多文化——如此教导女性;她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静，或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并更经常打断谈话，而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行研究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。
Unit 5
A题
1.International financial agencies, notably the World Bank, have announced programs aimed at ensuring fair and open contracting for their projects and stopping misappropriation by government officials.
一些国际金融机构，尤其是世界银行，宣布了多个方案，旨在确保其项目承包的公正和公开性，杜绝政府官员侵吞私占。
2. Underlying these changes in rules, rhetoric, and awareness is the growing recognition that bribery and extortion have demonstrably deleterious consequences. 之所以出现了这些新的规章、反腐誓言和觉悟的提高，其根本原因就在于人们越来越清晰地认识到收受贿赂和勒索钱财的行为带来了显而易见的恶果。
3. Gone is the day when some pundits seriously argued that corruption was an efficient corrective for overregulated economies or that it should be tolerated as an inevitable byproduct of intractable forces.
曾几何时一些博学之士一本正经地说:腐败是对过度调控经济体制的一种有效的矫正行为，或者说，腐败作为不可驾驭的力量的一种副产品，它是不可避免的，我们应该包容它。如今这样说的日子一去不复返了。
4. And the drumbeat of scandals continues, with events in China, Indonesia, Kenya, Russia, and the United States leading the news during the past year.
频频不断的丑闻此起彼伏，一直没有消停。过去一年，中国、印尼、肯尼亚、俄国和美国的爆料占据着新闻的榜首。
5. Given vast, continuing problems, the anticorruption movement will maintain its credibility and momentum only if it can translate its rhetoric into action and prevent and punish misbehavior in a more focused and systematic manner.
考虑到这些问题范围之广且层出不穷，只有当我们以更加集中和系统的方式把反腐誓言付诸行动、预防和惩罚不端行为时，反腐运动才能保持其可信度和强劲势头。
6. But their legal, political, and economic systems vary greatly — they are
failed or failing, fragileor rising — and so anticorruption initiatives in the developing world will have to be a part of, and dependent on, each country's broad, complex, and often lengthy state-building process.
但由于这些国家的法律、政治和经济体系差异很大——它们要么不成功，要么眼看就要失败;要么不堪一击，要么正在兴起——因此发展中国家的反腐运动将不得不是各国广泛、复杂且往往是历时长久的国家建设过程的一部分，而且取决于这个国家建设的过程。
7. Tackling this multifaceted problem, and understanding how near-term priorities fit into long-term approaches, requires pursuing four types of measures.
要攻克这个牵涉到多层面的问题，并明确近期的工作重点如何与长期的应对方法相符，我们就该采取四种措施。
8.Second is prevention: the enactment and implementation of legislation and administrative regulations that choke off corrupt practices (such measures should include ombudsman systems, whistleblower protection laws, transparent rules of procurement and accounting, freedom-of-information laws, auditing and internal-control requirements for public and private entities, and anti-money-laundering regimes).
第二是预防，即制定和实施遏制各种腐败行为的法规及行政体例(这些措施必须包含政府检察官巡视制度、举报人保护法、采购和财会透明规章制度、信息自由法、要求对公共和私营实体实施审计和内部监控以及反洗钱制度等)。
9. To make financial discipline operational, international financial institutions must change the perspective of those staff members who, eager to push money out the door, oppose conditioning loans or grants on securing commitments from beneficiaries to fight corruption. 为了使金融纪律得到有效实施，国际金融机构必须改变那些业内人士的观念，这些人一心只想放贷出门，因而反对以承诺打击腐败为前提向贷款受益人提供贷款和补助。
10. Finally, MNCs must overcome short-term economic pressures and old ways of doing business so as to create and sustain an anticorruption culture and effective corporate compliance procedures.
最后跨国公司必须克服短期经济压力，改变老一套经营方式，以便创建和保持一种反腐的理念以及一套有效步骤，使公司上下都自觉遵守这一理念。
B题
In this age of instantaneous communications, it has become harder to hide wrongdoings: corrupt officials and business-people are now exposed by private whistle-blowers, government leaks, aggrieved competitors, and investigative reporters. Publicity is an important deterrent because corruption can terminate careers. during the past year alone, scandals have brought down the prime minister of the Ukraine, the deputy president of south Africa, the leader of Brazil’s ruling party, key Kenyan government ministers, and the majority leader of the U.S. House of representatives.but systematic changes are necessary to ensure that corruption scandals stop repeating themselves like prurient TV show reruns.
Leadership changes have occurred or are about to occur in key entities: the world bank, the OECD, the UN, transparency international, and the international chamber of commerce. The resulting set of new leaders should get together with
NGOs and leaders from other key organizations, such as export-credit entities and international law enforcement agencies, to map out a broad anticorruption strategy and develop a consensus for near-term and middle-term action.
当前是一个信息即时交流的时代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼下私人侦探、走漏政府内部信息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来。由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程，所以曝光时一种重要的威慑力量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是要确保腐败丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的改革。
领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明国际以及国际商会等重点机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其他重要机构（如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等）领导人携手合作，以便制定全面的反腐战略，就近期和中期行动达成共识。
Unit 6
A题
1.But before New Yorkers become too full of themselves, it might be worthwhile to glance at dilapidated Kaifeng in central China.
然而趁纽约人还没过度踌躇满志之前，不妨对华夏中原那座破落的开封城回眸一瞥。
2. As expressed in this column's headline — translated from Chinese, a language of the future thatmore Americans should start learning — "glory is as ephemeral as smoke and clouds."
以广大的美国人民都应学习的未来的语言表达出来，一如前面的中文标题说所示:“辉煌如过眼烟云。”
3. But if you look back at the sweep of history, it's striking how fleeting supremacy is, particularly for individual cities.
然而当我们对历史的洪流稍作回顾，便会惊觉世界的霸权是多么短暂，尤其是对各个城市而言。
4. An ancient painted scroll, now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, shows the bustle and prosperity of ancient Kaifeng.
目前珍藏在北京故宫博物院的一幅古老卷轴，上面画的是古都开封的热闹与繁荣。
5. Many local people insisted that China is on course to bounce back and recover its historic role as world leader.
许多当地百姓却都强调中国正在复兴，而且很快就能恢复它世界领导者的历史角色。
6. The United States has had the biggest economy in the world for more than a century, but most projections show that China will surpass it in about 15 years, as measured by purchasing power parity.
美国作为全世界最大的经济体已经超过一个世纪了，然而大多数的预测都显示:如果用购买力比率来估计，中国将在大约十五年之内超越美国。
7. But then China came to scorn trade and commerce, and per capita income stagnated for 600 years.
但是后来中国却鄙弃了贸易与商业，国民平均所得因而停滞了六百年。
8. A second lesson is the danger of hubris, for China concluded it had nothing
to learn from the rest of the world —and that was the beginning of the end. 第二个教训就是傲慢自大的危险。由于当初中国断定它不可能从别国学到任何东西，它的衰败从此开始了。
9. And Americans' lack of interest in the world contrasts with the restlessness, drive and determination that are again pushing China to the forefront.
而美国人民对外部世界没什么兴趣，这又与凭借着自强不息、冲劲与决心而逐渐向世界舞台中央挺进的中国形成了对比。
10. For if they rest on their laurels, even a city as great as New York may end up as Kaifeng-on-the-Hudson.
因为如果他们只是一味沉醉于既有的成就而裹足不前的话，即使伟大如纽约市也可能有朝一日沦为哈德逊河上的开封城。
B题
While it has gradually been integrated into the global supply chain, China’s manufacturing sector has had to confront challenges. In terms of capacity for scientific and technological innovation, China ranks 28th out of 49 major countries around the globe. With that ranking China is not only behind the developed world, but also behind Brazil, India and some other developing countries. In recent years, with growing amounts of direct foreign investment and the advent of globalization, multinationals have quickened the pace of technology transfers, affording the country an opportunity to learn the latest technologies.
随着中国逐步进入全球供应链，其制造业不得不面临着巨大的挑战。就其科技革新的能力而言，中国在全球49个主要国家中排行第28位。不仅落后于发达国家，而且排名在巴西、印度以及其他一些发展中国家之后。近些年来，随着外商直接投资的增加及全球化的到来，跨国企业加快了技术转让的步伐，使中国有机会学习到最先进的技术。
Unit 7
A题
1. When one co-worker noticed that the same table of data appeared in two separate papers —which also happened to appear in the two most prestigious scientific journals in the world, Scienceand Nature — the jig was up.
当一位同事发现同一个数据图表出现在两篇不同的论文中——而且恰恰分别出现在世界上两家最为知名的科学期刊《科学》与《自然》杂志上时——把戏被戳穿了。
2. Scientific scandals, which are as old as science itself, tend to follow similar patterns of hubris and comeuppance.
科学丑闻与科学本身的发展亦步亦趋，而且往往逃不了狂妄自恃、必遭罪有应得的现世报的规律。
3. Science is built on the honor system; the method of peer review, in which manuscripts are evaluated by experts in the field, is not meant to catch cheats. 《科学》杂志是建立在诚信制度之上的;同行评审的办法，即由同一领域专家对论文原稿进行评审的方法，并非旨在抓骗子。
4. Science and Nature, though, are the only two major journals that cover the gamut of scientific disciplines, from meteorology and zoology to quantum physics
and chemistry.
但是，《科学》和《自然》是仅有的两家覆盖全部科学学科的主要刊物，学科范围从气象学和动物学到量子物理学和化学等。
5. Publication in specialized journals will win the accolades of academics and satisfy the publish-or-perish imperative, but Science and Nature come with the added bonus of potentially getting yourpaper written up in The New York Times and other publications.
在专业期刊上发表论文赢得学术界的赞誉，也可以满足“不发表就完蛋”的迫切需要。但是，在《科学》和《自然》杂志上发表论文还会带来额外的好处，那就是你发表的论文可能会被《纽约时报》及其他报刊报道。
6. Being oft-cited will increase a scientist's "Impact Factor", a measure of how often papers are cited by peers.
被经常引用会增加科学工作者的“影响因子”，即衡量论文被同行引用次数的一个尺度。
7. It also no doubt reflects the increasing and sometimes excessive emphasis amongst funding agencies and governments on publication measures, such as the typical rates of citation of journals.
这同时无疑也反映了资助机构和政府日益强调甚而有时过分强调论文发表的标准，如各期刊的具有代表性的引用率之类。
8. When either magazine is considering a paper for publication, the authors are told not to speak to the press lest they want to risk rejection.
无论这两家杂志中的哪一家在考虑发表某篇论文的时候，都会告知作者不要将消息透露给媒体，除非他们不怕退稿。
9. Whether the clamor to appear in these journals has any bearing on their ability to catch fraud is another matter.
人们拼命想在这些杂志上露面是否会影响到杂志的打假能力是另一码事。
10. They do have plans to scrutinize photographs more closely in an effort to spot instances of fraud, but that policy change had already been decided when the scandal struck.
他们确实计划对照片进行更加仔细的审查，以便发现造假的情况，而这种制度性变化在丑闻曝光之前就已经决定实施了。
B题
In a peer review, co-workers of a person who created a software work product examine that product to identify defects and correct shortcomings. A review verifies whether the work product correctly satisfies the specifications found in any predecessor work product, such as requirements or design documents. It is supposed to identify any deviation from standards, including issues that may affect maintainability of the software, and suggest improvement opportunities to the author. So peer review can promote the exchange of techniques and education of the participants.
What we are going to explain today includes procedures for conducting inspections and two types of informal peer review, a walkthrough and a pass-around, as well as guidance for selecting the appropriate approach for each review.
在同行评审中，由软件工作产品创建者的同行们检查该工作产品，识别产品的缺陷，改进产品的不足。评审是检验工作产品是否正确地满足了以往工作产品中建立的规范，如需求或设计文档。评审应该做到能够识别工作产品相对于标准的偏差，包括可能影响软件可维护性的问题，并应该向创建者提出改进建议。因此，同行评审和促进技术交流和提升参审者的水平。
我们今天所要讲述的内容包括执行评审的步骤和两种非正式的同行评审——走查和轮查——以及对每个评审选择适当方法的指南。
英语专业综合教程2课后翻译答案
Unit1 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。 Thanks to advanced technology, the film about the ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2. 在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。 The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4．那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。（leave behind） In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才完成。 The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6. 1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with） In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8.在电影界要达到顶峰时非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。 It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it. Unit2 1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart） Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。(inspiration, deny oneself something) For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life. 4．我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。(excursion, at the mercy of) I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is
学术综合英语(罗立胜)1-6单元课文翻译
human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through language we share experience, values, exchange ideas, transmit knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to sense of reality by giving meaning to events. 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?” Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an impli cit comparison between things that are different yet have something in common; it does not contain the words “like” or “as”. 生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来！比喻，这种能产生文字图像的修辞，可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言，分为明喻和隐喻。 明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较，一般句中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较，不会出现like 和as 这些连接词。 Another way to make your speeches vivid is by exploiting the rhythm of language. Four devices for creating rhythm are parallelism, repetition, alliteration, and antithesis. Parallelism is the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences. Repetition is the use of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences. Alliteration comes from repeating the initial constant sounds of close or adjoining words. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of
研究生英语期末考试试卷
ad if 命 封 线 密
A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.
综合英语教程4第三版课后翻译答案
综合英语教程第三版4 邹为诚主编 第二单元p37 1.玛丽看到一个贼眉鼠眼的男人走进邻居家里。shifty Mary saw a shifty-eyed man walking into a neighbor’s house. 2.鲍勃总是嘲笑我对服饰的眼光。sneer at Bob always sneers at my taste in clothes. 3.打探别人的秘密是不礼貌的。pry It is impolite to pry into other’s secrets. 4.我想克里斯想要抢我的饭碗。be after sth I think Chris is after my job. 5.她看到克里斯给他使的眼色，说话的声音便越来越小了。trail off She trailed off, silenced by the look Chris gave her. 6.那些树枝干而易断。brittle The branches were dry and brittle. 7.收音机老是发出噼里啪啦的声响，我们几乎听不清里面说些什么。crackle The radio cracked so much that we could hardly hear what was said. 8.地面向海倾斜。slope The land slopes down to the sea. 9.他的口袋里鼓鼓囊囊的塞满了钞票。bulge His pockets were bulging with money. 10.我不得不和出租车司机就车费讨价还价。haggle I had to haggle with the taxi driver over the fare. 第三单元p58 1. 这样的好机会千载难逢。once in a blue moon An opportunity as good as this arises/occurs only once in a blue mo on. 2. 这个孩子因为私自拿了母亲包里的钱而觉得十分愧疚。guilty of The boy felt guilty for taking money from his mother’s handbag with out permission. 3. 她知道他的话一句真的也没有。give credence to She did not give credence to a single word of his story. 4. 一般来说，老师对学生的错误都比较宽容。be tolerant of Generally speaking, teachers are tolerant of their students’ mistakes. 5. 我想当然地以为你会跟我们一起来，于是就给你买了票。take… for granted I took it for granted that you’d want to come with us, so I boug ht you a ticket. 6. 由于经理的不断劝导，工作人员很快就改掉了迟到的坏习惯。break the habit Thanks to the manager’s repeated counseling, the staff soon broke th e bad habit o f comin g late to work. 7. 他现在对她发火，但不久会原谅她的。这只是几小时的事，仅此而已。a matter of, that’s all He’s furious with her now, but he’ll forgive her soon. It’s just/ only a matter of a few hours, that’s all. 第四单元p78
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech （做演讲） Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through 在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言 language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit 来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识， knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality but also helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events]. 和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在 具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。 ——语序的调整。 Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately. 好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”，具有特殊的用途，这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者，必须知道词语的具体含义，也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。 Using language accurately is as vital to a speaker as using numbers accurately to a accountant. Never use a word unless you are sure of its meaning. If you are not sure, look up the word in the dictionary. As you prepare your speeches, ask yourself constantly, “What do I really want to say? What do I really mean?”Choose words that are precise and accurate. 演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定，请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候，要不断地问自己：“我到底要说什么？我到底想表达什么意思？”用词一定要精准。 Using language clearly allows listeners to grasp your meaning immediately. You can ensure this [by using familiar words （that are known to the average person and require no specialized background）; by choosing concrete words in preference to more abstract ones, and by eliminating verbal clutter]. 用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思（抓到你的点）。要做到这一点，就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语；多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇；还有要减少口误。 Using language vividly helps bring your speech to life. One way (to make your speech vivid)|is through imagery，or the creation of word pictures. You can develop imagery by using concrete language, simile, and metaphor. Simile is an explicit comparison between things （that are essentially different yet have something in common）; it always contains the words “like”or “as”. Metaphor is an implicit
英语专业 综合英语翻译句子答案
1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.
研究生学术综合英语课文翻译
Unit1如何发表演说斯蒂芬·卢卡斯 1.在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。 2.优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。 3.如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。 4.语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。 5.准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想象。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。 6.另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 7.恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。 8.优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。 9.在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、