启航考研2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题解析(2011考研英语真题)

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2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health”. But1some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does2short term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to4, a good laugh is unlikely to have5benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

6, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7. Studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter8muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help9the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of10feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state.11one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted12physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry13they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also14tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow15muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16a pen either with their teeth ——thereby creating an artificial smile ——or with their lips, which would produce a(n)17expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles18more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown,19that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20, the physical act of laughter could improve mood. (289 words)

1. ［A］among［B］except［C］despite［D］like

2. ［A］reflect［B］demand［C］indicate［D］produce

3. ［A］stabilizing［B］boosting［C］impairing［D］determining

4. ［A］transmit［B］sustain［C］evaluate［D］observe

5. ［A］measurable［B］manageable［C］affordable［D］renewable

6. ［A］In turn［B］In fact［C］In addition［D］In brief

7. ［A］opposite［B］impossible［C］average［D］expected

8. ［A］hardens［B］weakens［C］tightens［D］relaxes

9. ［A］aggravate［B］generate［C］moderate［D］enhance

10. ［A］physical［B］mental［C］subconscious［D］internal

11. ［A］Except for［B］According to［C］Due to［D］As for

12. ［A］with［B］on［C］in［D］at

13. ［A］unless［B］until［C］if［D］because

14. ［A］exhausts［B］follows［C］precedes［D］suppresses

15. ［A］into［B］from［C］towards［D］beyond

16. ［A］fetch［B］bite［C］pick［D］hold

17. ［A］disappointed ［B］excited［C］joyful［D］indifferent

18. ［A］adapted［B］catered［C］turned［D］reacted

19. ［A］suggesting［B］requiring［C］mentioning［D］supposing

20. ［A］Eventually［B］Consequently［C］Similarly［D］Conversely

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009．For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober sided classical music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.

21．We learn from Paragraph 1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has

［A］incurred criticism. ［B］raised suspicion.

［C］received acclaim. ［D］aroused curiosity.

22．Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

［A］influential. ［B］modest.

［C］respectable. ［D］talented.

23．The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

［A］ignore the expenses of live performances.

［B］reject most kinds of recorded performances.

［C］exaggerate the variety of live performances.

［D］overestimate the value of live performances.

24．According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?

［A］They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

［B］They are easily accessible to the general public.

［C］They help improve the quality of music.

［D］They have only covered masterpieces.

25．Regarding Gilbert s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels

［A］doubtful. ［B］enthusiastic.

［C］confident. ［D］puzzled.

◆命题风格

阅读理解A 节由4 篇课文及20 道选择题（multiple choice）组成。每篇文章长度控制在400

－480 词之内；文章中存在个别生词，但生词总量占文章总词汇量的3%以内。

阅读理解的4 篇文章的选材往往是网络文化、社会心理、商务经济、生活掠影、教育、医

学以及历史方面的知识，考生平时要有目的有意识地进行这方面的学习和积累。

阅读理解的20 道题的设置比例合理：有标题或中心思想及其他概括类题目、有细节与具体

内容类题目、有词汇与语义理解类题目、有推理与演绎类题目、有作者态度与文章基调类题目。

题目表达形式可以分为三类：关键名词概念判断型；作者观点释义型；段落语义归纳型。从整体

‐60 ‐

上看，我们需要懂得一些阅读的解题策略才能弄懂阅读理解测试的重点和命题人的命题角度。

值得重视的是，近年命题的三个新走向：①以认知文字背后的深层含义来命题，不断地增加

推理与论证题、作者观点题、篇章结构以及对文章全文把握相关的题目。这就要求考生必须在文

章深层含义的理解上多下功夫。②越来越多的考题会同时涵盖着几种微阅读技能，比如一道题目

既考段落语意归纳，又考考生的推导判断能力。也就是说, “单考点题目”（simple testing point item）

越来越少，如简单匹配的细节题几乎被淘汰；而“多考点题目”（multiple testing point item）的数

量增多，这种命题走向的确值得我们的考生在复习中倍加关注。③以段落或多个段落命一题的设

题走向，提示我们在复习中应该加强段落和文章的深入理解和宏观归纳的能力。

阅读理解部分要想上高分，要求考生既具备大纲要求的英语基础知识，又要灵活运用所掌

握的诸如信息搜索、把握文章主旨、读懂字里行间含义、合理推断论证等基本阅读策略，

才能圆

满完成阅读考题指定的任务。一言以蔽之，阅读备考就是“语言知识”和“阅读策略”一起抓：前者

靠的是长期精读课文，后者靠的是大量做题并认真体会！

从文化视角看，阅读的内容体现了英美人的价值观及道德观（如2011 年Text 3 和Text 4），

进而我们可知：复习考研英语也要重视对语篇中的文化内涵加以领悟和记忆。另外，不能拿已知

常识或认识来解答题目，因为所选文章的写作风格独具特色。若从语篇模式分析，我们不难发现

两种类型：一是“现象+事例+主观论证”型，比如2011 年Text 1 和Text 4 中明显表明了第一人称

的观点（如for my part, I have no idea whether）, 夹叙夹议；二是“问题+事例+客观解释”型，比如

2011 年Text 2 和Text 3 中一开篇提及一个社会焦点或问题，然后通过若干事例来说明利弊，最后

引用专家论断做出相对客观的评估。

以2011 年的20 道题为例，对命题特色予以归纳：①遵循“命题与文章思路平行原则”，大多

数题目都明显地带有段落标号，比如第21 题题干中含有Para.1; 第27、28、29、32、33 等题都

有相关段落的编号。这实际上降低了难度，以便读者确定考点位置，答对率可能会提高。②由

于①的实施，要加大题的难度就必须偏重对段落整合理解的考核题目，如第21、23、27、29、33、

34、35、37、38 等题；而单一考点的细节题较少。③推理题目仍保持一定的数量和难度，有六

道题，或对段义推导或对最后一段推导结论；这类题目往往是丢分点。④“针对文章正面的内容，

反过来提问，以及对文章反面的内容，正面来设题”的手段反复出现在本年度的题干中。

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29．

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

26．When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being

［A］arrogant. ［B］frank.［C］self centered. ［D］impulsive.

27．According to Paragraph 2, senior executives quitting may be spurred by

［A］their expectation of better financial status.

［B］their need to reflect on their private life

［C］their strained relations with the boards.

［D］their pursuit of new career goals.

28．The word “poached”（Line 3, Paragraph 4）most probably means

［A］approved of. ［B］attended to.

［C］hunted for. ［D］guarded against.

29．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

［A］top performers used to cling to their posts.

［B］loyalty of top performers is getting out dated.

［C］top performers care more about reputations.

［D］it s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

30．Which of the following is the best title for the text?

［A］CEOs: Where to Go?

［B］CEOs: All the Way Up?

［C］Top Managers Jump without a Net

［D］The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid”media ——such as television commercials and print advertisements ——still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned”media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned”media by sending e mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process

of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. But in some cases, one marketer’

s owned media become another marketer’s paid media ——for instance, when an e commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e commerce engines within that environment. This trend, which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happened, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well orchestrated social media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social news site Digg.

31．Consumers may create “earned”media when they are

［A］obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

［B］inspired by product promoting e mails sent to them.

［C］eager to help their friends promote quality products.

［D］enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32．According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature

［A］ a safe business environment. ［B］random competition.

［C］strong user traffic. ［D］flexibility in organization.

33．The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

［A］invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

［B］can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

［C］may be responsible for fiercer competition.

［D］deserve all the negative comments about them.

34．Toyota Motor s experience is cited as an example of

［A］responding effectively to hijacked media.

［B］persuading customers into boycotting products.

［C］cooperating with supportive consumers.

［D］taking advantage of hijacked media.

35．Which of the following is the text mainly about ?

［A］Alternatives to conventional paid media.

［B］Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

［C］Dominance of hijacked media.

［D］Popularity of owned media.

Text 4

It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter —nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment to moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past tense condition. Even though the day to day experience of raising kids can be soul crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna and child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive —and newly single —mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom to be, smiling on the newsstands.

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten killing? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby size holes in their lives.

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own”（read: with round the clock help）is a piece of cake.

It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress free, happiness enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

36．Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

［A］temporary delight ［B］enjoyment in progress

［C］happiness in retrospect ［D］lasting reward

37．We learn from Paragraph 2 that

［A］celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.

［B］single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.

［C］news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.

［D］having children is highly valued by the public.

38．It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks

［A］are constantly exposed to criticism.

［B］are largely ignored by the media.

［C］fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.

［D］are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

39．According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is

［A］soothing. ［B］ambiguous.

［C］compensatory. ［D］misleading.

40．Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

［A］Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

［B］Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.

［C］Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.

［D］We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

Part B

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 4145, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．（10 points）

［A］No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.

［B］His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education”should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”——they form a sort of social glue.

［C］Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 197071 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thesis writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

［D］One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future

doctors and lawyers must study a non specialist liberal arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.

［E］Besides professionalising the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable. “So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

［F］The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticise. “Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say.

［G］The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.

Order：

G →41．→42．→E →43．→44．→45．

Part C

Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2．（10 points）

With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in depth exploration of the central idea of self help writing.

（46）Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share ——that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts ——and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless, this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and （47）while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don t “get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.

Part of the fame of Allen s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”（48）This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization

of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

This, however, would be a knee jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, （49）circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. （50）The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

Section ⅢWriting

应用文［Part A］

51.Directions:

Write a letter to a friend of yours to

1）recommend one of your favorite movies and

2）give reasons for your recommendation

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2．

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address. （10 points）

议论文［Part B］

52.Directions:

Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1）describe the drawing briefly,

2）explain its intended meaning, and

3）give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2．（20 points）

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

答案及解析Section ⅠUse of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

【命题出处】

本文摘自2009年3月25日《科学美国人》（Scientific American Mind），原文的题目是How Humor Makes You Friendlier，Sexier (幽默如何使你更加有人缘而且更性感)。虽然同属心理学类的科普文章，但和上年的“霍桑效应”相比，2011年的题材要好懂一些。因此，该部分难度比上年略有降低。原文3000多词，文章主体分成四个部分。命题人员将其中第一部分的前四段删节改写，并替换了部分超纲词汇。除了替换超纲词汇以外，命题人员还从语篇角度对原文做了调整，从而增加了难度。例如第三段第一句，原文是Such physical relaxation might conceivably help moderate the effects of psychological stress．改动后，physical 变成了bodily，从而增加了第10题的难度。

同上年相比，2011年“英语知识运用”部分没有生词和偏词，考查重点更关注句子内

部、句子之间、段落之间的逻辑关系。因此，考生要注意结合上下文，培养从语篇高度理解文章的能力，特别是理解整篇文章中句与句之间、段与段之间逻辑关系的能力。

【命题风格】

2011年“完型”题目的特点有三：①虚词［介词（短语）、连词、逻辑副词］考点比近年增多（共7个)。这说明，考生需要超越句子并根据上下文来理解相关的题目。②一些实词（比如第10、14、17题）也明显是“跨句”连接类题目，这只能在语境中领悟并找出准确的答案。③设置了9个动词考点，这与上年的考点不一致，没有均匀地考核名词、动词、形容词及其他词类，算得上是一次高难度的考核了。因此，动词及其搭配可视为来年考生最关注的要点。

【文章导读】

本文讨论情感与生理反应之间的关系。采用了议论文常用的一种结构方式——层进式结构。各层次之间层层深入、步步推进。

文章一开始介绍亚里士多德的一个观点：笑可让身体健康。作者认为，情感与身心健康不像亚里士多德说得那样简单。接着作者援引上个世纪30年代的试验，说明欢笑并不能增强肌肉。在第三段中，作者提出一个新观点，认为人的肌肉反应可能影响人的情绪。最后一段作者引用一个实验证明上述观点。

【全文精译】

古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑视为“一种对健康极为宝贵的身体运动”。（1）尽管有些与此相反的观点认为，笑可能对身体健康的影响甚微。笑的确会（2）产生心脏和血管功能的短期变化，从而（3）增加心率和氧气消耗。但是由于剧烈的微笑很难（4）持续，比方说，不能以衡量散步或慢跑好处的方式来（5）衡量大笑带来的好处。

（6）事实上，与锻炼不同，不是尽量拉紧肌肉去发出笑声，显然，笑所做的（7）完全相反。早在20世纪30年代所做的研究表明：笑使肌肉（8）放松，在笑声逐渐消失后45分钟仍然会减少肌肉的正常伸缩力。

可以相信，这种身体反应有可能帮助（9）减缓心理压力的影响。但是，笑这一行为确实引起其他方面的（10）身体反应，并能改善一个人的情感状态。（11）根据一项经典情感理论，我们的感情部分植根（12）于身体反应。在19世纪末，人们就争论说人们哭泣不是（13）因为他们伤心，而是当开始流下眼泪时，人才变得悲伤。

尽管悲伤也（14）先于流泪，有证据显示，情感的流露（15）出自肌肉的反应。在1988年发表的一项实验中，德国沃尔茨堡大学社会心理学家弗利兹·斯特拉克要求志愿者用牙齿（16）夹住一支笔——从而产生一种做作的微笑——或用双唇夹住，这样就可以产生一种（17）失望的表情。那些被迫练习微笑肌肉的人，比那些皱眉撅嘴的人对滑稽卡通做出更热烈的（18）反应。这就（19）表明表情可以影响情感，而不是相反。（20）同样地，笑的身体行为可以改善情绪。

【逻辑结构】

第一段：由古希腊哲学家亚里士多德的话引出“笑是对健康很重要的一种身体运动”的观点。

句②提出与此相反的一种观点：笑对身体健康的影响很小。句③以具体事实论述笑能使心脏及其血管的机能变化。句④转折，指出大笑不会像其他运动一样对身体产生明显的益处。

第二段：指出笑能使肌肉放松。

句⑤指出笑显然是通过与锻炼相反的方式达到有益健康的目的。句⑥指出一些研究表明笑能使肌肉放松。

第三段：承接第二段，继续论述笑对身体的益处。

句⑦⑧指出笑有助于缓解心理压力，改善情绪。句⑨指出一个有关情绪的经典理论：我

们的情绪部分源于身体的反应。句⑩承接句⑨，引用事实论述“情绪源于身体的反应”的观点。

第四段：通过引用具体的试验，论证“情绪源于身体的反应”的观点。

本段第1句提出观点。第2句介绍试验过程。第3、4句得出试验结论。

【答案精解】

1. 【答案】［C］

【解析】语义逻辑题。第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑视为一种对健康极为宝贵的身体运动”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，笑容可能对身体健康影响甚微”，两句之间是转折关系，［A］among “在……之间”，［B］except “除……之外”，［C］despite “不论，尽管”，［D］like “好比，像”。四个选项中只有［C］选项despite 表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。

2. 【答案】［D］

【解析】语义辨析题。上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。［A］reflect “反映”，［B］demand“要求”，［C］indicate“表明，暗示”，［D］produce“产生”。只有［D］选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。

3. 【答案】［B］

【解析】语义搭配题。文中提到“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”。［A］stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，［B］boosting“促进，推进”，［C］impairing“损害，削弱”，［D］determining “决定”。根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，［B］为正确答案。

4. 【答案】［B］

【解析】语义辨析题。这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难”，四个选项的含义分别是［A］transmit “传播”，［B］sustain“维持”，［C］evaluate“评估”，［D］observe“观察”。根据语境，只有［B］sustain符合语境。

5. 【答案】［A］

【解析】语义辨析题。这句话意思是“不能以衡量散步或慢跑好处的方式来衡量大笑带来的好处。”［A］measurable“可衡量的，可计量的”，［B］manageable“易控制的”，［C］affordable“负担得起的”，［D］renewable“可再生的”。四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有［A］measurable，故是正确答案。

6. 【答案】［B］

【解析】逻辑分析题。第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，［A］In turn “轮流”，［C］In addition “另外”，［D］In brief “简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有［B］In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。

7. 【答案】［A］

【解析】语义逻辑题。第二段第二句的意思是说“笑使肌肉放松，在笑声逐渐消失后45分钟仍然会减少肌肉的正常伸缩力”。跟上文中的其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉是相反的关系，所以［A］opposite是正确选项。［B］impossible为“不可能的（事情）”，［C］average 为“平均数”，［D］expected为“期望的（事情）”。

8. 【答案】［D］

【解析】语义搭配题。空格前后分别是“笑”和“肌肉”。［A］hardens为“使变硬”，［B］weakens为“减少”，［C］tightens为“使变紧”，［D］relaxes为“放松”，因为上文提到了“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确实起到了相反的作用”。“拉紧”的反义词只有［D］relaxes，故正确。

9. 【答案】［C］

【解析】语义搭配题。这句话的意思是“这样的身体放松可能会帮助心理紧张状态的影响”。［A］aggravate“加剧，恶化”，［B］generate“使形成，发生”，［C］moderate “节制，减轻”，［D］enhance“增加”。根据上下文语境，只能是“减轻心理压力”，故［C］是正确选项。

10. 【答案】［A］

【解析】语义逻辑题。这句话的意思是“笑这一行为确实能够引起其他方面的身体反应，并能改善一个人的情感状态”。其中提到“笑的行为”是一种身体上的行为，后面提到“其他反馈”，应该是和“笑”相对应的形容词。观察选项［A］physical “身体的；物质的”，［B］mental “脑力的，精神的”，［C］subconscious “下意识的，潜意识的”，［D］internal “内部的”，可知正确答案是［A］。

11. 【答案】［B］

【解析】词义辨析题。根据已知信息推测，应该是“根据一个经典的情绪理论，……”。［A］Except for表示“除了……”，它引出一个与前面的词相反的原因或者事例；［B］According to“根据, 按照”，表示依据，后面常跟表示理论、思想之类的词，是正确答案；［C］Due to“由于，因为”后面跟一般原因；［D］As for“至于，就……方面说”用以转换话题和表现态度，故排除。

12. 【答案】［C］

【解析】固定搭配题。［C］in是动词root的固定搭配，意思是“来源于”。其他选项［A］with “凭借，使用；与……共同”，［B］on “在……之上；关于”，［D］at “在……时间、地点等”都不能与be rooted搭配使用，故排除。

13. 【答案】［D］

【解析】逻辑关系题。这句话的意思是“人们不会他们伤心而哭，但当开始流泪时他们才变得伤心”。伤心和哭之间是因果关系，所以答案应该是［D］because。［A］unless “除非”，常与not或其他否定词语搭配使用，是让步关系；［B］until “直到……”，也常与not等否定说法搭配，是时空关系；［C］if “如果”。

14. 【答案】［C］

【解析】词义辨析/语义逻辑题。解题关键在于although。although表示假设、让步。由上文提到当人们流泪时才觉得伤心可知，伤心在流泪之后。这里要说另一种情况“伤心也会在流泪之前”，［C］precedes“先于，表示在……之前发生（或出现）”为正确答案，而［A］exhausts“使筋疲力尽；使疲惫不堪”，［B］follows “跟随”，［D］suppresses “压制；阻止；抑制”，语义不符被排除。

15. 【答案】［B］

【解析】词义辨析题。由已知信息可知原文要表达“证据显示情绪是肌肉反应的结果”，［A］into“进入……中，到……里”；［B］from “来自”表原因，符合表达需要，故为正确答案；［C］towards“向, 朝”；［D］beyond “超出，超过”。

16. 【答案】［D］

【解析】词义辨析题。［A］fetch“取来”，［B］bite“咬, 叮”，［C］pick“采, 摘”，［D］hold“拿, 抱, 握住”。根据上下文信息可知该实验要求志愿者用牙咬住或者用嘴含住一支笔。［D］hold“拿，抱，握住”的意思最符合。

17. 【答案】［A］

【解析】词义辨析/语义逻辑题。由已知信息“用嘴含住一支笔”推测，这个动作会产生一种失望的表情。［A］disappointed“失望的”意思最符合。［B］excited “兴奋的”，［C］joyful“快乐的”，［D］indifferent“漠不关心的”，都不符合语境，故排除。

18. 【答案】［D］

【解析】词义辨析题。［A］adapted to“变得习惯于……, 使适应于……”，［B］catered to “迎合，满足某种需要或要求”，［C］turned to“转向”，［D］reacted to“对……作出反应”。根据原文表达需要“在观看有趣的动画片时……”，此处正确选项是［D］reacted to。

19. 【答案】［A］

【解析】词义辨析题。根据前文信息，由前面的实验结果“那些被强制锻炼笑肌的人比那些嘴唇皱着表情失望的人在观看有趣的动画片时反应更加热烈而丰富”，我们可以推断出一个结论。［A］suggesting表明，后接结论的句子，符合要求，故为正确答案。［B］requiring “需要，要求”，［C］mentioning “提到”，［D］supposing“假定, 假设”，都不符合上下文语境，故排除。

20. 【答案】［C］

【解析】逻辑分析题。上文提到了“表情而不是其他的方式可能会影响情绪”，后文又提到了“笑的生理行为可以使心情好转”，前后句解释的是同一种情况。［A］Eventually和［B］Consequently都是作为“总结”的副词，［D］Conversely表示“相反”，只有［C］Similarly“相似地”，符合上下文逻辑，是正确选项。

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing ［A］, ［B］, ［C］or ［D］. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points) Text 1【全文精译】

自2009 年纽约交响乐团突然宣布雇佣艾伦·吉尔伯特成为其下任音乐指挥的任命发布以来，该决策业已成为古典音乐界谈论的话题。（21）但至少可以说，大部分人的反应是赞许的。审慎的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托马西尼写道：“好啊！终于决定啦！”

然而，这个任命为何会让人感到吃惊的原因之一是吉尔伯特的知名度相对较小。即使此前在《纽约时报》上支持过吉尔伯特任命的托马西尼也称他为（22）“一个谦逊的、身上没有音乐指挥那种令人生畏的气质”。对这位即将成为一个迄今为著名音乐指挥家古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布雷所指挥过的交响乐团的下任指挥来说，（22）这种描述至少对一些《纽约时报》读者来说只是一种模糊的赞誉之词。

在我看来，我不知道吉尔伯特是否是一个伟大的指挥家，或是一个优秀的指挥家。他固然指挥过许多有趣的、令人印象深刻的音乐作品，但是这并不意味着我必须去艾弗里·费希尔音乐厅或其他地方以聆听优秀的交响音乐会。我所能做的就是到我的CD 架前（挑出喜欢的唱片），或启动电脑，从iTunes 下载更多的录好音乐。

（23）那些认为录音绝不会取代现场演奏的虔诚的音乐会听众忽视了一个要点。受到艺术爱好者们在时间、精力和财力方面的影响，古典乐曲演奏家不仅要和歌剧院、舞蹈团、戏院以及博物馆公司竞争，还必须和20 世纪伟大的古典音乐家的录制音乐竞争。（24）这些录制音乐价格低廉，到处可以买到，而且其艺术品质往往比如今的现场音乐会更高；再者，它们可以在听者所选择的任何时间和地点被“享用”。这些唱片随手可得，使传统音乐会面临危机。

对于古典音乐演奏者而言，还可以做的就是排练出唱片上没有的新曲目。众所周知，吉尔伯特对新音乐的兴趣很浓。古典音乐评论家亚历克斯·罗斯把他描述为一个有能力把交响乐团变成一个“显著不同的、更有活力的组织”。（25）但是这种变化的本质又会是什么呢？仅仅增加乐队的节目是不够的。如果吉尔伯特和其交响乐团要取得成功，他们必须首先改变这个美国最古老的乐团（纽约交响乐团）和它期望吸引的新观众之间的关系。

【答案精解】

21．【答案】［C］

【解析】考点为段落归纳题。从文章第一段第二句“For the most part, the response has been favorable, …”和“Hooray! At last!”可知回应是积极的，因此正确答案是［C］received acclaim （得到称赞）。

选项［A］incurred criticism （招致批评），选项［B］raised suspicion （引起怀疑）, 选项［D］aroused curiosity （引起大众的好奇），都不符合原文意思。

22．【答案】［B］

【解析】考点为段落归纳题。根据Tommasini 在第二段对Gilbert 的评论：“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him”，可知Tommasini 认为Gilbert 是an unpretentious musician。unpretentious 由un（否定前缀）和pretentious 构成，从pretentious 可以想到动词pretend （假装，作假），进而推出unpretentious 是“不做假的，不虚饰或矫揉造作的”，答案［B］modest （谦逊的）意思最为接近，故［B］项为正确答案。

文中提到，with no air of the formidable conductor about him，意思是“他没有指挥家那种强大的、令人敬畏的气势”，据此我们可以排除选项［A］influential （有影响力的）和选项［C］respectable（值得尊敬的）。选项［D］talented （有才华的）在文中也找不到依据，故排除。

23．【答案】［D］

【解析】考点为作者观点题。从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。第四段开头，作者对devoted concertgoers reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance（录音不能代替现场表演）的观点进行了批驳（missing the point），这句话反过来讲，便是“高估了现场表演的价值”，正是［D］项overestimate the value of live performances 的意思，故为正确答案。因此我们可以找出一个正确答案的陈述特点，便是将原文中的“反话”“正说”。

选项［A］意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到These recordings are cheap，但是这个选项片面没有概括性。选项［B］意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devoted concertgoers 的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devoted concertgoers 的描述Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance…存在误差。选项［C］意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。

24．【答案】［B］

【解析】考点为细节信息题。从第四段第三句“These recordings are cheap ，available everywhere…”和第四段最后一句“the widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought ….”，可以推断出选项［B］They are easily accessible to the general public （大众很容易就能得到这些唱片）为正确答案。选项［A］意思是“唱片在质量方面经常是次于现场音乐会”，由第四段第三句“These recordings are cheap…very often much higher in artistic quality than today‘s live performances”可知选项［A］是错误的。选项［C］“他们帮助提高了音乐的品质”是对文中“These recordings…very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances”的曲解。选项［D］太过绝对，无法从文中推出。

25．【答案】［A］

【解析】考点为观点态度题。本题考查作者对于Gilbert 在振兴交响乐团中的作用是什么态度。文章最后一段，尤其是最后三句提到，“But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‘s repertoire will not be enough…”作者认为“Gilbert 与众不同的实质仅仅是增加了管弦乐队的节目，这是不够的”，“Gilbert 和纽约爱乐乐团要想成功，还必须做更多的事情”，由此可知作者并不全然肯定Gilbert 在振兴交响乐团中的作用。故

［A］项doubtful（怀疑的）为正确答案。

［B］项enthusiastic（充满热情的）和［C］项confident （有信心）为反面干扰项。［D］项puzzled （迷惑的）措辞过重，最后两句话作者并没有迷惑，而是给出了自己的间接和看法，因此也不是正确答案。

【词汇注释】

1. philharmonic ［filB:5mCnik, filhB:5n. 爱乐乐团，交响乐团

2. sober sided a. 沉着的，严肃的

3. comparatively ［kEm5pArEtIvlI］ad. 相比之下，比较而言

4. hitherto ［7hiTE5tu:］ad. 迄今，到目前为止

5. markedly ad. 显著地，明显地

6. repertoire ［5repEtwB:］n.（某一艺术团体或艺术家的）全部剧目，全部节目

【难句突破】

1．As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

【句子翻译】对这位即将成为一个迄今为著名音乐指挥家古斯塔夫·马勒和皮埃尔·布雷所指挥过的交响乐团的下任指挥来说，这种描述在一些《纽约时报》读者听来至少是一种模糊的赞誉之词。

【句子主干】That seems to have struck readers.

【结构分析】首先明确主干中that 是指示代词，指代本句前一句中Tommasini 对Gilbert 赞誉的话。本句前半句as a description…作方式状语，description 和that 的指代也相同，而the next music director of orchestra 指的Gilbert 本人。that has hitherto been led by…部分是修饰orchestra 的定语从句。主干最后的as faint praise 也是方式状语，表示这种赞赏对于观众看来是比较谦虚、模糊的。

2．For the time, attention, and money of the art loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

【句子翻译】受到艺术爱好者们在时间、精力和财力方面的影响，古典乐曲演奏家不仅要和歌剧院、舞蹈团、戏院以及博物馆公司竞争，还必须和20 世纪伟大的古典音乐家的录制音乐竞争。

【句子主干】classical instrumentalists must compete not only with…, but also with….

【结构分析】本句主干是比较典型的“不但……而且”的并列句结构。For the time, attention, and money of the art loving public 是原因状语，给出classical instrumentalists 所处窘境的根本原因。

Text 2【全文精译】

8月，当利亚姆·麦克吉卸任美国银行总裁一职时，（26）他的解释直白，令人吃惊。他并没有用通常那种模糊的托词掩饰他的离职，相反他坦诚地说他离任是为了“追求自己的目标——管理公司”。他说，实现自己的雄心壮志“完全是自己做决策”。不到两周时间，他首次和哈特福德金融保险集团董事会面谈，该集团于9月29日将他任命为首席执行官兼董事会主席。

麦克吉说，离开时并没有找好以后的工作，这样他有时间去思考他想要管理什么样的公司，（27）同时也给外界一个清晰的信号：他的激情和志向。这样做的不只有麦克吉一个人。最近几周，（27）雅芳和美国运通的二号执行董事辞职，并说想找CEO 的职位。鉴于股东的压力，董事会仔细审阅了继任计划，那些没有被选的执行官也可以请求离开。动荡不安的

商业环境也使得高级经理十分小心，以免模糊表态影响声誉。

随着最初的经济复苏迹象逐渐显现并稳定下来，（30）代理总裁也许会更乐意在没有新职位的情况下跳槽。根据Liberum 研究咨询公司的数据，在第三季度，由于神经质的董事会紧紧抓住他们的领导者，CEO 人员更替数量和一年前相比下降了23%。随着经济的复苏和好转，对于那些有雄心的领导者来说机会将更多。

（28）离开高层管理职位去寻求更好的职位，这种做法是不符合惯例的。多年来，管理者和猎头都在遵循这样一个法则：最有吸引力的CEO 候选人是必须被“挖来”的那些人。光辉国际资深合伙人丹尼斯·凯里说：“在我所做的招聘中，（28）我想不起一例不是根据董事会的指示首先从现任的CEO 开始挑选的。”

那些没有找到工作而跳槽的CEO 并非立刻就会找到高级管理职位。十年前，当纯果乐被百事可乐收购时，其执行官艾伦·马兰姆因此离职，她说她想成为CEO，一年后她才成为一个小型互联网商品交易公司的头儿。2005 年，罗伯特·威乐姆斯塔特带着成为CEO 的梦想离开了花旗集团，三年后他才成为一家主要金融集团的CEO。

（29）许多招聘者说，对于那些高管而言，过去所谓的丢脸的感觉正在淡化。金融危机使得工作选择或离开一个糟糕的工作变得更加易于为人们所接受。一位猎头说：“传统的规则是待在你原来的职位会更加安全，但是这种想法业已被完全颠覆了。那些受伤害最深者是那些在一个地方待得太久的人。”

【答案精解】

26．【答案】［B］

【解析】考点为段落归纳题。文章首段首句提到，“When Liam McGee departed…, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.”，即“当Liam McGee 离开时，他的解释是直率的”，后文具体描述时还提到，“Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said…”，即“他不是用通常模糊的理由掩饰他的离开，而是坦率地说……”，所以正确答案为［B］项frank（坦率的），直接对应文中“straight up”和“right out”的含义。

［A］项arrogant（傲慢的）是从文中broadcasting his ambition 过度推理而来的，不能选；［C］项self centered（自我为中心的）是从“was very much my decision”主观臆断来的，不能选；［D］项impulsive（冲动的）是近义干扰，但是在原文中找不到依据。

27．【答案】［D］

【解析】考点为段落归纳题。本文章第二段首先谈到，McGee 思考他想要经营什么样的公司，他的离职给外界传递了他的aspirations （抱负、目标）。第三句And McGee isn ‘t alone.谈到不光McGee 是这种情况，言外之意“很多高级管理人员是同样的情况”，下文又举例道“…the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express …quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post”，即高管辞职是因为他们有新的渴望，追求新的职业目标。故［D］项their pursuit of new career goals（他们追求新的职业目标）为正确答案。

［A］项中的financial status 在本段范围内未提及；［B］项中的reflect on their private life 是对文中reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run 的严重曲解；［C］项是根据第二段倒数第二句编造的选项，选项内容与原文不符且不能回答本题提问，故为干扰项。

28．【答案】［C］

【解析】考点为词语释义题。第四段首句是该段中心句，谈到辞去高级职位寻找更好职位的决定不是常规的。后文围绕该中心句论述。要推断的词poached 出现在该段第二句中：For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached。意思是“多年来高官们和猎头坚持这一原则：最新吸引人的CEO 候选人一定会……”，从含义上我们可以推断出be poached 的含义为“被寻找、被注意到、被重视”的意思。故从［B］项和［C］项中选答案。考虑到［C］项中的

hunted for 和是文中出现的headhunters 和search 的语义相近，故可选为正确答案。

［A］项approved of（被赞成），［B］项attended of（被照顾、被看护）含义不准确。［D］项guarded against（被预防）与原文意思相反。

29．【答案】［A］

【解析】考点为段落推理题。“正话反说”该段第二句提到，The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one，意思是金融危机使得跳槽或离开糟糕的岗位更可被接受。后面引用一个猎头的话进一步证明这一观点，猎头说：传统的规则认为呆在原地更安全，但是这已经从根本上改变了。那些最受伤的人们是那些呆最长时间的人。［A］项top performers used to cling to their posts（高管过去常常坚持他们的岗位）是对文中“The traditional rule was it‘s safer to say where you are, but that‘s been fundamentally inverted”的同义替换。

本题正确选项拥有与23 题类似的特点，不同的是23 题属于“反话正说”，本题原文（最后一段前两句）给出一个当前的情况，让我们反推过去的情形，类似于“正话反说”。这同样也是考研题目的一个重要的解题思路。

［B］项中提到的loyalty 一词是原文没有的概念，“不呆在原岗位”与“忠诚过时”不是同一个概念。［C］项是根据该段首句改编的选项，但与首句含义相反。［D］项与本段的核心信息相反。

30．【答案】［C］

【解析】考点为主旨大意题。本文以Liam McGee 的故事开头，他宣布离职的方式非常坦率，两周后找到了新职位。第二段继续谈到，McGee 在没有找到新职位的情况下离开，这给了他思考未来的时间，同他一样，高管们离职的原因是要去追求新的职业目标。第三段强调高管们更愿意在没有新职位的情况下跳槽。第四段的中心是辞去高级职位然后去寻找更好的工作不是常规做法。第五段谈到没有工作就跳槽的那些人并不总是很快就有高职位。第六段讲如今跳槽或离开不好的工作更为可取。文章一直在重复一个主题“高管们辞职后再去找新工作”，故［C］项Top Managers Jump without a Net（高管们在没有新工作的情况下辞职）为正确答案。文中的“McGee leaving without a position lined up，deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net，to quit a position to look for a better one，jump without a job”都在重复这个主题。

［A］项CEOs: Where to Go（CEO 们：路在何方？）文中并没有谈及CEO 们的出路问题，故不能概括文章主旨；［B］项CEOs: All the Way Up?（CEO 们：一路向上？）很宽泛，没能准确反映中心；［D］项中的only 太过绝对，不能成为文章主旨。

【词汇注释】

1. cloak ［klEuk］v. 躲藏，掩盖

2. scrutinize ［5skrutinaiz］vt. 仔细检查，细看

3. turbulent ［5tE:bjulEnt］a. 混乱无序的，动乱的

4. pronouncement ［prE5naJnsmEnt］n. 声明，公告；看法，决定

5. poach ［pEutF］v. 窃取，盗用；非法捕猎

6. commodity ［kE5mCditi］n. 商品

【难句突破】

1．Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”

【句子翻译】他并没有用通常那种模糊的托词掩饰他的离职，相反他坦诚的说他离任是为了“追求自己的目标——管理公司”。

【句子主干】he came right out and said he was leaving to “pursue my goal”.

【结构分析】本句前置状语由rather than （与……不同、相反）引导，接动名词结构cloaking his exit…，表示他没有这么做。主句部分是由and 连接的并列句，said 后相当于间接引语，解释了他离去的原因。

2．A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

【句子翻译】动荡不安的商业环境也使得高级经理谨小慎微，以免影响他们的声誉。

【句子主干】environment has senior managers cautious of letting pronouncements cloud reputations.

【结构分析】读懂本句的关键在于看出have sb. +adj. 这个结构，意思是“使某人拥有某种特征”。这里形容词是cautious，因此have sb. cautious of sth. 就可以理解成“使某人对某事保持警觉、谨小慎微”。

3．Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

【句子翻译】光辉国际资深合伙人丹尼斯·凯里说：“在我所做的招聘中，我想不起一例不是根据董事会的指示首先从现任的CEO 开始挑选的。”

【句子主干】Says Dennis Carey: “I can t think of a single search….”

【结构分析】句首的倒装结构says sb., 相当于sb. says。主句中，I ve done 是一个没有关系代词的定语从句，修饰search。后面的where 相当于in which，引导第二个定语从句也修饰search。

Text 3【全文精译】

营销成功的成功诀窍，简而言之就是：你付出多少就得到多少回报。然而如今已不再如此。当传统的“付费”媒体，如电视商业广告和印刷广告，仍然起着主要作用之时，（35）今天的公司可以利用许多可替代形式的媒体。（31）消费者由于很喜欢某个产品，故主动地将之向朋友推荐，由此造就了“免费”媒体。同时，企业也可以通过给在其网站注册的消费者发送产品及销售情况的email，来举债经营“自己的媒体”。事实上，如今消费者决定购买的方式，意味着时常营销的影响力来自于很多因素，远在付费媒体之外。

付费媒体和自有的媒体由营销自己产品的市场营销者所控制。对于免费媒体（口碑）来说，这类营销者充当了用户反应发起人的角色。但是在一些情况下，一个营销者自有的媒体就会变成另一个营销者的付费媒体，例如，当一个电子商务零售商在其网站上出售广告空间时，情况就是如此。（32）我们把这种售出的媒体定义为自有的媒体，由于其交易量巨大，因此其他机构会将它们的商品目录或电子商务引擎植入这个环境之中。这种趋势，我们相信仍然处于起步阶段，可以有效地从零售商开始，而且旅游提供商，如航空公司和旅馆业，毫无疑问会走得更远。例如，强生业已进入Babycenter——这是一家独立的、推销补充以至竞争产品的媒体产业。除了产生收入外，其他营销者的存在使得网站看上去更加真实，给公司得以学习其他公司营销魅力的有价值信息的机会，还可以提升所有相关公司用户流量。

同样是这些重大的技术变革，在为营销者提供了更多（及更多样化的）传播渠道选择的同时，也增加了风险，即充满激情的消费者会以更快速、更明显和更具破坏力的方式发表他们的意见。（33）这种“被劫持的媒体”是免费媒体的反面：一种资产或营销活动成为消费者、其他利益相关者的劫持物，对某一品牌或产品发表负面言论。例如，社交网站的成员领悟到，他们可通过劫持媒体对创建这些媒体的企业施加压力。

如果这种现象发生，狂热的消费者会尝试劝说其他人共同抵制这些产品，从而危及企业声誉。在这种情况下，如果该公司的反应不够快或不够好，就可能酿成悲剧。例如，今年年初，丰田汽车以相对较快、组织有序的社交媒体回应活动——包括在网站上——如Twitter 及社会新闻网Digg上——和消费者直接交流，（34）从而减少了部分因其召回危机所引发的损

失。

【答案精解】

31．【答案】［D］

【解析】考点为细节推理题。第一段第三句前半句话“Consumers passionate about a product may create”earned “media by willingly promoting it to friends”，意思是“消费者由于很喜欢某个产品，故主动地将之向朋友推荐，由此造就了‘免费’媒体”，选项［D］enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products（热衷于向朋友推荐他们最喜欢的产品）。

［A］obsessed with online shopping at certain web sites （沉迷于在某个网站进行网购），而文中未提到网络购买。［B］inspired by product promotion e mails sent to them （受到产品促销邮件的鼓励），文中消费者向朋友推荐喜欢的商品是他们的主动行为，而非被动。［C］eager to help their friends promote quality products （热心帮助朋友推荐高质量的产品），文中是向朋友推荐，而非帮朋友推荐，故排除。

32．【答案】［C］

【解析】考点为段落归纳题。第二段第四句“We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e commerce engines within that environment”，由此句可知收费媒体（sold media）是指那些流量非常大的免费媒体，由于他们的流量如此之大以至于其他的机构也乐于把自己的产品信息或者电子上午引擎置于这些免费媒体中，于是就会向免费媒体购买广告位置（结合本段第三句理解），由此可知选项［C］strong user traffic（强大的用户流量）为正确答案。

［A］a safe business environment （安全的商业环境），［B］random competition （自由竞争），［D］flexibility in organization （组织灵活）均非文中信息，无中生有。

33．【答案】［B］

【解析】考点为作者观点题。第三段提到免费媒体提供便利的同时，也带来了风险，比如可能被利用去传播某个品牌或产品的负面信息，由此可知选项［B］can be used to produce negative effects in marketing （可能会被用来制造对营销不利的负面影响）正符合此意。

［A］invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers （导致不断与热情的消费者产生冲突），为反向干扰。［C］may be responsible for fiercer competition （可能会造成更激烈的竞争），非第三段讲解的内容。［D］deserve all the negative comments about them （应该受到所有这些负面的批评），原文提到会有负面批评，但未提及是他们应得的，为主观臆断。

34．【答案】A

【解析】考点为例证分析题。最后一段提到热情的消费者可能会号召其他人抵制某个产品，威胁到产品所属公司的名声，这时公司的回应有可能不够迅速、周到。这是本段的核心信息。接下来就拿Toyota Motor 举例，举例中提到这个公司在公司名声遇到如上提到的危机情况时作出的反应，且成功减轻了危害程度。由此可知，例子是对本段中心句的一个反面例子论证公司对hijacked media 的反应。故选项［A］（有效地回应被劫持利用的媒体）为正确答案。

［B］persuading customers into boycotting products （劝说消费者抵制产品），文中末段第一句提到了消费者可能会劝说其他人抵制某些产品，故为张冠李戴。［C］cooperating with supportive consumers （与支持自己的消费者合作），在例子中提到Toyota Motor 公司缓解危机的方式是与消费者直接沟通，这首先属于例子内的信息，不符合例证题的解题思路，其次沟通交流不等于合作，故排除。［D］taking advantage of hijacked media （利用被劫持的媒体），文中是消除被劫持媒体带来的危害，而非去利用被劫持的媒体，故排除。