虚拟语气知识点讲解

虚拟语气

一、虚拟语气的含义

英语中有下列三种语气：

陈述语气：用来陈述事实。用于陈述句、疑问句和感叹句。

祈使语气：提出请求、劝告、指示、命令等。仅用于祈使句。

虚拟语气：常表示说话人所说的不是事实，或事情发生的可能性很小，或不可能发生，是说话人的一种主观愿望、假设、建议、或推测等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

二、虚拟语气在if 引导的非真实条件中的用法：

主要用法列表如下：

如：

If I were you, I should seize the chance to go abroad. (现在)

If I had time, I would attend the meeting. (现在)

If you had taken my advice, you would not have failed in the exam.

If it were to rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be put off. (将来)

II. 易错点分析

１、倒装条件句

如果条件句中有were, had, 或should 等现成助动词，可把他们提到主语之前，省去if。Had I had time, I would have helped you.

Should it clear up tomorrow, we would go for on outing.

Were I you, I would accept the invitation.

注意：若省略if的条件句中的谓语是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略式．如不能说：Weren’t it for the expense, I would go abroad now. 应该说：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.

2、错综时间条件句（混合时间句）：

主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间，这时要根据各自的时间来调整。

If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you won’t be all right now.

(比较：If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would have been all right then.)

If I should not take the exam tomorrow, I would go to the concert now.

If you had studied had before, you would be a college student now.

考考你：

---- I have great difficulty working out this problem.

---- Had you listened to me, you would have less difficulty with such problem.

3、含蓄条件句：

有时一个假设的条件不用if 从句明确表示出来，而是用其它方式表示。常家的有以下几种情况：

（１）介词短语暗示条件。

常见的有：with, without, but for, apart from, in the position of, in the absence of … 等。Without air, there would be no living things.

Without air on the earth, we could not live.

Without your help, I couldn’t have fini shed the work on time.

Without the dreams of the youth, this invention would have been postponed for a century.

With her help, I would do the experiment well.

But for the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.

There could no knowledge apart from practice.

离开了实践，就无知识可言。

In the absence of mathematic science would not exist.

I would do the same in the position of Mr. Brown.

I couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving you a present.

（２）分词短语暗示条件。

Having known in time, we could have stopped it.

Having known English, she could not have made such mistakes.

Seem from a hill at night, the city would look like a bright light sea.

Given more time, she would certainly have done much better.

Being a doctor, I could cure all patients suffering from cancer.

The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster. (if it were happing in wartime ) (3) 单个词暗示条件：

常可用连词（or ）, 有时也可用副词（otherwise）或形容词，名词或代词。

I was busy that day. Otherwise, I would have come to see you.

I am glad I studied, otherwise, I would have failed.

They liked the apartment or they wouldn’t have stayed so long.

Careless drivers would cause accidents. ( If drivers were careless. )

A more careful person would have noticed it.

A Chinese would not do such a thing. (要是中国人，就不会做这种事。)

Anyone in her position would have done the same.

Who but a fool would believe that?

(4) but that (要不是), unless, so long as, on condition (that ), supposing (that ), provide/ providing that.

But that I saw it myself, I could not have believed it.

But that the professor helped us, we should have failed.

(5) 上下文暗示条件。

I would have come to see you that day. Unfortunately, it was raining so hard.

I would have written to her, but I didn’t know her address.

Einstein could have been very rich, but he cared little for money.

The gifts to him would have filled a railway car.

Reduce the sun to the size of a ball, the earth would be the size of a grain sand.

考考你：

1. The introduction of computer into the factory has raised the output more that if fifty more trained worked put on the job.

A. were

B. had been

C. did

D. should

2. I before, but I have been ill.

A. had written

B. have written

C. would have written

D. did write

(6) 独立主格结构。

Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.

Our two countries reaching an economic agreement would be beneficial to both sides. ( If our two countries should reach an economic agreement. )

(7)定语从句：

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.

(8) 不定式

It would be a mistake not to help him.

It would be easier to do it this way.

( If it were to be done this way.)

A lot of ideological work would have to be done to make them join the club.

III. 虚拟语气考点汇总

一、虚拟语气用于表示要求、命令、愿望、决心等词的名词性从句中，从句谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”。

1、用于这类动词后的宾语从句中。可用数字帮助记忆。一个坚持（insist ），二道命令（command, order），三条建议(suggest., ask ) ，四点要求(demand, require, request, ask )，另外还有arrange, desire, decide, determine direct.

They suggested not only should we go to the party but also give a performance.

考考你：

The headmaster suggested me to see a doctor at once.

A. I should go

B. to go

C. going

D. went

注意：当suggest 表示“暗示、表明”，insist 意思为“坚持说（认为，力言”时，宾语从句应用陈述语气。

Her pale face suggested that she was ill, so I suggested that she (should) go to see a doctor.

The man insisted that he had never stolen the money and that he be set free.

考考你：

Some insisted that we an English evening at weekend, yet some insisted that they no insisted in it at all.

A. should hold, should have

B. hold, took

C. were going to hold, show

D. would hold, showed .

2、用在“It is ordered/ suggested/ proposed … that … ”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中(谓语动词为第一点所述动词。)

如：It is ordered that you not smoke here.

It was suggested that the medicine should be sent there by plane.

３、用在名词idea, plan, 以及上述动词的同源名词如：insistence, suggestion, order, advice,

request 等后的表语从句和同位语从句中。如：

We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.

My suggestion is that we hold a class meeting.

The officer gave an order that his soldiers fight back bravely.

二、虚拟语气用于“It is/was necessary/ important/ possible/ natural/ strange/ surprising/ a pity /a shame/ no wonder … +that … ”结构中。

that 引导的主语从句常用“(should )”+动词原形表达说话人的态度，一种强烈的感情。

It’s quite natural that he should think so.

It’s necessary that he should be sent there at once.

注意：１、上述结构中should 意为“应该，竟然，理应”，可以省去。

２、这种从句表示的是事实，如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇，就可以用虚拟语气。反之，如果不表示惊奇，用陈述语气。

It’s natural that he didn’t do so. 显然他没有这样做。

It’s strange that he didn’t come yesterday.

It’s a pity that you can’t dance.

三、虚拟语气用于wish 后的宾语从句中。

表示一种不可能实现的愿望，其谓语动词形式为：

与现在事实相反：动词过去时

与过去事实相反：had＋过去分词

与将来事实相反：would/ could/might +动词原形(不用should)

She wished she had married you last year.

She wished she married you now.

She wished she could marry you next year.

注意：１、请不要以为wished 是过去时，后面接的从句就只能是过去难以实现的愿望。从句用何种时间并不是有wish 本身的时间来确定，而是与wish 的时间差来确定。发生在wish之前就指过去；发生wish同时就指现在；发生在wish之后就指将来。

２、在“It is wished that … ”结构中that 引导的主语从句以及wish 作名词时后面的表语或同位语从句中，谓语动词的形式与wish后宾语从句的谓语动词形式相同。

It is wished that he had not made the mistake.

考考你：

How I wish it ！If it in a few days, the crops would be saved.

A. will rain, rained

B. would rain, should rain

B. should rain, rains D. would rain, had rained

四、虚拟语气用在would/had rather/prefer/sooner/as soon 引导的宾语从句中,表示“希望”。

与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用过去时。

I would rather he had stayed home yesterday.

I would rather he stayed home today.

I would rather he stayed home tomorrow.

五、虚拟语气用在if only 引导的感叹句或条件句中。

１、if only 引出感叹句，强调条件从句，相当于wish, 因此，其谓语构成与wish 后宾语从

句相同。这种句子常表示“已不能实现”的愿望，译为“但愿……”、“要是……该多好啊！”

If only I were ten years younger!

If only he had stayed with us last night!

２、if only 引导出条件句，意思是“只要……”。与if 引导出条件句时用法相同。

If only we had arrived in time, we would not have missed the train.

注意：if only 有时也可引导真实条件句，意思是“只要……”，如：

If only it clears up, we’ll go.

六、虚拟语气用于as if/ though 引导的表语和方式状语从句中。

从句时间也是又与主句谓语的时间差来决定，其方法与wish 相同。

He spoke English as if he were as Englishman.

He feels as if he were floating on a cloud.

They are talking on and on as if they had been old friends.

He stood up as if he would speak.

注意：如果情况发生的可能性较大，也可用陈述语气。如：

There are lots of clouds. It looks as if it is going to rain.

He walks as if he is drunk. (可能喝醉了。)

He walks as if were drunk. (but he is not .)

七、even if/ through 有时也可用虚拟语气，其结构与条件句相同。如：

Even if he had been saved in time, he would have died.

Nothing could have saved him even if he had been tended without delay.

Were the danger even greater (= Even if the danger were greater), I should feel compelled to go.

八、虚拟语气用在so that 和in order that 引导的目的状语从句中。谓语动词常用“can/could/may/might +动词原形”。

Speak loud so that we can/may hear you.

He stepped so that he could/might take a breath.

九、虚拟语气用在in case, lest, for fear that 引导的状语从句中，表示“以防、以免”，从句谓语动词用“should +动词原形”。如：

He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.

Put on your thick clothes in case that you should get a cold.

有时也可不用虚拟语气，而用一般现在时或一般过去时。

Here’s some money in case you need it. 这儿有点钱以防你需要时用。

十、虚拟语气用在“It’s (high/about ) time (that) … ”结构中。表示建议，意思是“该干某事了”，that 引导出的定语从句中谓语动词用过去式，有时也可用“should +动词原形”，其中should 不能省略！

It’s time that we went to bed.

It’s high time that you should start out.

十一、虚拟语气用在表示祝愿的句子中。

１、用动词原形。

Long live our friendship! Be it so! 但愿如此！

God bless you and speed you. 愿上帝祝福你，保佑你。

２、may+动词原形。

May you succeed! May you be happy! May all your dreams come true!

十二、虚拟语气用在“祈使句＋and＋陈述句”句型中。

祈使句在意义上相当于一个条件句。如果用祈使句表示虚拟条件，则and后面的分句要用虚拟语气。若祈使句表示真实条件，and 后的分句不用虚拟语气。这要根据说话人表达的意思而定。如：

Persevere in your studies, and you would be awarded the Nobel Prize. (= If you were to persevere in your studies, and you would be awarded the Nobel Prize.)

坚持研究下去，你就会被授予诺贝尔奖的。(实现的可能性不大。）

十三、虚拟语气用在if it were not for 和if it had not been for 中：（相当于but for ）。

Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.

十四、be going to 用于过去式表示“原来打算”，未能实现。

——Why didn’t you attend the party last night?

—— I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.

十五、“would like/ love +have +过去分词”表示“本来计划，本来打算”。

考考你：

I would love to the party last night, but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go

B. to have gone

C. going

D. have gone

十六、一些动词如expect, guess, hope, mean, suppose, think, want, wish, be supposed to 等把时态往前推一步或接不定式的完成式可表示不切实际的想法或未能实现的愿望、打算。如：I had hoped to stay home but I had to attend an important meeting.

You’re late. You are supposed to die like that.

Sorry, I meant no harm.

----Mr. Smith has arrived here.

----I thought he would come tomorrow.

十七、“情态动词＋have +过去分词”，表示“可能已经，本来可能……”等。

must have done “一定已经……”，对过去情况进行推测。

may /might have done “可能已经……”

could have done “本来可以”

might have done “本来可能，本来应该或可以干某事”，表示“责备”。

had better have done当时最好干了某事

had better not have done

would rather have done 当时宁愿做某事。

would rather not have done

should/ought to have done 本来应该……

needn’t have done 本来不必……

You needn’t have taken a taxi here, for it was very near to my house.

I raised objections at the meeting, but now I would rather not have done that.

You could have done better, but you were too careless.

You might have given him more help, though you were busy.

You should n’t have swum in the sea. You might have been eaten by fish.

You ought to have done this exercise more carefully.

I saw Mr. Wang just now. He couldn’t have gone to Beijing.

十八、虚拟语气的省略：

１、在口语交际中：若一般过去时只保留did, could, were 等助动词、情态动词或系动词；若过去完成时只保留had；过去将来时只保留would/might。

考考你：

１)—— Have you visited the Science Museum?

—— No, but I really wish I

A. will

B. have

C. did

D. had

2) —— Do you want him to lend you some money?

——I wish he .

A. should

B. would

C. will

D. had

3) ——I’m going out tonight.

——well, I’d rather you .

A. didn’t

B. don’t

C. won’t

D. aren’t

２、省去if从句。如：

You could have done it yourself. (if you had wanted to )

I wouldn’t smoke. (If I were you.)

３、省去主句。如：

If my old friends were with me! (How happy I would be)

If only I were a flying bird!

If only I had seen the film.