lesson15新约希腊语教程

15 Pronouns (Module C)

Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns; Possessive Adjectives

Morphology: The Nominal System (Part 10)

Lesson Fifteen Overview

§15.0 Introduction, 15-1

§15.1 Reflexive Pronouns, 15-2

§15.2 Reciprocal Pronouns, 15-9

§15.3 Possessive Adjectives, 15-11

§15.4 Vocabulary Study, 15-23

Study Guide, 15-25

§15.0 Introduction

Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns, and possessive adjectives bring our formal study of first and second declension inflectional forms to an end. Although relative pronouns also share these declensional forms, they will not be introduced until dependent clauses are studied. Other pronouns are patterned after third declension nouns. These too will be studied in a future lesson after third declension nouns and adjectives are introduced. The inflections for the pronouns and adjectives studied in this lesson belong to the first and second declensions, and therefore will be like that of pronouns and adjectives studied thus far. As will be remembered, all NTGreek pronouns are declined according to case and number; however, all except the first and second persons of the personal pronoun are also declined according to gender. As with the personal pronoun, the reflexive pronouns are also declined according to person.

Some introductory NTGreek grammars cite only abbreviated paradigms for the possessive adjectives, others omit them all together. However, all forms of these adjectives are included at this stage of your study because they are based upon first and second declension-paradigm stem endings. It is important only to memorize the stems for the vocabulary words presented at the end of this lesson. Remember: all case endings for these vocabulary words have already been presented; therefore, there are not any new ones to memorize.

§15.1 Reflexive Pronouns

A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that takes the place of a substantive whose antecedent is the subject of the sentence or clause. They are called reflexive pronouns because the action of the verb is always directed backward toward the subject. By nature of the case, reflexive pronouns are never inflected in the nominative (i.e., “Iself”, youself”, weselves”, heself”, etc.) since they can never be the subject of a sentence or clause.

English reflexive pronouns are a compound of the personal pronouns plus the suffixes –self (singular) or –selves (plural).

The reflexive pronouns in English:

Singular Plural

First Person myself ourselves

Second Person yourself yourselves

themselves

Third Person himself

herself

itself

The principle method to express action with respect to the subject of a clause in NTGreek was by using a reflexive pronoun. Hence, as in English, the reflexive pronoun does not occur in the nominative; it is inflected only in the genitive, dative, and accusative cases. Their person, gender, and number will agree with that of the subject of the clause.

§15.1.1 Paradigms

NTGreek reflexive pronoun forms are a compound of a prefix plus the appropriate inflected form (case-gender-number) of the personal pronoun au0t o/j according to its function in the clause or sentence.

Like personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns are inflected in the first, second, and third persons. Unlike personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns are also inflected for both the masculine and feminine in the first and second persons. Note that first and second reflexives lack neuter forms.

Because the reflexive pronouns are not inflected in the nominative, their lexical entries are ALWAYS the genitive masculine singular.

The paradigms below are arranged differently than might be expected. The arrangement is according to stem.

§15.1.1.1 First Person Singular. The stem for the first person masculine singular is e0m auto, and e0m auth for the feminine. Notice that the forms consist of the compound e0m + the respective forms of au0t o/j. Only the masculine forms appear in NTGreek (37x). However, the feminine forms are cited for completeness.

Lexical Entry: e0m autou=, -h=j Stem: e0m auto/h

FIRST PERSON SINGULAR

a-1b

a-2a

Translation

Feminine

Masculine

Genitive e0m aut ou e0m auth=j of, from myself

Dative e0m aut w e0m aut h|to, in, by myself Accusative e0m auto/n e0m auth/n myself

§15.1.1.2 Second Person Singular. The stem for the second person masculine singular is seauto, and seauth for the feminine. Notice that the forms are the compound of se + the respective forms of au0t o/j. Like the first person singular, only the masculine forms appear in NTGreek (43x). However, the feminine forms are cited here for completeness.

Lexical Entry: seautou=, -h=j Stem: seauto/h

SECOND PERSON SINGULAR

a-1b

a-2a

Feminine Translation Masculine

Genitive seaut ou seauth=j of, from yourself

Dative seaut w seaut h|to, in, by yourself Accusative seauto/n seauth/n yourself

§15.1.1.3 Third Person Singular. Third person singular is declined in all genders like the personal pronoun. The stem for the masculine and neuter forms is e9a uto, and e9a uth for the feminine. Notice that the forms consist of the compound e9(with rough breathing) + the respective forms of au0t o/j.

Lexical Entry: e9a utou=, -h=j Stem: e9a uto/h

THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

a-2c a-2b

a-1b

Neuter

Feminine

Masculine

Genitive e9a ut ou e9a uth=j e9a ut ou

Dative e9a ut w e9a uth=e9a ut w

Accusative e9a uto/n e9a uth/n e9a uto/

§15.1.1.31 Translation. NTGreek reflexive third person singular forms are translated according to their natural case-gender.

Gender Case Form Translation

Masculine

Genitive e9a utou=of/from himself

Dative e9a utw~to/in/by/with himself

Accusative e9a uto/n himself

Feminine

Genitive e9a uth=j of/from herself

Dative e9a uth=to/in/by/with herself

Accusative e9a uth/n herself

Neuter

Genitive e9a utou=of/from itself

Dative e9a utw~to/in/by/with itself

Accusative e9a uto/itself

§15.1.1.4 First, Second, and Third Person Plural. Like the third person singular, the plural is declined in all three genders. However, what is unusual, a single set of inflected forms are used for all three persons. Thus, context will determine if e9a utw~n should be translated as “of/from ourselves”, “of/from yourselves”, or “of/from themselves” (cf. §15.1.41). Context will determine the meaning since the pronouns must refer directly

to their antecedents.

FIRST, SECOND, and THIRD PERSON PLURAL

a-2a a-1b a-2c

Feminine Neuter Masculine

Genitive e9a ut w n e9a ut w n e9a ut w n

Dative e9a uto i j e9a uta i j e9a uto i j Accusative e9a uto u j e9a uta&j e9a ut a

§15.1.1.41 Translation. As noted above, a single set of forms are used

for the reflexive pronoun for all three persons in the plural. Its antecedent

will determine which translation will be correct.

Gender Case Form Translation Masculine

Genitive e9a utw~n of,/from ourselves, yourselves,

themselves

Dative e9a utoi=j to/in/for/by/with ourselves,

yourselves, themselves

Accusative e9a utou/j ourselves, yourselves, themselves Feminine

Genitive e9a utw~n of/from ourselves, yourselves,

themselves

Dative e9a utai=j to/in/for/by/with ourselves,

yourselves, themselves

Accusative e9a uta&j ourselves, yourselves, themselves Neuter

Genitive e9a utw~n of/from themselves

Dative e9a utoi=j to/in/for/by/with themselves

Accusative e9a uta&themselves

§15.1.2 Reflexive Pronouns Charted. The following charts list the

reflexive pronouns in their normal paradigm order.

Lexical Entry: e0m autou=,-h=j Stem: e0m auto/h

FIRST PERSON

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine

Masculine Feminine

a-2a

a-1b

a-1b

a-2a

Genitive e0m aut ou e0m auth=j e9a ut w n e9a ut w n

Dative e0m aut w e0m aut h|e9a uto i j e9a uta i j

Accusative e0m auto/n e0m auth/n e9a uto u j e9a uta&j

Lexical Entry: seautou=,-h=j Stem: seauto/h

SECOND PERSON

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine

Masculine Feminine

a-2a a-1b a-2a a-1b

Genitive seaut ou seauth=j e9a ut w n e9a ut w n

Dative seaut w seaut h|e9a uto i j e9a uta i j

Accusative seauto/n seauth/n e9a uto u j e9a uta&j

Lexical Entry: e9a utou=,-h=j, -ou= Stem: e9a uto/h

THIRD PERSON

Singular Plural

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Feminine Neuter

Masculine

a-1b

a-2c

a-2a

a-2c

a-2a

a-1b

Genitive e9a ut ou e9a uth=j e9a ut ou e9a ut w n e9a ut w n e9a ut w n

Dative e9a ut w e9a uth=e9a ut w e9a uto i j e9a uta i j e9a uto i j Accusative e9a uto/n e9a uth/n e9a uto/e9a uto u j e9a uta&j e9a ut a

§15.1.3 Reflexive Pronouns Parsed. In the table below, all reflexive pronouns are parsed. After learning the first, second, and third reflexive pronoun paradigms, try this exercise: cover the right-hand column with a

piece of paper, and parse the inflected forms in the left-hand column. Uncover the answer in the right-hand column to check parsing accuracy.

Only the twenty-five unique forms are cited.

Form Parsing

1. e0m autou=1p gen. masc. sg. of e0m autou=, a-2a, “of/from myself”

2. e0m autw~1p dat. masc. sg. of e0m autou=, a-2a, “to/in/by myself”

3. e0m auto/n1p acc. masc. sg. of e0m autou=, a-2a, “myself”

4. e0m auth=j1p gen. fem. sg. of e0m autou=, a-1b, “of/from myself”

5. e0m auth=1p dat. fem. sg. of e0m autou=, a-1b, “to/in/by myself”

6. e0m auth/n1p acc. fem. sg. of e0m autou=, a-1b, “myself”

7. seautou=2p gen. masc. sg. of seautou=, a-2a, “of/from yourself”

8. seautw~2p dat. masc. sg. of seautou=, a-2a, “to/in/by yourself”

9. seauto/n2p acc. masc. sg. of seautou=, a-2a, “yourself”

10. seauth=j2p gen. fem. sg. of seautou=, a-1b, “of/from yourself”

11. seauth=2p dat. fem. sg. of seautou=, a-1b, “to/in/by yourself”

12. seauth/n2p acc. fem. sg. of seautou=, a-1b, “yourself”

13. e9a utou=3p gen. masc./neut. sg. of e9a utou=, a-2a/a-2c, “of, from

himself”/”of, from itself”

14. e9a utw~3p dat. masc./neut. sg. of e9a utou=, a-2a/a-2c, “to, in, by

himself”/to, in, by itself”

15. e9a uto/n3p acc. masc. sg. of e9a utou=, a-2a, “himself”

16. e9a uth=j3p gen. fem. sg. of e9a utou=, a-1b, “of/from herself”

17. e9a uth=3p dat. fem. sg. of e9a utou=, a-1b, “to/in/by herself”

18. e9a uth/n3p acc. fem. sg. of e9a utou=, a-1b, “herself”

19. e9a uto/3p acc. neut. sg. of e9a utou=, a-2c, “itself”

20. e9a utw~n1, 2, 3p gen. masc./fem./neut. pl. of e9a utou=, a-2a/a-

1b/a-2c, “of, from ourselves/yourselves/themselves”

21. e9a utoi=j1, 2, 3p dat. masc./neut. pl. of e9a utou=, a-2a/a-2c, “to,

in, for, by ourselves/yourselves/themselves”

22. e9a utou/j1, 2, 3p acc. masc. pl. of e9a utou=, a-2a, “ourselves/

yourselves/themselves”

23. e9a utai=j1, 2, 3p dat. fem. pl. of e9a utou=, a-1b, “to/in/for/by

ourselves, yourselves, themselves”

24. e9a uta&j1, 2, 3p acc. fem. pl. of e9a utou=, a-1b, “ourselves/

yourselves/themselves”

25. e9a uta&1, 2, 3p acc. neut. pl. of e9a utou=, a-2c, “themselves”

§15.1.4 Illustrations. Most of these NTGreek examples include vocabulary and forms that have not been introduced. They are cited here for future reference. The reflexive pronouns are underlined for reference purposes only.

1. ei]d on e0m auto/n. = “I saw myself.”

2. ei]d ej seauto/n. = “You saw yourself.”

3. ei]d en e9a uto/n. = “He saw himself.”

4. ei]d en e9a uth/n. = “She saw herself.”

5. e9a utou\j planw~m en = “We deceive ourselves”

6. kai\ou0k e0s te\e9a utw~n = ”and you do not belong to yourselves”

7. e9a utou\j peira&z ete = “[you; pl.] examine yourselves”

8. kate/l ipon e0m autw~ = “I have kept for myself”

9. w(j e0a n trofo\j qa&l ph|ta_e9a uth=j te/k na

= “as a nurse cherishes her own children”

10. e1p exe seautw~ = “[you; sg.] take heed to yourself”

§15.2 Reciprocal Pronouns

In English, each other and one another are called reciprocal pronouns and are used when action undertaken by a group of people is mutual or when people in a group act on each other. Like their NTGreek counterparts, they are used only as objects of verbs or prepositions.

Love one another. We have fellowship with each another. Usually the translation “one another” is the best.

Morphologically, the NTGreek reciprocal pronoun a)l lh/l wn is the doubling of its stem a!l loj (“other”, “another”; a!l loj < a)l lo + allo) fused together, and then simplified to a)l lh/l wn.

§15.2.1 Paradigm. Because the reciprocal pronoun indicates an exchange of action between persons of a plural subject, they are not declined in the nominative case, in the neuter gender, or any singular forms. In NTGreek only the masculine forms appear (100x). However, the feminine forms are cited for completeness.

The lexical entry is its genitive masculine plural. The feminine genitive plural is not cited since it is identical to the masculine.

The inflection of the reciprocal pronoun follows the pattern of the reflexive pronoun in the plural (cf. §15.1.1.4). The three masculine forms given below are the only forms found in NTGreek.

a)l lh/l wn

Feminine Translation Masculine

a-1b

a-2a

Genitive a)l lh/l wn a)l lh/l wn of, from one another

Dative a)l lh/l o ij a)l lh/l a ij to, in, by one another

Accusative a)l lh/l o uj a)l lh/l a j one another

§15.2.2 Reciprocal Pronouns Parsed. The five unique reciprocal

pronoun forms are parsed below.

Form Parsing 1. a)l lh/l wn gen. masc./fem. pl. of a)l lh/l wn, a-2a/a-1b, “of, from

one another”

2. a)l lh/l oij dat. masc. pl. of a)l lh/l wn, a-2a, “to, for, by one

another”

3. a)l lh/l ouj acc. masc. pl. of a)l lh/l wn, a-2a, “one another”

4. a)l lh/l aij dat. fem. pl. of a)l lh/l wn, a-1b, “of, from one another”

5. a)l lh/l aj acc. fem. pl. of a)l lh/l wn, a-1b, “one another”

§15.2.3 Illustrations. Most of these NTGreek examples include

vocabulary and forms that have not been introduced. They are cited here

for future reference.

1. koinwni/a n e1x omen met 0a)l lh/l wn.

= “We have fellowship with one another.”

2. proseu/x esqe u9p e\r a)l lh/l wn.

= “[you; pl.] pray on behalf of one another.”

3. dw~r a pe/m yousin a)l lh/l oij.

= “they will send gifts to one another.”

4. a)s pa&s asqe a)l lh/l ouj e0n filh/m ati a(g i/w.

= “[you; pl.] greet one another with a holy kiss.”

5. au3t h e0s ti\n h9a)g geli/a . . . i3n a a)g apw~m en a)l lh/l ouj.

= “this is the message . . . that we should love one another.”

6. a)n exo/m enoi a)l lh/l wn e0n a)g a&p h|.

= “showing tolerance for one another in love.”

7. mhke/t i ou]n a)l lh/l ouj kri/n wmen.

= “therefore let us not judge one another.”

§15.3 Possessive Adjectives

The most common way for expressing possession in NTGreek is by the genitive case of the personal pronouns: h9bi/b loj sou, “your book”;

o9oi]k oj mou, “my house”. However, another way to express possession is by a possessive adjective.

Some NTGreek grammars label possessive adjectives as possessive pronouns. Although pronominal in meaning, they function syntactically as adjectives in that they agree with the substantive they modify in case, gender, and number. This differs from personal pronouns, for they function substantival, and agree with their antecedent in gender and number, but their case is determined by their function in the sentence. Because possessive adjectives agree with their substantives in case, gender, and number, this necessitates twenty-four forms for each stem. These various forms are required to preserve grammatical concord between itself and all the possible inflected substantives they modify.

Possessive adjectives are formed from the stems of personal pronouns. There are no possessive adjectives forms in NTGreek for the third person. Instead, the personal pronouns (usually the genitive au0t ou=and au0t w~n) are used. The adjectives i1d ioj (-i/a, -on) and a)l lo/t rioj (-a, -on) function as auxiliary third person emphatic (possessive) adjectives.

§15.3.1 Paradigms. Possessive adjectives are declined like first and second declension three-terminal adjectives. The first and second persons singular consist of the stem plus a-2a, a-1b, a-2c case endings, and first and second persons plural consist of the stem plus a-2a, a-1a, a-2c case endings. The latter is because the stems terminate with rhō or a vowel.

All forms of the possessive adjectives indicate possession, and not just the genitive. This is reflected in their translations in the paradigms below (“my/mine”, “our/ours”, and “your/yours”).

The method for presenting these paradigms is as follows: (1) they are arranged according to person, i.e., first and second; and (2) each pair of paradigms cites both the singular and plural possessive adjectives that modify singular and plural substantives respectively.

§15.3.1.1 First Person Singular and Plural.

e0m o/j, -h,-o/n Stem: e0m o/h

FIRST PERSON SINGULAR

Modifying SINGULAR Substantives

Neuter

Feminine

Masculine

a-2c a-2a a-1b

Nominative e0m o/j e0m h/e0m o/n

my, mine Genitive e0m ou e0m h=j e0m ou

Dative e0m w e0m h=e0m w

Accusative e0m o/n e0m h/n e0m o/n

FIRST PERSON SINGULAR

Modifying PLURAL Substantives

Masculine Feminine Neuter

a-2a a-1b a-2c Nominative e0m o i e0m a i e0m a

my, mine Genitive e0m w n e0m w n e0m w n

Dative e0m o i j e0m a i j e0m o i j

Accusative e0m o u j e0m a&j e0m a

h9m e/t eroj, -a, -on Stem: h9m etero/a

FIRST PERSON PLURAL

Modifying SINGULAR Substantives

Neuter Masculine

Feminine

a-2c a-2a a-1a

Nominative h9m e/t ero j h9m ete/r a h9m e/t ero n

our, ours Genitive h9m ete/r ou h9m ete/r a j h9m ete/r ou

Dative h9m ete/r w|h9m ete/r a~h9m ete/r w|

Accusative h9m e/t ero n h9m ete/r a n h9m e/t ero n

FIRST PERSON PLURAL

Modifying PLURAL Substantives

Neuter

Feminine

Masculine

a-2c a-2a a-1a

Nominative h9m e/t ero i h9m e/t era i h9m e/t er a

our, ours Genitive h9m ete/r wn h9m ete/r wn h9m ete/r wn

Dative h9m ete/r o ij h9m ete/r a ij h9m ete/r o ij

Accusative h9m ete/r o uj h9m e/t era j h9m e/t er a

§15.3.1.2 Second Person Singular and Plural.

so/j, sh,so/n Stem: so/h

SECOND PERSON SINGULAR

Modifying SINGULAR Substantives

Masculine Feminine Neuter

a-2c

a-1b

a-2a

Nominative so/j sh/so/n

your, yours

Genitive s ou sh=j s ou

Dative s w sh=s w

Accusative so/n sh/n so/n

SECOND PERSON SINGULAR

Modifying PLURAL Substantives

Masculine Feminine Neuter

a-2a a-1b a-2c

Nominative so i sa i s a

your, yours

Genitive s w n s w n s w n

Dative so i j sa i j so i j

Accusative so u j sa&j s a

u9m e/t eroj, -a, -on Stem: u9m etero/a

SECOND PERSON PLURAL

Modifying SINGULAR Substantives

Neuter

Feminine

Masculine

a-2a a-1a a-2c

Nominative u9m e/t ero j u9m ete/r a u9m e/t ero n

your, yours

Genitive u9m ete/r ou u9m ete/r a j u9m ete/r ou

Dative u9m ete/r w|u9m ete/r a~u9m ete/r w|

Accusative u9m e/t ero n u9m ete/r a n u9m e/t ero n

SECOND PERSON PLURAL

Modifying PLURAL Substantives

Neuter

Feminine

Masculine

a-2c a-2a a-1a

Nominative u9m e/t ero i u9m e/t era i u9m e/t er a

your, yours

Genitive u9m ete/r wn u9m ete/r wn u9m ete/r wn

Dative u9m ete/r o ij u9m ete/r a ij u9m ete/r o ij

Accusative u9m ete/r o uj u9m e/t era j u9m e/t er a

The possessive adjectives may be used with articular or anarthrous substantives. When used with the article, it is in the attributive position.

kai\h9koinwni/a de\h9h9m ete/r a

= “and indeed our fellowship” 1 John 1:3

When a possessive adjective is used, it emphasizes possession. It is very difficult to express this emphasis in English since personal pronouns in the genitive are translated the same way. Therefore, when a possessive adjective is used, the student should underline it to indicate its emphasis.

Furthermore, like other adjectives, a possessive adjective may function substantival: ta_e0m a_sa&e0s tin kai\ta_sa_e0m a&.= “my things are yours and your things are mine” [N.B.: the form of ei0m i/is correct because neuter plurals normally take a singular verb].

§15.3.2 Possessive Adjectives Parsed. All the possessive adjectives

are parsed below. Only the sixty-four unique forms are cited. Note that

the accent differentiates h9m ete/r aj/h9m e/t eraj and u9m ete/r aj/u9m e/t eraj.

Form Parsing

1. e0m o/j1p sg. nom. masc. of e0m o/j, a-2a, “my, mine”

2. e0m ou=1p sg. gen. masc./neut. of e0m o/j, a-2a/a-2c, “my, mine”

3. e0m w~1p sg. dat. masc./neut. of e0m o/j, a-2a/a-2c, “my, mine”

4. e0m o/n1p sg. acc. masc. of e0m o/j, a-2a, “my, mine”

1p sg. nom./acc. of e0m o/j, a-2c, “my, mine”

5. e0m h/1p sg. nom. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

6. e0m h=j1p sg. gen. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

7. e0m h=1p sg. dat. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

8. e0m h/n1p sg. acc. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

9. e0m oi/1p pl. nom. masc. of e0m o/j, a-2a, “my, mine”

10. e0m w~n1p pl. gen. masc./fem./neut. of e0m o/j, a-2a/a-1b/a-2c,

“my, mine”

11. e0m oi=j1p pl. dat. masc./neut. of e0m o/j, a-2a/a-2c, “my, mine”

12. e0m ou/j1p pl. acc. masc. of e0m o/j, a-2a, “my, mine”

13. e0m ai/1p pl. nom. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

14. e0m ai=j1p pl. dat. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

15. e0m a&j1p pl. acc. fem. of e0m o/j, a-1b, “my, mine”

16. e0m a&1p pl. nom./acc. neut. of e0m o/j, a-2c, “my, mine”

17. h9m e/t eroj 1p sg. nom. masc. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “our, ours”

18. h9m ete/r ou 1p sg. gen. masc./neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “our,

ours”

19. h9m ete/r w|1p sg. dat. masc./neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “our,

ours”

20. h9m e/t eron 1p sg. acc. masc. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “our, ours”

1p sg. nom./acc. neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2c, “our, ours”

21. h9m ete/r a 1p sg. nom. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

22. h9m ete/r aj

1p pl. gen. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1b, “our, ours”

[note accent]

23. h9m ete/r a~1p sg. dat. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

24. h9m ete/r an 1p sg. acc. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

25. h9m e/t eroi 1p pl. nom. masc. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “our, ours”

26. h9m ete/r wn 1p pl. gen. masc./fem./neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-1a/a-

2c, “our, ours”

27. h9m ete/r oij 1p. pl. dat. masc./neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “our,

ours”

28. h9m ete/r ouj 1p pl. acc. masc. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “our, ours”

29. h9m e/t erai 1p pl. nom. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

30. h9m ete/r aij 1p pl. dat. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

31. h9m e/t eraj

1p pl. acc. fem. of h9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “our, ours”

[note accent]

32. h9m e/t era 1p pl. nom./acc. neut. of h9m e/t eroj, a-2c, “our, ours”

33. so/j2p sg. nom. masc. of so/j, a-2a, “your, yours”

34. sou=2p sg. gen. masc./neut. of so/j, a-2a/a-2c, “your,

yours”

35. sw~2p sg. dat. masc./neut. of so/j, a-2a/a-2c, “your, yours”

36. so/n2p sg. acc. masc. of so/j, a-2a, “your, yours”

2p sg. nom./acc. neut. of so/j, a-2c, “your, yours”

37. sh/2p sg. nom. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

38. sh=j2p sg. gen. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

39. sh=2p sg. dat. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

40. sh/n2p sg. acc. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

41. soi/2p pl. nom. masc. of so/j, a-2a, “your, yours”

42. sw~n2p pl. gen. masc./fem./neut. of so/j, a-2a/a-1b/a-2c,

“your, yours”

43. soi=j2p pl. dat. masc. of so/j, a-2a, “your, yours”

44. sou/j2p pl. acc. masc. of so/j, a-2a, “your, yours”

45. sai/2p pl. nom. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

46. sai=j2p pl. dat. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

47. sa&j2p pl. acc. fem. of so/j, a-1b, “your, yours”

48. sa&2p pl. nom./acc. neut. of so/j, a-2c, “your, yours”

49. u9m e/t eroj 2p sg. nom. masc. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “your, yours”

50. u9m ete/r ou 2p sg. gen. masc./neut. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “your,

yours”

51. u9m ete/r w|2p sg. dat. masc./neut. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “your,

yours”

52. u9m e/t eron 2p sg. acc. masc. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “your, yours”

53. u9m ete/r a 2p sg. nom. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

54. u9m ete/r aj

2p sg. gen. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

[note accent]

55. u9m ete/r a~2p sg. dat. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

56. u9m ete/r an 2p sg. acc. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

57. u9m e/t eroi 2p pl. nom. masc. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “your, yours”

58. u9m ete/r wn 2p pl. gen. masc./fem./neut. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-1a/a-

2c, “your, yours”

59. u9m ete/r oij 2p pl. dat. masc./neut. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a/a-2c, “your,

yours”

60. u9m ete/r ouj 2p pl. acc. masc. of u9m e/t eroj, a-2a, “your, yours”

61. u9m e/t erai 2p pl. nom. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

62. u9m ete/r aij 2p pl. dat. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

63. u9m e/t eraj

2p pl. acc. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

[note accent]

64. u9m e/t era 2p pl. nom./acc. fem. of u9m e/t eroj, a-1a, “your, yours”

§15.3.3 Illustrations. When an author wished to express emphasis of possession, the possessive adjective was used. However, in an English translation, this emphasis will be lost unless marked in some manner. It is suggested that possessive adjectives be underlined to indicate this.

o9a)d elfo/j mou . . . o9a)d elfo/j e0m o\j . . .

= “my brother” = “my brother”

1. o9e0m o\j lo/g oj . . . “my word . . .”

2. o9lo/g oj o9emo\j . . . “my word . . .”

3. oi9lo/g oi e0m o\j . . . “my words . . .”

4. tw~n a(m artiw~n tw~n h9m ete/r wn“our sins”

5. o9e0m o\j ku/r ioj “my Lord”

6. o9h9m e/t eroj ku/r ioj “our Lord”

7. tou=ku/r iou sou=“of your Lord”

8. e0m oi\maqhtai/e0s te . . . “you are my disciples . . .”

9. o9kairo\j o9e0m o\j . . . “my time . . .”

10. o9e0m o\j kairo\j . . . “my time . . .”

11. sou=e0s tin h9basilei/a“yours is the kingdom”

12. th\n e0k klhsi/a n th\n sh\n . . . “your assembly . . .”

13. ta_j e0k klhsi/a j ta_j sa\j . . . “your assemblies . . .”

14. ta_j a)d elfa_j ta_j e0m a_j . . . “my sisters . . .”

15. u9m ete/r w|a)d elfw~“to/for/by/with your brother”

16. u(m ete/r oij a)d elfoi=j“to/for/by with your brothers”

17. lepro\j u9m ete/r ou dou/l ou “leper of your bond-servant”

18. Pe/t roj, u9m ete/r oj dou=l oj “Peter, your bond-servant”

19. o9Xri/s toj, o9h9m e/t eroj ku/r ioj“Christ, our Lord”

Although there are no third person possessive adjectives, i1d ioj and

a)l lo/t iroj are used for this purpose in NTGreek. We now turn our attention to these two possessive adjectives.

§15.3.4 The Possessive Adjective i1d ioj (“one’s own, private”). For all practical intents and purposes, i1d ioj adjective is interchangeable in sense with e9a utou=. It is a strong possessive adjective and reflexive in meaning.

This possessive adjective corresponds in meaning to the genitive forms of au0t o/j , but usually translated as reflexive.

a!n qrwpoj . . . e0k a&l esen tou\j i0d i/o uj dou/l ouj.

= “a man . . . called his [his own] servants.”

For the purpose of emphasis, i1d ioj is used instead of the genitive forms of the personal pronouns (i.e., au0t ou=, au0t h=j , au0t w~n ).

h9m ei=j a)k ou/o men e3k astoj th= i0d i/a diale/k tw| h9m w~n

= “we each hear in our own dialect”

§15.3.4.1 Paradigm

i1d ioj , -i/a , -on Stem: i0d io /a

SINGULAR

Masculine Feminine Neuter

a-2a a-1a a-2c

Nominative

i1d io j i0d i/a 1 i1d io n Genitive i0d i/o u i0d i/a j 2i0d i/o u Dative i0d i/w i0d i/a i0d i/w Accusative i1d io n his own

i0d i/a n her own

i1d io n

its own

PLURAL

Masculine Feminine Neuter a-2a a-1a a-2c Nominative

i1d io i i1d ia i i1d i a 1 Genitive i0d i/w n i0d i/w n i0d i/w n Dative i0d i/o ij i0d i/a ij i0d i/o ij Accusative i0d i/o uj their own

i1d ia j 2their own

i1d i a 1

their own

The following notes correspond to the superscripted numbers above.

1. The nominative feminine singular and the nominative/accusative plural

forms are identical except for their accent. The final alpha in the

feminine singular is long, and therefore shifts the accent to the penult.

The final alpha in the nominative/accusative plural is short. The accent

will be the only clue to properly parse these forms in isolated contexts.

2. The genitive feminine singular and the accusative feminine plural forms

are identical except for their accent. The final alpha in the genitive

feminine singular is long, and therefore shifts the accent to the penult.

The final alpha in the accusative feminine plural is short. The accent

will be the only clue to properly parse these forms in isolated contexts.

§15.3.4.2 The Adjective i1d ioj Parsed. In the table below, all the unique forms of i1d ioj are parsed. As noted above, the accent will be the key to differentiate between several forms.

Form Parsing

1. i1d ioj nom. masc. sg. of i1d ioj, a-2a, “his own”

2. i0d i/o u gen. masc./neut. sg. of i1d ioj, a-2a/a-2c, “his own/its

own”

3. i0d i/w dat. masc./neut. sg. of i1d ioj, a-2a/a-2c, “his own/its

own”

4. i1d ion acc. masc. sg. of i1d ioj, a-2a, “his own”

nom./acc. neut. sg. of i1d ioj, a-2c, “its own”

5. i0d i/a nom. fem. sg. of i1d ioj, a-1a, “her own”

6. i0d i/a j

gen. fem. sg. of i1d ioj, a-1a, “her own”

[note accent]

7. i0d i/a dat. fem. sg. of i1d ioj, a-1a, “her own”

8. i0d i/a n acc. fem. sg. of i1d ioj, a-1a, “her own”

9. i1d ioi nom. masc. pl. of i1d ioj, a-2a, “their own”

10. i0d i/w n gen. masc./fem./neut. pl. of i1d ioj, a-2a/a-1a/a-2c,

“their own”

11. i0d i/o ij dat. masc./neut. pl. of i1d ioj, a-2a/a-2c, “their own”