第10课 更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译

第10课 更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译
第10课 更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译

第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织

Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易,一路走好

1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement.

Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标(应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业)* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身.

在过去的几天中,美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此,关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然,协议远不够完善,仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过,不必担心。依据保守的估计,乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且,还会刺激各国的经济增长(尤其是世界上最贫困的国家)。同时,它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量,这都是一个价值巨大的成就。

2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more.

这样的机会不容错过。然而,这次机会仍差点被错过。最近,在有关农产品贸易的谈判中,美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果,以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何,做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的,因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是,由于法国的原因,欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称,在某些方面,正在酝酿中的关贸

总协定的协议会将改革进一步深人,因而给他们的利益造成更大损害。

3. If it is a small matter to France’s that the Uruguay round should fail, so long as they keep their subsidies, that is understandable. What is shameful is that their government appears to agree with them, even though most of the French economy (including many of the country’s more efficient farmers) would gain handsomely from a successful round. Jean-Pierre Soisson, the farm minister, has said France may block the EC’s acceptance of a new farm-trade deal, and thereby wreck the round. This position is politically alarming as well as economically indefensible. Other EC governments must see off France, and start hailing a gain for liberal trade.

如果说对于法国农民来讲,只要能保住他们补贴,乌拉圭回合谈判的失败仅是小事一桩的话,那是可以理解的。令人汗颜的是,虽然法国经济的主体(包括该国有竞争力的农场主在内)会从谈判的成功中获得丰厚的利益,法国政府似乎仍赞同他们的意见。法国农业部长琼·皮埃尔·索思森说,法国政府会阻止欧共体接受这一新的农产品贸易协议,从而破坏乌拉圭回合谈判。这一立场,从政治角度讲,是令人担忧的,从经济角度讲,是站不住脚的。其他欧共体国家的政府必须遏制住法国,然后开始为自由贸易取得进展而欢呼。

He carries his heart in his boots 谈判过程令人焦虑

4. Disputes over farm trade have bedeviled the current round of GATT talks from the start. That is unsurprising. For decades governments everywhere have suppressed market forces in agriculture with subsidies, tariffs, quotas, monopoly purchasing boards and all the other paraphernalia of mule-headed intervention. No industry in the world has been pushed further, or so needlessly, from the liberal ideal of guiding resources to their best use by means of prices set in markets. On one plausible estimate, consumers in industrial countries pay $300 billion a year in taxes and higher prices to support farming. Even allowing for the income transferred to farmers, the net welfare loss caused by the industrial countries’ farm policies is $10 billi on a year. Distortions on such a scale have given a comparative handful of people every reason to fight to the bitter end for economic lunacy. On October 14th French farmers held another “day of action”—blocking roads, planting wheat in awkward places and so forth—in protest at the planned reforms.

农产品贸易争端从一开始就困扰着这一轮的关贸总协定谈判。这并不足为奇。几十年来,各国政府通过补贴、关税、配额、统购及其相关政策顽固地干预和压制市场力量。世界上没有一种产业曾被迫远离或无谓地偏离这一自由贸易理想,即通过市场定价将资源配置到最能发挥效用的地方。根据一项可靠估计,工业国的消费者每年通过付税和高价的形式支付3,000亿美元以支持农业。即使将转支给农民的这笔收人考虑在内,由工业国的农业政策所引起的财富净损失每年也达到1,000亿美元。经济扭曲的程度如此之大使相当一部分人有充分的理由去为结束这种荒谬的经济行为而奋斗。10月14日,法国农民又举行了“行动日”活动——封锁街道、将麦子种在不合理的地方等等,以反对计划中的改革。

5. What exactly are those reforms? The benchmark remains the scheme set out by Arthur Dunkel, the GATT’s director-general, in 1991.On cereals, where Europe and America have squabbled most fiercely, Mr.Dunkel suggested cuts of 20% in the value of the CAP’s production subsidies, 36% in the value of its export subsidies, and 24% in the volume of its subsidized exports. America said it would settle for nothing less.

The EC than came up with a new plan to reform the CAP. Its main idea is to replace some production subsidies with direct payments to farmers; these payments, though not entirely divorced from output, will be semi-detached. The value of the CAP’s “subsidies” would therefore fall by enough to meet the Dunkel targets; but output would probably fall by too little to meet the target of a 24% cut in the volume of subsidized exports.

改革的具体内容是什么呢?改革的标准和1991年关贸总协议理事长亚瑟·邓克尔提出的方案基本相同。就欧美争论最激烈的谷类产品问题,邓克尔建议,将欧洲共同农业政策规定的生产补贴削减20%,其出口补贴削减36%,其补贴出口的规模削减24%。美国称不会再降低条件。而欧共体提出了一个改革共同农业政策的新方案。其主导思想是:用直接向农民付款的方式来替代生产补贴,虽然这笔钱并未同产量完全脱钩,但将是半脱离性的。由此,共同农业政策所规定的补贴额将下降到邓克尔所提出的目标。但其产量的下降幅度很小,恐怕难以达到削减补贴出口量24%的目标。

6.America objected to that, and asked whether the proposed “direct payments” were not really production subsidies in disguise. The talks have been snagged on those issues for the past four months. On October 13th , however, agreement on both points moved within reach. America’s negotiators said that the CAP’s new direct payments would not, after all, be regarded as production subsidies. And it seemed that a way could be found to satisfy America on the 24% cut in volumes. Several formulas are under discussion.(One would bind the EC to cut by 21%; another would allow it to cut by less than 24% in some crops if it cut by more than 24% in others.) Officials on both sides were optimistic that a deal on farming, which would unlock the rest of the round, was within reach.

美国表示反对,并质问其提出的“直接付款”是否实际上为变相的生产补贴。在过去的四个月中,谈判一直在这些问题上纠结。但到10月13日,双方基本达成协议。美方谈判代表称,共同农业政策新的直接付款办法毕竟不能视为生产补贴。而且似乎能够找到办法在削减补贴出口量24%的问题上满足美国的要求。几种方案正在讨论当中。(一种方案是欧共体必须削减21%;另一种方案是如果欧共体在某些产品出口量上削减24%以上,则在另外一些产品的削减额上可小于24%)双方官员都持乐观态度,认为农产品协议即将达成,而其将开启本轮谈判的余下部分。

7.A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat. Unlike cereals and other farm goods, which the Uruguay round aimed to bring within the GATT’s jurisdiction for the first time, oilseeds (which are used for making cooking oil, margarine and animal feed) already fall within it. Twice America has complained to GATT that Europe is in breach of its undertakings; twice GATT has ruled against the EC. America wants the Community to cut its oilseeds output by nearly half over the next six years. The EC is willing to cut, but not by that much. Here too, the gap between the two sides appears to have narrowed a lot during the past few days.

有关油料作物的一场独立而漫长的争论确实仍构成另一威胁。与谷物和其他农产品不同,这些产品是首次进人乌拉圭回合谈判意在纳人关贸总协议的权限范围,而油料作物(用来制作食用油、人造黄油、动物食品)则早已在其管辖之下。美国曾两次向关贸总协议申诉,欧洲违背了其承诺;而关贸总协议也两次裁决欧共

体败诉。美国希望欧共体在未来六年内将油料作物产量削减近一半。欧共体愿意削减,但不打算减那么多。在这一问题上,双方的分歧在过去的几天内看来也缩小了很多。

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c117995588.html,ernments need to reflect on the broader deal that, because of this progress in the farm-trade talks, has once again moved within their grasp. In 1985, just before the round was launched, America’s chief trade negotiator set out the administrati on’s goals for the talks. They were suitably ambitious. On nearly every heading, the round

think deeply about, or remind oneself of, past events; consider 沉思或思忆(往事); 思考: I need time to reflect (on your offer/on what you offered). 我需要时间来考虑(你的建议[你提出的建议]

由于在农产品贸易谈判中取得了进展,因此有关政府可以考虑达成更为广泛的协议——这些协议再次在其掌握之中了。1985年,就在本回合谈判启动之前,美国首席贸易谈判代表宣布了政府为谈判确定的目标。而那些目标既雄心勃勃,又恰到好处。迄今为止,本轮谈判几乎实现了所有这些目标。

9.The draft agreement contains many sensible new rules for global trade (covering, for instance, the settlement of disputes, the protectionist use of technical standards, anti-dumping measures, subsidies, countervailing duties, government procurement and many other implicit barriers to trade).To promote trade and innovation, it offers new safeguards to owners of intellectual property. It brings trade in services into the GATT for the first time, opening new foreign markets to efficient producers of services in America and Europe. America’s ambitious early goals for farm-trade liberalization will not be fully met by the compromise that is now within reach; but even in farming, a half-successful round will deliver great benefits. And if this package can be banked, future rounds will be obliged to argue over how much to cut farm protection, not whether—an achievement in itself.

countervail['kaunt?veil]vt.补偿, 抵销;vi.抵销

这一协议草案为全球贸易制定了很多理性的新规则(例如,涉及贸易争端的解决、保护性地使用技术标准、反倾销措施、补贴、反补贴税、政府采购、和许多其他的隐性贸易壁垒)为促进贸易和创新,本协议还为知识产权的拥有者提供了新的保障。它在关贸总协定中第一次引人了服务贸易,这就为欧美一些服务领域的高效供应商打开了全新的海外市场。而这个即将达成的妥协不可能完全实现美国起初制定的雄心勃勃的农产品贸易自由化目标。但是即使在农业方面,一轮成败参半的谈判仍会带来巨大利益。而如果能够达成这一揽子协议,那么未来的多轮谈判将就削减多少农产品补贴进行讨论,而不是是否要削减补贴—这本身就是一个成就。

10.A recent study of the benefits of a half-successful round concluded that America would gain an annual $35 billion, Japan and Europe nearly $30 billion apiece, and the

rest of world about $25 billion: a global gain of roughly $120 billion a year. These estimates are doubly conservative. They understate the effect that trade reform could have on long-term growth (which many economists believe to be substantial) and they take account of fewer reforms than the new compromise would include. True, “radical” liberalization would more than double those figures, but that is no reason to sneer at a deal that can be done here and now.

最近,一项关于此轮成败参半的贸易谈判的收益研究表明:美国每年将从中获利350亿美元,欧洲和日本每年将各赢利300亿美元,世界其他各国可获利约250亿美元,粗略估计全球范围内共获利1,200亿美元。而这些估计都是相当保守的。他们低估了贸易改革在长期成长上可能造成的影响(而很多经济学家认为这才是实质性的)。同时,他们也对新的妥协方案中可能包括的改革措施考虑较少。不错,极端的自由化措施可能将上面提到的数字翻番,但我们也没有理由去嘲笑眼下可以达成的协议。

Gattcha 成败在此一举

11.America has shown some flexibility, and Europe should respond. Much of the EC would like to. Germany’s willingness to embrace farm reform enabled the Community to produce its planned reform of the CAP last spring. Germany’s role over the next few days will again be crucial, for it must tell France that its threat to block the Uruguay round is intolerable. To carry out that threat, France is likely to need German support. The Community decides its trade policy by qualified majority vote; France has no straight forward right of veto. Without allies, its only course would be to block the decision by citing “vital national interests”—the sort of profoundly un-European thing that Britain might do, but which France would rather not.

美国已经表现出了一定程度的灵活性,欧洲也应有所回应才是。欧共体的大部分成员是有这个意愿的。德国表现出来的拥护农业改革的意愿使欧共体能够实行去年春天计划好的对共同农业政策的改革。在今后几天的谈判中,德国的角色又将是至关重要的,她必须告知法国其阻挠乌拉圭回合谈判的威胁是令人不能容忍的。而法国要实施这个威胁则需要德国的支持。欧共体决定她的贸易政策将以投票表决的方式来通过,法国不拥有一票否决权。在没有盟国支持的情况下,法国只有引用“重要国家利益”这一借口来阻挠决议的实施。英国或许会使用这种极度非欧洲化的方式,而法国则不会这样。

12.The GATT saga has dragged on too long already. But it might just have been worth the wait. A good agreement is there for the taking. If governments care for their citizens at large as opposed to noisy lobbies, they will grab it.

乌拉圭回合谈判已经拖的太久。但也许它还是值得等待的。一份好的协议就搁在那儿等我们去拿。如果各国政府像对付喧闹的游说者那样认真地关心民生的利益的话,他们会抓住这次机会的。

--From The Economist.Oct.17,1992

——选自1992年10月17日《经济学家》

admittedly ad.公认的

spur v.促进;激励;鞭策

economic growth 促进经济发展

hitherto ad.迄今为止

squander v.浪费;挥霍

make sense 讲得通,有意义;言之有理,合情合理prospect n.预期;展望

in prospect 期望中的,展望中的

subsidies n.复数的subsidy,津贴;补贴

wreck v.破坏;毁坏

wreck the economy 破坏经济

wreck an agreement 破坏协议

wreck the round 破坏这一回合谈判

indefensible a.不可原谅的

bedevil v.使困惑;使受挫

carry one's heart in one's bo 吓得要命;焦急万分paraphernalia n.[复]复杂的程序;烦琐的手续

mule-headed 顽固的;固执的

plausible a.貌似有理的

stand v.定然会

distortion n.歪曲;曲解

lunacy n.疯狂愚蠢的行为;荒谬

benchmark n.基准尺度

squabble v.(为琐事)争吵

settle v.解决争端

replace ...with v.代替;取代

detached a.独立的;分离的

disguise n.伪装;掩饰

in disguise 化装了的

snag v.被缠住;被绊住

pose a threat 形成一种威胁

jurisdiction n.管辖范围(联合国文件常用词)

be in breach of 违反...,与...相违背

implicit a.不言明的;含蓄的

deliver v.实现

apiece v.各个计算;逐一

saga n.(口)一长串事件

for the taking 供自由拿取

1.spur: promote

2.squandered: wasted

3.bedeviled: perplexed

4.allowing for: taking…into consideration

5.detached: disconnected

6.pose: form

7.sensible: reasonable

1.GATT: 关税及贸易总协定

2.market forces: 市场力量

3.countervailing duty: 反补贴税

4.intellectual property right: 知识产权

5.trade in services: 服务贸易

https://www.360docs.net/doc/c117995588.html,mon Agriculture Policy: 共同农业政策

1.据保守估计:on a conservative estimate

2.形成一种威胁:pose a threat

3.经济增长:economic growth

4.乌挂圭回合谈判:the Uruguay round talk

5.世界贸易组织:the World Trade Organization

6.农业保护:farm protection

1.… differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing.

2.… spur economic growth …

3.its subsidised exports

4.production subsidies

5.A separate, long-running dispute over oilseeds does still pose a threat

6.The draft agreement

1.Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more form a succeful round than any other country.But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France.French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy (CAP) that Europe’s governments agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take that reform further, damaging their interest even more.

不管其动机如何,妥协思想对美国来说是有意义的,因为它从成功的回合谈判中获得的好处肯定比其他任何国家都多得多。但由于法国的缘故,欧共体仍在犹豫。法国农场主强烈反动改革欧洲各国政府去年5月通过的共同农业政策。农民们称,在一些方面,现在将要达成的关贸总协定的协议会使这项改革进行得更深入,因而进一步损害他们的利益。

2.If it is a small matter to France’s farther that the Uruquay round should fail, so long as they keep their subsidies, that is understandable.

对法国农场主来说,只要他们还有政府津贴,乌拉圭回合的谈判的失败对他们来说是一件小事,这是可以理解的。

3.America objected to that, and asked whether the proposed “direct payments” were not really production subsidies in disguise.

美国反对这一点并提出疑问:所提出的“直接报酬”是不是只是真正产品补贴的伪装。

4.To promote trade and innovation, it offers new safeguards to owners of intellectual property.It brings trade in service into the GATT for the first time, opening new foreign markets to efficient producers of services in America and Europe.America’s ambitions early goals for farm-trade liberalisation will not be fully met by the compromise that is now within reachibut even in farming, a half-successful round will deliver great benefits.And if this pakage can be banked, future rounds will be obliged to argue over how much to cut farm protection, not whether-an achievenment in itself. 为了促进贸易和创新,协议草案为知识产权所有者提供了新的保障。它第一次把服务贸易纳入关贸总协定,给美国和欧洲的高效服务的提供者打开了新的国外市场。美国最初的农产品贸易自由化的野心勃勃的目标,在即将达成的妥协中将不能完全实现。但即使是在农业方面,一个成败参半的回合谈判仍会带来巨大的利益,如果这一系列目标被列入计划,未来的回合谈判将讨论必须削减多少农产品保护,而不是是否要削减——这本身就是一个成就。

《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料

《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语: manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款(低息贷款) MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义: exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的,增产的 run-down: reduction

外刊经贸知识选读翻译

旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情(-) econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. (法新社)10月31日电:在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中,石油价格起伏不定,跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引,那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”;但随后,交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下,沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价,而且由于美元重收失地,投资者纷纷撤回投资,黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决,贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动,可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度,尽管英国的出口量增加了,谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金:跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响,黄金的价格上升,但随后资方承诺谈判,矿工复工,使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力,但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而,美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺,金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下,和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明,1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比,下降了4. 6%,由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。

第14课 初级商品市场外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译

第14课初级商品市场 Soft Commodities非耐用商品 Many prices are at historic lows, and the IMF expects further falls.Yet there are signs that the worse may be over.One key commodity, sugar, has recovered. 许多商品的价格处于历史最低点,虽然国际货币基金组织预计价格还会进一步下跌。但是,有迹象表明,最糟的局面已经结束了。因为“糖”这种关键性商品的价格已经回升了。 Markets Have Lost Their Allure 市场已失去吸引力 For Most people involved in the production and trading of “soft” or agricultural commodities, this is proving to be a grim decade. 对于大多数生产并买卖非耐用商品或农业品的人来说,这十年无疑是阴暗的十年。 Prices are in many cases at, or near, historic lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.And—with most soothsayers forecasting flat, or still lower, prices—the markets themselves have lost much of their allure. 许多情况下,产品的价格都在实际意义上处于或接近历史最低价,这是因为市场要应付泛滥成灾的过剩的农产品。同时,大多数预言家预测价格将会持平,或者更低。市场自身已经失去了很多的魅力。 Speculators who profited handsomely from the price volatility of the 1970s have deserted soft commodities for the newer excitement of financial futures or the security and big yields afforded by the equity and money markets. 从20世纪70年代的价格不稳中大笔获益的投机者们已经放弃了非耐用商品而寻求金融期货或有价证券带来的新的刺激以及股票和货币市场提供的巨额利润。The contrast with the “resources decade” of the 1970s could hardly be more marked.It is strange, indeed, to observe that only 10 years have elapsed since spiraling commodity prices were the focus of major international concern, and many respected forecasters were warning of impending global shortages of basic raw materials and foodstuffs. 这和70年代的“资源十年”之间的对比是再明显不过的了。确实很奇怪,仅仅十年前,国际上关心的焦点还是不断盘旋上升的价格,许多受人尊重的预言家们一直在警告全球性的基础原材料和食品短缺即将到来。 The shortages never came, and the terms of trade have now shifted dramatically against the commodity producers.Agricultural commodities have been particularly badly https://www.360docs.net/doc/c117995588.html,st year alone, the International Monetary Fund’s indices of food prices and of agricultural raw material prices fell by 15 per cent and 12 per cent https://www.360docs.net/doc/c117995588.html,modity prices in general were about 35 per cent below their 1980 average in 1985 according to the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 然而,短缺从未出现,现在的贸易条件已经转为对商品生产者大为不利,特别是农产品遭到了严重的打击。仅仅去年一年,国际货币基金组织的食品和农业原材料的价格指数就分别下跌了15%和12%。联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会)的

最新自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料

自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语: manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款(低息贷款) MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资

最新第10课-更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读-每课重要知识点-串讲-课文翻译

第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织 Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易,一路走好 1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement. Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标(应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业)* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身. 在过去的几天中,美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。因此,关贸总协议乌拉圭回合的谈判现已接近尾声。诚然,协议远不够完善,仅是对一系列棘手问题的妥协。争取自由贸易的事业还有许多仗要打。不过,不必担心。依据保守的估计,乌拉圭回合协议将持久地每年为全球增加1,000多亿美元的财富。而且,还会刺激各国的经济增长(尤其是世界上最贫困的国家)。同时,它将贸易竞争扩展到那些迄今仍坚持保护主义政策并因此而落后的国家。无论依据何种标准衡量,这都是一个价值巨大的成就。 2. Such opportunities come too rarely to be squandered. Yet this one still may be. In the most recent talks about farm trade, America has shown a new willingness to compromise on details, doubtless ref lecting George Bush’s need for an economic success to boast of in his election campaign. Whatever the motive a spirit of compromise makes sense for America, since it stands to gain a lot more from a successful round than any other country. But the EC continues to hesitate—because of France. French farmers are violently opposed to the reform of the common agricultural policy(CAP) that Europe’s government agreed to last May.In certain respects, the farmers claim, the GATT deal now in prospect would take reform further, damaging their interests even more. 这样的机会不容错过。然而,这次机会仍差点被错过。最近,在有关农产品贸易的谈判中,美方多次表示愿意在细节问题上做出妥协。这无疑反应了布什总统需要一个经济成果,以便在大选中吹嘘。不管动机如何,做出妥协这一主导思想对美国是有意义的,因为谈判的成功给美国带来的利益要远大于其他任何国家。但是,由于法国的原因,欧共体仍旧犹豫不决。法国农民强烈反对改革欧洲各国政府于去年五月通过的共同农业政策。他们声称,在某些方面,正在酝酿中的关贸

最新第12课--市场竞争外刊经贸知识选读-每课重要知识点-串讲-课文翻译

第12课市场竞争 Soft Drink Wars: the Next Battle 软饮料战:下一次战争 The reformulation of Coke has given the feuding cola giants a chance to go at each other again. 可口可乐的重新配方为长期不和的可乐巨头提供了一个新开战的机会。 But Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are spoiling for yet another f ight, and this time they’re picking on the little guys: non-cola makers like Seven-Up and Dr Pepper. By Monci Jo Williams 但是可口可乐和百事可乐一心想进行另一场战斗,这一次它们选中了小企业:“七喜”和“佩拍博士”。 In the U.S.soft drink industry, where 1% of the market is worth $ 300 million in retail sales, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo don’t wage mere market share battles.They fight holy wars.These days the fighting is on two fronts.One is on the vast plains of the cola business, where the reformulation of Coke has Pepsi on the defensive.The other is in the back alleys of the smaller, non-cola market.Until now these have been dominated by other companies.As growth of high-calorie colas slows, however, Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are invading new territory. 在美国的软饮料行业,1%的市场份额就意味着3亿美元的零售额,可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司进行的不仅仅是争夺市场份额的斗争,他们进行的是“圣战”。目前他们的斗争有两条战线。一条是可乐生意的广阔战场,在这儿可口可乐的重新配方使百事处于守势。另一条战线是在较小的非可乐市场的后巷里。迄今为止,这些市场仍被其他公司所支配。由于高热量可乐的增长缓慢,可口可乐公司和百事可乐公司计划入侵新的领域。 Coca-Cola is moving in with two new products: Cherry Coke, a canned version of the old soda fountain favorite, and Minute Maid Orange Soda, which contains orange juice.Pepsi’s new product is Slice, a lemon-lime soft drink that also contains fruit juice.If these products live up to their early performance in test markets—a big if—they could produce $ 3 billion a year in retail sales.The skirmishes between the cola giants will precipitate a battle for supermarket shelf space and for the loyalty of battlers.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products. 可口可乐凭着两种新产品投入了战斗:一种叫做“樱桃可乐”,是原来的冷饮柜的宠儿的罐装版,另一种叫做“小少女桔子汽水”,含有桔子汁。百事的新产品是“斯来思”,它也是一种包含果汁的柠檬——酸橙软饮料。如果这些产品能够达到早期在试销市场的表现—这是个值得疑问的“如果”—他们在零售方面每年就能产出30亿美元来。可乐巨人之间的小冲突就会升级为一场为争夺超市货架空间和瓶装商忠心的战役。这两个巨商将迫使瓶装商们放弃与之竞争的品牌,以便为他们的新产品让道。 It’s too early to tell how the reincarnated Coke is selling, sinc e many bottlers are still working off old inventories.But the company isn’t leaving much to chance.Coca-Cola will back new coke with more than $ 70 million of advertising this

外刊经贸知识选读 第4课翻译

Lesson 4 The Economic Scene: A Global Perspective (Excerpts) In 1991,for the second year in a row, the economies of low-income and middle-income countries virtually stagnated, as measured by an increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Aggregate output for developing countries advanced by slightly less than 2 per cent during 1991 (similar to the weak performance of 1990), implying an easing in per capita income of 0.1 per cent. Aggregate statistics for 1991 were influenced by the sharp decline in output in Central and Eastern Europe, as well as by the adverse effects of the Gulf crisis on several economies in the Middle East. Excluding Central and Eastern Europe, growth in developing countries in 1991 was 3.4 per cent, compared with 3.8 per cent during the 1980s. Estimates of GDP growth by major geographic region show an acceleration in Latin America and in sub-Saharan Africa; an increase in China’s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region. International conditions for growth in developing countries deteriorated in 1991. The seven major industrial countries (the G-7) experienced a significant slowdown in GDP growth—from 2.8 per cent in 1990 to 1.9 per cent during 1991 as recession gripped Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States and growth rates slowed in continental Europe and Japan. In important respects, the slowdown was different from those that occurred during the 1970s and 1980s. Rather than reflecting the effect of disinflationary policies, weakness in demand was more closely related to the loss of momentum that had built up during the long period of expansion that began in 1983. In addition, a common factor underlying the slowdown in many industrial countries was the cyclical deceleration in investment spending. Although the weakness in demand in the United States led to a sharp decline in short-term dollar interest rates—a positive development for many developing countries—it also contributed to a drop of over 6 per cent in non-oil commodity prices and to a slackening, to 3 per cent, in the growth of world trade. These trends were compounded by worsening economic conditions in the Soviet Union and its successor states, where a growing shortage of foreign exchange led to a compression of imports from Eastern Europe and an acceleration of certain commodity exports (aluminum, gold and lead, for instance) to earn hard currencies. Against this deteriorating global background, the improvement in economic performance in a few developing regions in 1991—which carried over in 1992—was especially noteworthy. This improvement is attributable, in part, to the implementation by many governments of measures to stabilize their economies and restructure incentives to encourage private initiative and international trade. Policy reforms in Latin America helped to moderate inflation and domestic demand; East Asian economics, supported by growth in export volume in the range of 10 per cent and by robust domestic demand, continued to grow rapidly. Sub-Saharan Africa raised its real GDP growth rate from 1.3 per cent in 1990 to 2.4 per cent in 1991. Also noteworthy was the implementation by the Paris Club of a new menu of enhanced concessions in debt reschedulings for the severely indebted, low-income countries. The menu was introduced in agreements with Benin and Nicaragua, and was subsequently applied in agreements with Bolivia and Tanzania. Nonconcessional but special extended rescheduling terms were also

外刊经贸知识选读全部课文翻译

Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)(摘录) Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links --巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究 自从中华人民共和国成立以来,中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。20世纪50年代,中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备,用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益,但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题,造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。 20世纪60年代,苏联经济和技术援助撤走,导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。 ―文化大革命‖期间(1966-1976)工农业生产一落千丈,交通运输限制更加严重,中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。 The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force(解释:施行)in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.(最惠国待遇) 在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定,根据这个协定,中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定,继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后,中美贸易发展迅速。美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。 Breakdown分类A commodity breakdown of China’s trade shows that fuels (燃料)accounted for 24 per cent of total exports in 1982, 中国的贸易商品分类表明,1982年燃料占总出口的24%,食品占13%,纺织纤维和矿砂占7%,制造品占55%(最重要的产品是纺织品、化工产品、机械及运输设备)。自从新中国建立以来,中国一直重视进口资本设备已使加强工业部门。但是1982年进口的主要是食品,占进口总额的22%,轻工业产品占20%,机械和运输设备占17%。 During the past few years a major objective of the Chinese authorities(权威、权力)has been to reduce(减少)the proportion(比例)of agricultural exports, while increasing that of industrial and mineral products. A wide variety(多样性)of industrial goods are now exported and Chinese capital equipment has been used by a number of developing countries to establish projects in areas such as agriculture, forestry, light industry, food processing, water conservation and transport and communications. 过去几年,中国当局的主要贸易目标一直是减少农产品出口的比例,增加工业和矿产品的出口比例。中国现在出口种类繁多的工业品,许多发展中国家采用中国的资本设备,用于农业、林业、轻工业、食品加工业、水保护、交通和通信领域中的建设项目 The Balance Shifts 收支平衡变化The US dollar value of Chinese exports increased at an average rate of almost 18 per cent per annum between 1978 and 1983, while imports increased by approximately (大约)11 per cent per annum. As a result, the visible trade surplus (有形贸易顺差)rose sharply from US $ 1.4 billion in 1981 to US $ 4.4 billion in 1982 and US $ 3.7 billion in 1983. Exports grew much faster than imports during this period not only because of the strong emphasis placed on exporting by China’s economic planners, but also because a number of industrial projects were postponed in 1979. Official(官方)recognition(承认)that foreign technology could play a major role in modernising the Chinese economy had caused imports to rise by more than 50 per cent in 1978 placing undue strain on the national economy. Grain imports have fallen sharply over the past few years ---- China became a net grain exporter in 1984 ---- and in 1983 the country started to export soyabeans and cotton. 1978-1983年建,中国出口额按美元计算,平均每年增长率近18%,每年进口额增长率约是11%。因此有形贸易顺差从1981年的14亿美元猛增到1982年的44亿美元,1983年是37美元。同期的出口比进口增长快得多,这不仅是因为中国的经济决策者十分重视出口,还因为许多工业项目推迟到了1979年。官方认识到,在中国经济走向现代化的过程中外国技术起着主要作用,这种认识导致1978年进口增长50%以上,给国民经济造成了不应有的重负。在过去几年粮食进口急剧减少—1984年中国成为粮食净出口国---1983年中国开始出口大豆和棉花。

相关文档
最新文档