(初中)143第一部分第四章第三节英美文学
孔庆科2015/6/1
第三节 英美文学
A. 本节知识与能力结构图
英美文学1
英国文学2
美国文学1
古英语文学
2
伊丽莎白时期3
十九世纪
4
二十世纪
1
浪漫主义时期
2
现实主义时期3
现代时期
1.《坎特伯雷故事集》(Canterbury Tales )的主要内容有哪些？
2. 威廉·莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）有哪些重要作品？
3. 在英国文学史上，现代主义主的特点有哪些？
4. 美国浪漫主义文学包括哪些作家和作品？
5. 马克·吐温的作品的突出特点有哪些？
一、英国文学
1. Early writing (8th C. AD—11th C. AD) 古英语文学 (8th C. AD—11th C. AD)
1). Early British literature concerned with Christianity: the most famous--- the Book of Kells.
早期英国文学作品与基督教有关：其中最著名的是《凯尔经（或译《凯兰书卷》）》
2). Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early ―Old English‖(AD 6th
C. —AD 11th C) literary works.
《贝奥武夫》（或译《贝奥武甫》）叙事长诗，最古老的古英语文学作品之一。3). Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)
The most important work in Middle English (11th C. AD—15th C. AD) Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.
杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要的作品。故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部的坎特伯雷去朝圣途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途的劳顿。值得注意的是,这部故事集体现的多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同的阶层,几乎涵盖了当时的所有社会阶层,他们讲故事的风格也各不相同。
2. Elizabethan Drama (1533—1603) 伊丽莎白时期的戏剧
1) Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛)
The Tragedy of Dr Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》
The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 《多情的牧羊人致情人》
2) William Shakespeare (1564--1616) — an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.), comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.) and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc.)
威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期的英国剧作家和诗人。他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大的剧作家。他的作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧。悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等，历史剧有《亨利6世》、《查理二世》等。
3. The 19th Century Literature 十九世纪英国文学
I. Introduction
Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.
粗略地讲，19世纪的前30余年构成英国文学的浪漫主义时期。浪漫派作家更多地关注人类的想象力和情感，而不是理性的力量。
A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s ―Declaration of Independence.‖ Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great p oets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.
威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编的《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌的―独立宣言‖。济慈，拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大的诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮。浪漫主义的精神在小说中也有体现。
II. Novels 小说
1). Jane Austen—Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma
简·奥斯汀---《理智与情感》、《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》
2). Bronte sisters勃朗特姐妹——Charlotte (Jane Eyre), Emily (Wuthering Heights) and Ann —— daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. Their novels include Charlotte’s Jan e Eyre, Emily’s Wuthering Heights, etc.
她们是约克郡一个乡村教会的牧师的女儿，分别叫夏洛特，爱米莉和安。虽然很穷，但她们都受过良好的教育，非常受人尊敬。她们很年轻就去世了，但是由于她们对英国文学的贡献，在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘。夏洛特的名篇是《简·爱》，爱米莉的名篇是《呼啸山庄》。
3). Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯 (1812－1870)—is now regarded as one of the greatest English writers. His works were characterized by vivid comic characterization and social criticism. He wrote many well-known novels, including Bleak House, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield, just to name the best known.
查尔斯·狄更斯是英国最伟大的作家之一。他的作品以生动幽默的人物刻画和社会评论为特征。他写了很多部小说，包括《荒凉山庄》,《雾都孤儿》,《双城记》, 《大卫·科坡菲尔》,在此只列举最著名的几部。
4). Robert Louis Stevenson—wrote Scottish historical romances, Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (《吉基尔医生与海德先生》), a novel concerned with the conflict between the rational and the emotional. (The Island of Treasure《金银岛》)
4. 20th Century Literature 二十世纪英国文学
Two stylistic periods: Modernism and Postmodernism
1) Modernism— Modernism in literature began before the WWII (1919—1945). Modernism in literature can be seen as a reaction against the 19th C. form, which can be considered as assuming understanding between writer and reader. This approa ch to writing is called ―realism‖. However, modernist writers express the difficulty they see in understanding and communicating how the world works. Modernist writing seems disorganized and hard to understand. Two of the most famous English Modernist writers are Joseph Conrad and Virginia Woolf.
现代主义主要是指二战前的文学作品的一种文学流派。它的特点是试验性很强。它可以被看作是对19世纪的现实主义的一种反叛。现代派作家表现了他们在了解这个世界和相互交流过程中遇到的困难。现代派的作品看起来好像是杂乱无章的，很难理解。它经常从一个思绪混乱的个人的角度来描绘情节，而不是从一个情节之外的不带任何感情色彩的全知叙事者的角度来描绘。英国最有名的现代派作家包括约瑟夫·康拉德和维吉尼亚·伍尔夫.
① Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德1857-1924) — one of the most famous Modernist writers. Polish-born, Conrad was brought up in Poland and was in his twenties before he knew any English. After becoming a British subject, he wrote brilliant novels in English. His most well-known novel is The Heart of Darkness(《黑暗的中心》)
② Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·沃尔夫1882--1941) — is regarded as a modernist writer and one of the most famous writers of the century. Her works are concerned with the individual consciousness, especially female consciousness. Her novels have
become important to feminists for the way they show women’s personalities to be limited by society. In her writing, she uses the technique called the stream of consciousness(意识流). One of the best novels is Mrs. Dalloway（《黛洛维夫人》）.
③ D.H. Lawrence (劳伦斯，1879-1970)— one of the most famous modernist writers in English literature. His novels were critical of the modern world, especially of the modern industrial society. In his writing, he gave up the conventions and forms that had been typical of the 18th C. One of the features of his writing was that his language was easy and sentences were short. Son and the Lovers 《儿子与情人》.
④ E.M Foster—Howard’s End (《霍华德庄园》)
2) Postmodernism—generally refers to literature after the WWII. It’s characterized by a high degree of experimentation. George Orwell’s 1984 begins ―Postmodernism‖ in English literature. The horrors of the Second World War weakened ideas of human progress, and of meaning in life. One of the characteristics of Postmodernism is to give up the search for meaning in life. In the Postmodernist novel The French Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles, the reader is offered a choice of endings.
后现代主义一般指二战以后60至70年代出现的文学新流派。特点是试验性极强。乔治·奥威尔于1948年写的1984开启了英国文学的后现代主义的先河。
二战的恐怖阴影削弱了人们追求人类进步和生活的意义想法。后现代主义的特色之一是放弃寻求生活的意义。约翰·福尔斯的在其后现代主义小说《法国中尉的女人》中设置了多重结局，给读者提供了选择的机会。
二、美国文学 American Literature
（一）The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期
1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of t he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.
浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止。华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.
对逃离社会、回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的主题。
3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.
美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.
在霍桑、麦尔维尔以及其他许多次要作家的作品都专注于表现加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘感。
5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.
这一时期美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。
6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Ralph Waldo Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.
超验主义团体里有两位美国重量级的作家——拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和他的年轻朋友亨利·戴维·梭罗，其作品对美国文学产生了深远的影响。
7. Basically,Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”
超验主义承认“人类具有本能地了解或认识真理的能力，能够超越感官和理性获取知识”。
8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.
爱默生曾宣称：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。
9. Novels of the Romantic Period range from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.
美国浪漫主义时期的小说包括华盛顿·欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说、埃德加·艾伦·坡的哥特式惊险故事、詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏的边疆历险故事、赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的长篇叙事、纳撒尼尔·霍桑的心理罗曼史、以及丽贝卡·哈丁的社会现实小说。
10. To Hawthorne and Melville, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为，人生而有罪，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。
(I). Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文 (April 3, 1783 – November 28, 1859)
1. He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.
他被誉为美国短篇小说之父。
2. With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon between 1819 and 1820, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
1819年至1820年，欧文出版了《见闻札记》，该书为欧文赢得了欧美大洋两岸的国际声誉。
3. Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.
他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样，都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。
4. He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.
在文学创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的金匠”。
5. “Rip Van Winkle”---Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》---欧文在此充满了对一去不复返的过去的依恋，笔触生动，令人难忘。
(II). Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生（May 25, 1803 – April 27, 1882）1. Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.
爱默生的超验主义实际上是一个哲学流派，它吸收了美国的清教思想和欧洲的浪漫主义思想，强调人类具有掌握宇宙绝对真理的直觉以及人的神性。
2. In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.
爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学、个人及自然的重要性。
3. Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.
爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应的行动。4. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.
一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。
5. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”
“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影响中吧，你将重新获得精神的完整。”
6. In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 183
7.
总的说来，爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格，恰如他在1837年发表的题为《美国学者》的演讲里面所倡导的。
(III) Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔·霍桑（July 4, 1804 – May 19, 1864）
1. The Scarlet Letter (1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.
《红字》被认为是霍桑的最好的作品，讲述的是四个生活在清教社区的人。
2. According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. ”霍桑认为，人人内心都有邪恶，这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心，但在一定的条件下就表现出来。
3. “The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.
在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。
4. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.
霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。
5. Calvinistic belief holds that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.
加尔文思想认为人类本质是腐化堕落的，应该向上帝赎罪。
6. Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in “Young Goodman Brown.”
霍桑还是个伟大的寓言家，他的每一篇故事，都可以像他的《好小伙子布朗》一样当作寓言来读。
7. The scarlet letter A is ambiguous. And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.
人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说艺术的显著特点。
(IV) Walt Whitman华尔特·惠特曼（May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892）
1. The poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.”
诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我，更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我，这种基调在《自我之歌》的开头几行就已经确立。
2. As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.
惠特曼认为，诗歌可以积极塑造一个新的民族精神。
3. In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.
在歌颂自我的同时，惠特曼强调自我的物理存在并且公开而愉悦地提倡性爱。
4. Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.
他的诗总是用第一人称写就，这是他诗歌的风格。
5. “Song of Myself”---In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value. 《自我之歌》---诗中惠特曼阐明了两大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人的价值的独特性和平等性。
(V) Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891）
1. Moby-Dick was published in 1851.
《白鲸》在1851年出版。
2. Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick a masterpiece of Melville, proves to be the best.
这些有关航海历险的书中，《白鲸》最好，同时，也是麦尔维尔的代表作。
3. Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.
《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。
4. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.
《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。
5. Melville’s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative ability, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的杰出的语言才华以及创作、心理分析、推理和叙事等能力共同促成这部莫比—迪克成为世界经典之作。
（二）The Realistic Period现实主义时期
1. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.
这种新的（现实主义文学）观念的特征是对现实生活的浓厚兴趣。
2. The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.
这一时期的三个代表作家是威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯，马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯。
3. In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.
总之，他们为后来的我们称之为现代小说的小说创作在题材、主题、技巧和风格上都树立了典范、指明了方向。
4. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. 豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。
(I) Mark Twain马克·吐温（November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910）
1. Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”
马克·吐温被认为是“美国真正的民族文学之父”。
2. Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy’s book specially written for the adults, is Twain’s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim. 这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里·芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为大人而
写。这是马克·吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。
3. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature. 《汤姆·索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里·芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。
4. The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world; and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.
汤姆·索亚和哈克·芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。
5. Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which“all modern
American literature comes.” The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.
《哈克贝里·芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。
6. Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.
马克·吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。
7. Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language. 马克·吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。
8. Twain’s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales. Mark Twain’s humor is remarka ble. His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.
他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。马克·吐温的幽默是突出的。他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。
（II） Henry James亨利·詹姆斯（15 April 1843 – 28 February 1916）
1. While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.
马克·吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统，而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。
2. In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes. James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America. The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.
在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化，情感和道德方面的冲突，每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》，《黛西·米勒》，《欧洲人》，《贵妇人的画像》。
3. In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.
中期创作包括《波士顿人》，《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。
4. “Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.
《黛西·米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象，是美国精神的代表。
(III). Emily Dickinson艾米莉·狄金森（December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886）
1. Dickinson’s poems are usual ly based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys. Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.
狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。她用词简洁，直率，平易。狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显，但内容多样化，微妙而又深刻。
2. Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature. In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.
在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。
3. Her major works include My Life Closed Twice before Its Close, and The Poems of Emily Dickson.
她的主要作品包括，《我曾经死过两次》和《艾米莉·狄金森诗集》。
(IV) Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞（August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945）
1. In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of
Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.
1911年，Jennie Gerhardt出版，随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》，《巨头》相继出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。
2. In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.
用他的话来说，人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者，这些力量人类是无法控制的”。
3. From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be—materialistic to the core.
在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后，德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。
4. For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.
由于不够简洁，他的作品包容有余，选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。
5. His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.
他的写作风格虽显粗糙，但内容严肃，与表现主题十分相符。
三、The Modern Period现代时期
1. The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.
美国20世纪的文学运动，也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴，就是移居国外的运动。
2. These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”. ---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.
这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代” ---由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮，贪婪的生活，于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。
3. In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer’s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.
总之，1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃，道德沦丧的观点，作家也使用新技巧，告别老传统。
4. A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.
现代文学的典型特征是开端任意，发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。
5. There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.
作品在观念、表达方式和语言风格较前有变化，其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界，从公众生活转到私生活描写，从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索，从客观描述转到主观渲染。
6. Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character’s point of view.
传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性，而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称，或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。
(I) Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德（30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972）
1. Pound’s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.
庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集，后来分别被收进《埃兹拉·庞德早期诗集》和《人物》结集出版。
2. Pound’s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet’s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art.
庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题：歌颂女性，有关诗人自己的诗，爱情与友谊，死亡，美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。
3. Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well. Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example. Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.
后来，他更关注现代文化问题：当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例，庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡，现代世界道德和社会的混乱，尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。
(II) Robert Lee Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特（March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963）
1. Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man’s life in his long poetic career: the individual’s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.
虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人，他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物，但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索，探讨了个人对自己，对别人，对世界以及对上帝的关系。
2. His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”，and “After Apple-Picking”.
他的诗包括《补墙》，《未选择的路》，《雪夜林边停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味）和《摘苹果后》。
(III) Eugene O’Neill尤金·奥尼尔（October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953）
1. He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.
他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。
2. O’Neill’s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.
奥尼尔第一部全剧《天外边》上演，这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。
3. Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg .The Hairy Ape. These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.
1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如《毛猿》，这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系，阶级冲突，性的束缚，社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。
4. Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.
如《伟大的布朗》，它将象征主义，诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。
5. The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.
《冰人来了》以其复杂、讽刺，对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨，以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨，并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。
6. Of all the plays O’Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.
在奥尼尔所有的作品重，多数是悲剧，处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点：生与死，幻觉和幻灭，疏远和交流，梦想和现实，自我和社会，欲望和挫折。
(IV) F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特·菲兹杰拉德（September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940）
1. Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.
他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。
2. His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.
他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。
3. Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of t he Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.
菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。
4. “The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby’s dream and decides to go back home to the West. Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself. Gatsby’s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.
《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时，尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物，他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。
(V) Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特·海明威（July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961）
1. In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.
《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克·亚当斯的形象。
2. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true novel. It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.
《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造，表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。（迷惘的一代：一群离开祖国，参加战争的美国青年，战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历）
3. Hemingway’s second big success is A Farewell Arms. Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe. In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God’s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.
《永别了,武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤，对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里，作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点，而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人类被命运投入了火坑。
4. For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.
《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。
5. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.
他的典型人物就是用诚实，纪律和控制来实现抗争（海明威式英雄）。
6. No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.
诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的：他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。
(VI) William Faulkner威廉.福克纳（September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962）
1. Of Faulkner’s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam! And Go Down, Moses.
福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说：《喧嚣与骚动》，《八月之光》，《押沙龙，押沙龙！》和《摩西，走下去》。
2. The best story to highlight Faulkner’s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.
典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》，在这部小说里，对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。
3. To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.
他认为，作家的主要职责就是探索并呈现人类生活所潜在的各种可能性。
4. The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator. 现代意识流手法也为福克纳所娴熟地运用来强调讲述者的反映和内心沉思。
5. The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.
福克纳还运用了其他的叙事技巧来创作，如象征主义手法、以及引用神话和圣经典故。
6.“A Rose for Emily”----In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration.
《给爱米丽的玫瑰》----在这篇小说里，福克纳充分利用了哥特式的叙述方法。
D.练一练
Ⅰ. Multiple choices.
1. As a critic of music and drama, ________ held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.
A. T. S. Eliot
B. Oscar Wilde
C. George Bernard Shaw
D.W. B. Yeats
2. Symbolism and complex narrative are employed more richly in D. H. Lawrence’s ________, which are generally regarded as his masterpieces.
A. Women in Love; Sons and Lovers
B. The Rainbow; Women in Love
C. Sons and Lovers; Lady Chatterley’s Lover
D. Lady Chatterley’ s Lover; The Rainbow
3. In Charles Dickens’ work ________, the Utilitarian principle rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds.
A. Little Dorrit
B. Hard Times
C. Great Expectations
D. Bleak House
4. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? ... And if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. ” The quoted lines are most probably taken from
________.
A. Great Expectations
B. Wuthering Heights
C. Jane Eyre
D. Pride and Prejudice
5. Jane Austen’ s first novel ________ tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs.
A. Sense and Sensibility
B. Pride and Prejudice
C. Northanger Abbey
D. Mansfield Park
C. Murder in the Cathedral
D. Ash Wednesday
6. In ________, Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.
A. Hamlet
B. Othello
C. King Lear
D. Macbeth
7. The plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” are all the following EXCEPT ________.
A. A Collier’ s Friday Night
B. Lady Chatterley’ s Lover
C. The Daughter - in - Law
D. The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed
8. “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one -eighth of it being above water. ” This “iceberg” analogy about prose style was put forward by ________.