专业英语对照翻译

A Brief History of Abrasive Technology

磨料技术的简要历史

It is difficult to say when abrasive technology had a beginning. Abrasive were used by man many thousands of years before he learned to write. Primitive man used abrasives for the sharpening of tools of wood, bone or flint. Later in the period preceding the invention of pottery abrasives were used for grinding out stones to make bowls and dishes. 这是很难说，当磨料技术有一个开始。在他学会写字之前，磨粒被人用了几千年。原始人用磨料磨具木，骨或燧石。在这一时期，陶器的发明之前，被用来研磨石头，使碗和盘子。Abrasives were, and still are, used by other forms of life, by birds for the sharpening of beaks, and by some species of antlered animals for the sharpening of their horns. 磨料磨具，还是，其他形式的生命，鸟类喙的锐化，用鹿角有一些动物的角的锐化。

The beginning of the science of abrasives, however, may be taken as that time when man began to select certain rocks for their peculiar properties, and to fashion these into tools for grinding. The earliest record of such activity comes to us from Egypt. Evidence collected there indicates that stones were being sawed by some crude sort of grinding machine as early as 4000 B.C. 然而，科学开始的磨料，可能会采取的时候，人开始选择某些岩石，其独特的性能，并将这些工具用于磨削。电针rliest记录这样的活动来自于埃及。收集到的证据表明，有石头被锯的研磨机的一些简陋早在公元前4000年

The real blossoming of the abrasive industry coincided with the beginnings of metallurgy which took place in the near and middle east about 2000 B.C. Abrasives then became a necessity of life and their development has kept pace with the demands of metallurgy from that time until the present day. 真正的朵朵的磨料行业冶金发生在近东和中东地区公元前2000年左右，磨料就生活和他们开始一致的必要性随着冶金的需求，从那时到现在的发展。

The earliest record of the use of abrasives for the grinding of metal also comes to us from Egypt. A steel dagger was found there along with a sharpening stone, which has been dated at about 1500 B.C. 对金属的研磨用磨料的最早的记录也来自埃及的我们。一把匕首，在那里发现了一块石头，大约在公元前1500年的时间里被发现了

During the following centuries the technique was developed for fashioning grinding wheels from natural sandstones. These were turned by hand at first, but by the 14th century water wheels were being used. These early sand stones were not unlike those still in use. 在接下来的几个世纪的技术被开发为天然砂岩形成的磨轮。这些都是由第一手，但由第十四个世纪的车轮正在美国SED。这些早期的沙子是没有像那些仍然在使用。

From these early beginnings the modern abrasive industry gradually evolved. The dates of the giant steps toward the present state of the art are often quite obscure, as are the names of the individuals responsible for them. In what follows, in order to put this industry in perspective, it is attempted to list the major advances in chronological order, and to give credit, wherever possible, to the innovators. In doing this three separate categories have been treated individually. These are: the abrasives, the bonded abrasive products, and the machines using abrasive products. The latter category is included because it is this, more than anything else, that has propelled the growth of the industry, gradually replacing by grinding, other fabrication methods. 从这些早期开始，现代磨料工业逐渐演化。到目前的艺术状态的巨大的步骤的日期往往是相当模糊的，因为是个人的名字对他们负责。在下面，为了使这个行业的角度来看，它试图列出的主要进步，按时间顺序，并给予信贷，尽可能，到创新者。在这三个单独的类别中，已单独处理。这些都是：研磨剂，研磨产品，和使用研磨产品的机器。后者的范畴因为这是因为它比其他任何东西都更重要，它推动了工业的发展，逐步取代了研磨，其他的制造方法。

Beginning with the category of abrasives, quartz as sand or flint, was apparently the only abrasive known and used in prehistoric times. After the beginnings of history, but still many centuries B.C., three natural minerals were known and were being used, which were superior to quartz sand and flint in abrasive quality. These were corundum, garnet, and diamond. The corundum, either as such or as emery, was described by THEODORUS in 500 B.C., later by PLINY, but was presumably known much earlier because of plentiful deposits throughout the Greek archipelago and Anatolia. Garnet, because of its natural association with emery and corundum, was probably also known at that time, although its use as a pure material is not recorded until many centuries later.

从磨料类，石英砂或火石，显然是唯一已知的和使用的磨料在史前时代。在历史的开始，但仍在许多世纪前，三天然矿物是已知的和被使用，均优于石英砂磨料质量的燧石。这些是刚玉、石榴石和钻石。刚玉，或如电子或许，是在公元前500年到现在了，后来由普林尼，但大概是已知的更早，因为丰富的矿藏遍布希腊群岛和安纳托利亚。石榴石，因为它用金刚砂、刚玉自然协会，也可能是当时已知的，虽然它的使用作为一个纯粹的材料没有被记录到许多世纪之后。

Diamond was known, in India, at least by 800 B.C., and was in use there at that time as a polishing powder. 在印度，钻石是已知的，至少在公元前800年，当时是在那里用的抛光粉。

The natural abrasives mentioned above served all purposes for two thousand years or more, until the discovery of the synthetic products. The first of these to reach commercial importance was silicon carbide, first produced by Dr. ACHESON in 1901 and made today by essentially the same process. 上面提到的天然磨料，所有用途二千年以上，直到发现合成产品。第一个达到商业重要性的是硅化碳，首先由艾奇逊博士在1901和基本相同的工艺制成的今天。

Shortly after, in the same year, abrasive grade aluminum oxide was being produced by C.B.JACOBS from bauxite by fusion in an electric furnace. The process had been discovered by him about four years earlier. The production of fused aluminum oxide abrasives became a commercial success in 1904 with the invention of the Higgins furnace which with some modifications is still in use. 不久后，在同一年，磨料级氧化铝被c.b.jacobs从铝土矿在电炉中融合而产生的。这个过程已经被他发现了大约四年了初。熔铝氧化物磨料的生产在1904与发明的希金斯炉，与一些修改仍然在使用的商业上取得成功。

After the commercialization of silicon carbide and aluminum oxide, these two abrasives, alone with the natural abrasives emery, garnet, corundum, and diamond, satisfied the market for the next thirty years. During this time research on abrasive materials was increasing in an effort to understand their behavior and to synthesize new products of commercial value. 在商业化的碳化硅和氧化铝，这两种磨料，单独与天然磨料金刚砂，石榴子石，刚玉，钻石，满足未来三十市场岁月。在这一时期，对研磨材料的研究正在努力了解他们的行为，并合成新产品的商业价值。

In 1934 boron carbide was first produced commercially by R.R.RIDGEWAY of the Norton Company. The first synthesis of boron carbide had been accomplished many years earlier by MOISSN. This material, although the hardest synthetic material yet produced, proved to be a failure as an abrasive. It did, however, become commercially important by virtue of its wear-resistant properties.1934碳化硼是第一个商业化的诺顿公司r.r.ridgeway产生。碳化硼首次合成了许多年前由Moissan。这种材料，铝虽然是最坚硬的合成材料，但却被证明是一种失败的磨料。然而，它的耐磨性能，成为商业上重要的。

Shortly after, in 1938, a process was invented for the electric furnace production of pure, single crystal, alumina in a decomposable matrix. The process was commercialized and resulted in the most successful abrasive for precision grinding that had been produced up to that time.

不久后，在1938，一个过程是纯粹的，单晶体的电炉生产发明的，可分解的矩阵在氧化铝。这个过程是商业化的，并导致在最苏成功的研磨精密磨削，已经产生了时间。

The remaining advances of the non-diamond abrasives up to the present were the use of sintered aluminum abrasives, made directly from bauxite without fusion, and the use of fused mixtures of aluminum and zirconium oxides. Both of these were started in the 1950’s and since have grown rapidly in commercial importance. 本使用的非金刚石磨料的剩余的进展是使用烧结铝磨料，直接从铝土矿没有融合，和铝的熔融混合物的使用和氧化锆。这两种都是从1950年代开始的，因为在商业上很重要。

The large scale industrial use of diamond began in the 1930’s with the production of the first bonded wheels. The use of diamond for grinding increased rapidly thereafter, propelled by the need for an abrasive to grind tungsten carbide which was coming into importance at that time. In 1960 synthetic diamond was produced by the General Electric Company and was soon after available in commercial quantities. 大型工业用途的钻石开始于1930年代与生产的第一个保税车轮。使用金刚石研磨后迅速增加，推动了需要的研磨碳化钨硬质合金，这是在当时的重要性。1960合成金刚石是由通用电器公司生产的，不久之后在商业作为可用实体。

The known history of bonded abrasive products, as being distinct from that of the abrasives themselves, goes back to Egypt in 1500 B.C. when there was evidence of the use of natural sandstones. For the next 3000 years, however, there seems to be little evidence that anything but natural sandstone was used in the way of a bonded abrasive product. Its shape and method of use varied but that is all. 已知的保税磨料产品的历史，因为与磨料本身不同，在公元前1500年的时候，有证据表明使用天然砂岩。为了这然而，在未来3000年中，似乎有一点证据表明，任何东西，但天然砂岩是用在一个保税磨料的方式。它的形状和使用方法不同，但这是所有。

In 1456 A.D. there is a record that a one VERQUEM in Belgium bonded diamond for use in gem cutting. In 1760 a paper coated with abrasive was being produced in Paris. However, the first real record of a solid bonded abrasive product made by man comes to us from India. Here, at least by 1825, sand, emery, and diamond were being bonded by lac, or shellac, for use in abrasive sticks and wheels. This process came to the West in 1880 with the founding of the Waltham Emery Wheel Company. 公元1456年，有一个记录，结合使用的

宝石切割钻石一一verquem比利时。在1760一纸涂有磨料在巴黎生产。然而，第一个真正的记录一种由印度人到美国制造的固体结合剂磨具。在这里，至少1825，砂，金刚砂，钻石被粘合或虫胶，紫胶，用棍棒和砂轮磨料。这个磷过程来西1880的沃尔瑟姆砂轮公司成立。

In 1857 rubber-bonded wheels were introduced by DEPLANCK. Rubber and shellac remained the only organic bonding media until 1923 when synthetic resins, notably phenol-formaldehyde resins, came into use and became by far the most important bonds in the organic field. Since that time others have been added, but none yet threatens the position of this resin.

1857橡胶结合剂砂轮进行了迪普朗克。橡胶和虫胶仍是唯一有机结合媒体直到1923时合成树脂，特别是酚醛树脂，开始使用而成为目前最重要的有机领域债券。自那时起，其他人被添加，但没有人还威胁到该树脂的位置。

In the bonding of abrasives by inorganic binders repeated attempts had been made through the ages to duplicate the properties of natural sandstones, but it was not until 1868 that a successful product bonded with sodium silicate was introduced. This was followed, in 1872 by a product made by GILBERT HART using hydraulic cement. 在磨料的结合中，用无机粘合剂反复尝试已经取得了通过的年龄，以重复的性质的天然砂岩，但它是不到1868，一个成功的产品结合硅酸钠进行了介绍。其次，在1872由吉尔伯特HART采用液压水泥制成的产品。

The first vitrified products were made by WILLIAM RANSOME of Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1872 and were commercialized by Norton Company of Worcester, Massachutts, in the 1870’s. 第一陶瓷产品是由威廉兰塞姆伊普斯威奇，马萨诸塞州，1872是由马萨诸塞州伍斯特，诺顿公司商业化，在1870年代。

Diamond was first bonded with resin and used in wheels by NEVEN in Belgium in 1830. About 1940 diamond wheels with vitrified bonds and with metal bonds were introduced. These three bond types are the ones in use for diamond at the present time. 钻石是第一粘接树脂，用于轮不在比利时1830。1940用陶瓷结合剂金刚石砂轮和金属键的介绍。这三个键类型是目前使用钻石的人。

The history of abrasives is, of necessity, intimately associated with the history of the development of the machines which use them. It was only through the development of the machines that the demand for abrasives increased. The demand was not only for increasing amounts of abrasives but also for abrasives modified to suit particular needs. 磨料的历史，是必要的，密切相关的机器，使用它们的发展的历史。只有通过需求的机器的发展为磨料增加。需求不仅是增加了大量的磨料，而且对磨料的修改，以适应特定的需要。As the machines developed, abrasives assumed a leading role in operations previously performed by metal saws, cutters, and single point tools. Thus abrasive cut off wheels were substituted for hack saws, snagging machines for chippers, cylindrical grinders for lathes, and so on. 随着机器的发展，磨料磨具在金属锯、刀具和单点工具的操作中起到了主导作用。因此磨料切割砂轮被替换为黑客萨WS，抽丝机，削片机，车床外圆磨床，等等。

The important chronology of this revolution probably began in the 1860’s when the first grinding machine worthy of the came into being. At that time the Brown & Sharp Co. of Providence, Rhode Island, made a cylindrical grinder for their own use. Shortly thereafter, this type of machine was available commercially. The precision surface grinder soon followed. Shortly after the turn of the century the principle of the centerless grinder was evolved but was not used to any great extent until the late 1920’s. 这场革命的重要年代可能开始于1860年代，当时的第一台机器配得上的。在那个时候，美国的棕色和尖锐的公司，罗得岛，为自己的使用做了一个外圆磨床。此后不久，这种类型的机器是可用的商业。精密平面磨床很快就遵循。世纪之交后不久对无心磨床的原理演变而不使用任何伟大的程度直到1920年代末。

With the invention of the resin-bonded wheels in 1923 the use of abrasives increased rapidly. Cutting off operations using abrasives became commercial, replacing saws and shears. The resinoid wheels stimulated the development of machines for use in the foundry and the steel mill. Swing frame grinders and portable grinders came into general use. 本发明的树脂结合剂砂轮在1923的使用中迅速增加。使用磨料的切削加工成了商业，代替了锯和剪刀。该树脂砂轮的timulated机器的开发中使用的铸造厂和钢铁厂。秋千架磨床研磨进入普遍使用。

The machine types which have already been intentioned remain the basic types in use today. Since their introduction they have, during the past forty or more years, undergone evolutionary improvement in the direction of specialization, automation, higher speeds, higher pressures, and greater accuracy.

目前已被使用的机器类型仍然是使用的基本类型。由于他们的介绍，在过去的四十年里，经历了进化的进步，我在专业化、自动化、高速度、高压力、高精度的方向上。

At present it appears that further improvement in abrasives and the methods by which they are used will lead to still further adoption of grinding as being the most economical production method. Concurrently, however, newer methods are being introduced which, in some cases, are replacing grinding and in others are making grinding unnecessary. The most important of these are: electro-chemical machining, spark machining, precision casting and the continuous casting of steel. 目前看来，在磨料的进一步改进和他们所使用的方法，将导致仍然进一步采用研磨作为最经济的生产方法。结论仿真器，然而，新的方法被引入其中，在某些情况下，更换研磨和磨削不必要别人。最重要的是：电化学加工宁，火花加工，精密铸造和钢的连续铸造。

The last aspect of the history of abrasives and their use is that of grinding chemistry. Certainly some aspects of this have been known and used for centuries, such as the use of camphor and turpentine in the grinding of glass. Nevertheless it was not until the 1940’s that this chemistry began to be understood and became an important subject of study. It led almost immediately to the incorporation of active fillers in grinding wheels. This innovation has been responsible for much of the growth of the use of abrasives in rough grinding operations. 磨料磨具及其使用历史的最后一个方面是研磨化学。当然，这一些方面已用于世纪称，如樟脑和塔尔油的使用在玻璃磨。然而直到1940年代，这个化学才开始被理解并成为一个重要的研究课题。它几乎立即导致公司成立砂轮的活性填料。这一创新在粗糙的研磨操作中使用了大量的磨料，这一创新是负责的。

Since 1940 abrasive resehas greatly intensified and should lead to many future advances. 由于1940个磨料的研究已大大加强，并应导致许多未来的进步。

The brief summary which has been presented of the history of the abrasive industry has been included only to give an overall picture. More detailed historical information will be included in the text under the specific topics. 已经提出的历史的磨料行业的简要总结，只给出一个整体的画面。更详细的历史信息将被包含在文本根据特定主题。

8. Making the Wheel BECAUSE the accuracy called for in mass production and interchangeability of parts requires that once a user has found the grinding wheel best suited to his particular job he be able to get a wheel of the same properties on re-order, wheel makers must have the closest possible control over their raw materials and processes.

由于精度要求在大批量生产中，零件的互换性要求，一旦用户发现砂轮最适合他的特殊工作，他可以得到一个轮同样的性能，重新排序，车轮制造商必须有可能对他们的原材料和工艺的最接近的可能的控制。

The cutting action of a wheel depends upon (1) the kind of abrasive, (2) the size of the abrasive grains, (3) the bond which holds the abrasive grains together, and (4) the spacing of the grains in the bond, that is, the structure. 砂轮的切割作用取决于（1）磨料的种类，（2）磨粒的大小，（3）将磨粒的键合在一起，（4）颗粒的间距电子债券，即结构。

8.1 Abrasive 8.1磨料

For uniform and dependable cutting action the abrasive grains must be free from impurities, of controlled size, and uniformly distributed through the wheel.

对于均匀和可靠的切削作用，磨料颗粒必须是无杂质，控制尺寸，并均匀地分布在车轮上。

8.2 Bond 结合剂

The grains are held together by one of six kinds of bond; vitrified or ceramic, which is used in more than half the wheels made, silicate (of soda), resinoid (synthetic resin), shellac, rubber, and oxychloride (of magnesium). Each grain of abrasive is supported in the wheel by a “post”of bond and joined to other grains by a network on it. The strength with which the bond holds the grains is known as the grade or hardness of the wheel and can be varied through wide limits. Note that the hardness of a wheel does not relate the hardness of either the abrasive or the bond but only to the resistance the bond offers against letting the abrasive be torn out of the wheel. Generally speaking, the bond itself has little or no cutting action.

颗粒是由六种粘合；陶瓷或陶瓷，用于在超过一半的轮子，硅酸盐（苏打），树脂（合成树脂），虫胶，橡胶，和牛ychloride（镁）。每一粒磨粒都是在车轮上被一个“后”的键支撑，并通过网络连接到其他颗粒上。债券持有谷物的强度是已知的由于车轮的等级或硬度，可以通过广泛的限制变化。注意，一个轮子的硬度不涉及任何研磨或结合剂硬度但只为性行政长官的债券提供打击让磨料被撕裂的车轮。一般而言，债券本身有小或无切削作用。

8.3 Structure 结构

Structure is the relationship of abrasive grain to bonding material and the relationship of these two elements to the spaces or voids that separate them. The precise relationship of these three elements can be controlled, so that grinding wheels can be made dense or open,

or in varying degrees of density or openness to suit grinding conditions. Wheels for surface grinding, for example, are made with an open structure or wide grain spacing to provide adequate chip clearance, while wheels for crankshaft grinding are generally made with a closer grain spacing (denser structure) to provide maximum corner strength for the fillets which, generated by a plunge cut, must be of precalculated radius to bear properly on their bushings.

结构是磨粒与粘结材料的关系，将两者的关系分为空间或空隙的关系。这三元的确切关系可以控制，使砂轮可以进行密集或开放，或在不同程度的密度或开放，以适应磨削条件。例如，表面研磨的车轮，是由一个开放的结构或宽的晶粒间距，以提供足够的切屑间隙，而对曲轴磨削的车轮一般是由一个更紧密的晶粒间距（密集结构），以提供最大限度角强度的鱼片，用切入的产生，必须预先计算的半径对套管承受正常。

8.4 Preparing the Abrasive 准备磨料

In typical wheel manufacture the lumps of abrasive as they come from the electric furnace are reduced to manageable size in jaw crushers, then further reduced through steel rollers to sizes suitable for grinding wheels and other uses as abrasive. They are washed free of dust, magnetically separated from iron-bearing impurities, and screened to a series of standard sizes.

在典型的轮制造块状磨料为他们来自电炉在颚式破碎机降低到可管理的大小，然后通过进一步降低钢辊的尺寸适合或砂轮及其它用途为磨料。它们被清洗的灰尘，从含铁杂质的磁性分离，并筛选到一系列的标准尺寸。

Uniformity of grain size is of prime importance and the human element is eliminated so far as possible in screening. Machines have been developed for the purpose whose bronze and silk screen clothes are made to very close tolerances and constantly checked. Grain standards listed by the Department of Commerce, are coarse to fine:

晶粒尺寸的均匀性是最重要的，并且在筛选过程中尽可能消除了人为因素。机器已经发展为目的，其青铜和丝绸的屏幕上的衣服重新作出非常接近的公差和不断检查。由商务部列出的粮食标准，都是粗到细：

ALUMINUM OXIDE ABRASIVE

氧化铝磨料

Screened sizes: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 240

筛选大小：4、6、8、12、14、16、24、30、46、54、70、80、90、100、120、150、180、220、240、、、、、、20、、、10、、、60、36、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、

Unclassified flour: F, 2F, 3F, 4F, XF.

全麦粉：F，2F，3F，4F，XF。

Classified flour: 280, 320, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000.

分类面粉：280，320，400，500，600，700，800，900，1000。

SILICON CARBIDE ABRASIVE

碳化硅磨料

Screened sizes: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 46, 54, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 220, 240.

筛选大小：8、10、12、16、20、24、36、46、54、70、80、90、120、100、150、180、220、240、60、14、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、、30、。

Unclassified flour: F, 2F, 3F, 4F, XF.

全麦粉：F，2F，3F，4F，XF。

Classified flour: 280, 320, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1000.

分类面粉：280，320，400，500，600，800，1000。

No. 20 grain will pass through a screen with 16 meshes per linear inch and will be retained on a 24 mesh screen. Finer then 240 grit the sizes are separated by hydraulic flotation and sedimentation or by air classification.

20号粮食将通过一个屏幕，每一个线性的16个网格，并将保留在一个24目屏幕。细砂，然后240个砂的大小是由液压浮选和沉淀分离或通过空气分类。

8.5 Making Vitrified Bonded Wheel

8.5制作陶瓷结合剂砂轮

In vitrified wheels today the bond is made up of feldspar and clays selected for their fusibility and carefully processed. Measured

amounts of bond and abrasive are moistened, mixed in power-operated machines, and subjected to high pressure in steel molds under hydraulic rams. The moisture content is just enough to make the mixture pack nicely so the wheels as they come from the press can be handled without crumbling. Wheels other than straight are usually shaved close to specified shape and size on a device resembling a potter’s wheel. Before being fired, smaller wheels are dried in continuous driers; larger ones in humidity controlled, intermittent dry houses.

在陶瓷结合剂砂轮今天的债券是由长石和粘土为他们选定的熔融和精心加工。粘结磨料量测湿，混合动力操作液压公绵羊钢模具中的高压。水分含量是足以使混合物包好，所以轮为他们来自新闻可以处理没有崩溃。除了直通常刮到指定的形状和尺寸上类似于哈利波特的车轮装置的轮子。在被解雇前，小轮子在连续干燥的干燥剂；湿度控制更大的房子，间歇干燥。

8.6 Firing 射击

Most wheels are fired in continuous tunnel kilns, though many large wheels are fired in bell or periodic kilns. In firing, the wheels are brought very slowly to a heat which fuses the clay bond to glass so that each grain is held apart from neighboring grains by posts of glass. Throughout the burning cycle of several days the temperatures is under the closest scrutiny and control; through the use of a number of recording pyrometers. The peak temperature is about 2300 Fahrenheit, at with these friable “green”wheels are converted into tough tools capable of working the hardest materials. From this point onward no further operation will affect the quality and cutting effectiveness of the wheel.

大多数车轮在连续隧道窑中被解雇，但许多大轮子被烧在钟或周期性窑中。在射击，车轮带慢慢热将粘土粘结在玻璃使每一粒粮食都由相邻的谷物由玻璃柱分开。在整个燃烧过程中，温度是在最近的检查和控制下，通过使用一批记录高温计。峰值温度约为2300华氏度，在这些易碎的“绿色”轮是转化为坚韧的工具能够工作的最坚硬的材料。从他的观点没有进一步的操作会影响车轮的质量和切割效率。

8.7 Finish 完成

The wheels after cooling are trimmed to finished dimensions with hardened steel cutters, other abrasive wheels, or diamond tools. The arbor holes are finished by bushing with lead, babbitt or other materials, or sometimes by simply reaming to required size.

冷却后的车轮被修整成具有淬火钢刀具、其他磨料砂轮或金刚石工具的加工尺寸。乔木洞是由套管与铅成品，巴氏合金或其它马材料，或有时干脆扩孔至要求尺寸。

8.8 Inspection and Test 检验和测试

Like cutting tools of other character though in a larger measure the grinding wheel can be have, and should be given, the precise hardness best suited to the job in view, hence special attention is given its inspection. Various tests are resorted to in grading, such as measuring the force necessary for mechanical penetration of the bond by some form of grading device, measurement of vibration frequency with sonic apparatus weight per unit volume, impact abrasive resistance, and the like.

与其他字符的刀具，虽然在一个更大的措施，砂轮可以有，应给予，精确的硬度最适合的工作，因此特别注意的是即使它的检验。各种试验采取分级，如测量某种形式的分级装置必要的键的机械穿透力，振动频率测量声波装置单位体积重量的频率，影响耐磨性，等。

In all matters relating to the inspection and testing of grinding wheels as well as the protection of their operators against accident and health hazard wheel manufactures are guided by the America Standard Safety Code for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels. This code, sponsored by the Grinding Wheel Institute and the International Association of Governmental Labor Officials, has been approved and published by the America Standard Association, the last edition, dated October 26, 1956, being identified as their bulletin B7, 1-1956.

在所有与砂轮的检验和测试有关的问题，以及对事故和健康危险轮生产商的保护，由美国市标准的使用，安全规范的护理，和砂轮保护。这个代码，由砂轮研究所和国际政府劳动官员协会主办，有蜜蜂n批准由美国标准协会出版，最后的版本，日期为1956年10月26日，被确定为公告B7，1-1956。

Wheels over six inches in diameter get a test of tremendous importance. Each is run on a test spindle at a speed at least fifty percent greater than the recommended operating speed for that wheel. The stresses set up by this over speeding of fifty percent are more than two and a quarter times those to be encountered in service. There is a final visual inspection to guard against errors in size, shape, grain and grade, and to catch any mechanical imperfections such as cracks or chipped edges.

直径超过六英寸的车轮得到一个巨大的重要性测试。每一个运行在一个测试主轴上的速度至少百分之五十以上的建议的运行速度为该轮。这个应力建立的百分之五十个超速超过2和四分之一倍，在服务中遇到的。有一个最后的目视检查，以防止错误的大小，猿，粒级，并抓住任何机械缺陷如裂缝或缺口的边缘。

8.9 Marking the Wheel 标记车轮

The last operation in the factory is marking the wheel by stencil, or, if it is too small, by tag. The wheel manufacturers and users have worked out a standard system of wheel marking which consists of a line of six letters and numbers with the following meaning.

工厂的最后一个操作是用模板标记车轮，或者，如果它太小，则由标签。车轮制造商和用户已经制定了一个标准的车轮标记系统，其中包括一行六个字母和数字，具有以下含义。

Position I at the left, a letter designating the kind of abrasive grain. A for aluminum oxide, C for silicon carbide, prefixed at the option of the manufacturer by a symbol of his own, which further modifies the abrasive symbol according to his own practices and nomenclature. 我在左，字母表示磨粒种。一种氧化铝，C为碳化硅，前缀的选择制造商通过自己的符号，从而进一步Modifies磨料符号根据自己的实践和术语。

Position Ⅱ. a number denoting grain size, 6 to 600, coarse to fine.

位置。一个数表示的粒度，6到600，由粗到细。

Position Ⅲ. a letter denoting the grade, A to Z soft to hard.

位置。一个字母表示等级，A到Z的软到硬。

Position Ⅳ. a number denoting structure, 0to 16, dense to open.

位置Ⅳ。一个数表示为16，结构致密，开。

Position Ⅴ. a letter denoting kind of bond, as follows.

位置Ⅴ。一个字母表示一种债券，如下。

V=vitrified B=resinoid

V = B =树脂结合剂

S=silicate BF=resinoid reinforced

S =硅酸盐BF =树脂增强

R=rubber E=shellac

R =橡胶E =虫胶

RF=rubber reinforced O=oxychloride

RF =橡胶增强氯氧O =

Position Ⅵ. a symbol peculiar to each manufacturer, to be used by him for any purpose, typically denoting a modification of the bond. 位置Ⅵ。一个符号各厂家所特有的，是由他为任何目的，通常指一个修饰键。

In presenting and endorsing this system of marking the Institute wishes to emphasize that identity of markings of two wheels is not a guarantee that wheels will grind alike. There are variables in materials and synthesis too subtle to be coded into a manageable formula. The grinding industry, patron and pioneer in matters of accuracy and interchangeability, has not yet found it possible to achieve those attributes so as to express them adequately in the compass of a six-digit code. Experience and judgment do not always submit to codification.

在提出和支持这一标记所希望强调的是身份的两个轮子标记系统不能保证车轮碾一样。在垫子上有变数合成材料和微妙的难以被编码成可管理的计算公式。磨削加工行业，在精度和互换性问题者和先行者，尚未发现有可能实现这些属性，以充分表达他们在一六个数字代码的指南针。经验和判断并不总是服从编纂。

In the appendix will be found text of the resolution which set up this marking system and the reader is referred to it for a closer study of its details.

在附录中会发现文本的分辨率，设置此标记系统和读者被称为它的详细信息进行了更深入的研究。

8.10 Silicate Wheels 硅酸盐车轮

Silicate bond wheels have certain desirable characteristics. The bond releases abrasive grains rather readily and thus gives the wheels a comparatively mild cool cutting action, which makes them desirable in shops where relatively large, slow wheels are still in vogue for

sharpening edged tools. Shop methods in cutlery grinding and in certain finishing operations on gear teeth call for a wheel of larger diameter than can be handled in the usual kiln, whether continuous or periodic.

硅酸盐结合剂砂轮具有一定的可取性。债券发行的磨料而容易因此给轮子比较温和凉爽的切割作用，这使得他们的欲望能够在比较大的，缓慢的车轮的商店仍然是在时尚的锐化工具。刀具研磨加工的方法及在齿轮齿轮上的某些精加工操作大直径比一般窑内可处理的，无论是连续的或周期性的。

The maintaining for a relatively small market of the extra large kilns and hydraulic presses required in the processing of vitrified wheels is uneconomical in some plants and the fact that silicate bonded wheels need nothing extreme in either pressure or temperature gives them an edge.

保持一个额外的大型窑炉和液压机在陶瓷结合剂砂轮的加工要求相对较小的市场是不经济的，事实上，在一些植物硅酸博过轮需要什么极端压力或温度给了他们一个边缘。

The earliest recorded patent on the silicate wheel is dated in 1858 and was granted to Frederick Ransom, but it is hard to trace any use of the type until Gilbert Hart, with experience in the production of artificial sandstone for window sills and other trim, turned his attention to the wheel market in 1872.

最早记载专利对硅酸盐轮的日期是在1858被授予弗雷德里克赎金，但很难追查使用该类型直到吉尔伯特哈特，在生产经验对人工砂为槛窗等装饰，他的注意力在1872转向轮市场。

The materials, abrasive grain and silicate of soda, are tamped in, a mold, and the grade depends on the amount of tamping as well as the proportion between bond and abrasive. The wheels need no trimming and after a few hour’s drying are baked at a moderate temperature for one to four days.

材料，磨料颗粒和硅酸钠，是夯实，模具，和年级的量取决于捣固以及债券与磨料之间的比例。车轮不需要trimmi在几小时的干燥后，在一个温和的温度下烘烤一到四天。

8.11 Rubber Bonded Wheels 橡胶粘合轮

Rubber as a wheel bond was early in the field, as already stated. It is the probably the material referred to as vulcanite in the following extract from the London Chemical News in an issue of the year 1863, which apparently refers to a bond now extinct in which linseed oil was the main constituent.

早在该领域的橡胶作为车轮债券，如已陈述。这是可能的材料称为从一个问题的是伦敦化学新闻在以下提取硬橡胶R 1863，这显然是指债券现在已经灭绝了，亚麻油的主要成分。

Some public trials took place last week in the Machinery Department of the international Exhibition of Warne and Co.′s Emery wheel [Coles, Jacques, and Fanshawe’s patent]. The patentees have availed themselves of Walton’s oxidized oil--exhibited in Class 6, 1156-- as a means of consolidating emery; the mixture being formed into wheels, and then subjected to a process analogous to that by which ebonite or vulcanite is produced from India rubber. In this way a material of intense hardness and great durability is produced. The experiments we witnessed showed that a wheel of this material would grind with ease the hardest chilled iron, while steel and cast iron were cut with remarkable facility. The invention will prove of the greatest utility to engineers by saving time and labor in filing and polishing large casting- this kind of work being done with great ease and quickness. One experiment showed that the wheel could to be made available for cutting teeth in circular saws, and many other applications of the material were suggested by practical engineers. We were informed that the wheels are already in use at the North London, Railway Works, Bow, and some other large engineering establishment.

一些公共的审判发生在上周的沃恩和有限′的砂轮[科尔斯，贾可国际展览的机械系，和范莎学院的专利]。专利权人利用了T引起沃尔顿的氧化油——表现出在6班，1156——作为巩固金刚手段；混合形成的轮子，然后经过一个过程类似，通过EBO黑夜或硬胶是由印度橡胶生产。以这种方式产生强烈的硬度和巨大的耐久性的材料。我们目睹了一轮表明这种材料将GR实验IND轻松最冷铁，而钢和铸铁切割具有显著的设施。本发明将通过节省时间和人工的方法来证明对工程师的最大效用D抛光大型铸造这种工作与杰出的轻松和敏捷。一个实验表明，轮也可以在圆盘锯切割的牙齿，和许多其他材料的研究应用提出了实际的工程师建议。我们被告知，车轮的使用已经在北伦敦，铁路工程，弓，和其他一些大型工程的建立建立。

Of manufacturing practice in 1863 we have no hint, but today the abrasive grain, crude rubber, and sulphur, pass through the mixer, the abrasive being added from time to time as the state of the batch indicates. Calender rolls deliver the product in an accurately sized sheet

from which the wheels are stamped out, and they are heated under pressure to vulcanize them. They make excellent cutting-off wheels when used wet, as will be learned in chapter 20 and they give a high finish to ball races and other parts that want burnishing. The constitute most of the regulating wheels for center less grinders as set forth in chapter12.

在生产实践中，1863我们没有提示，但今天的研磨颗粒，粗橡胶，和硫，通过搅拌机，磨料被添加到时间作为该批次的状态指示。压延辊提供准确尺寸的板材，车轮冲压产品，和他们的压力下加热硫化。他们做了出色的切割湿用时车轮，将在20章了解到，他们给予了很高的完成球比赛等部位要打磨。构成大部分的调节轮中心少GRI者的规定第十二章。

8.12 Shellac Bonded Wheels 虫胶砂轮

If the wheels used by the Tamils were actually shellac the news never reached this country, for the shellac wheel was re-invented in Waltham in 1880 where it entered into a busy field among the watchmakers, a field which it has expanded with the years. Shellac wheels are appreciated as cut-off wheels and their use imparts a fine finish to camshafts, rolls, and cutlery, the shellac seemingly entering into the grinding operation as a sort of burnishing adjunct.

如果由泰米尔人用车轮实际上是虫胶从未达到这个国家的新闻，对于虫胶砂轮重新发明了在马萨诸塞州沃尔瑟姆的1880，进入了一个繁忙的场之间的watchm埃克斯，一场已扩大与年。紫胶轮被切割砂轮及其应用使凸轮轴，辊，和餐具，一个很好的完成，虫胶看似肠NG到磨削术作为一种抛光辅料。

The abrasive grain and flake shellac are mixed in steam heated kettles. Wheels one eighth inch thick or less are made to exact size and consolidated in the mold by a steel roller; thicker ones are baked several hours in quartz sand.

磨料颗粒和片状虫胶混合蒸汽加热釜。车轮八分之一英寸厚或少了确切的尺寸和钢辊模具合并；厚的肉在石英砂中几个小时。

8.13 Oxychloride Bonded Wheels 氯氧镁砂轮

The abrasive grains are added to a mixture of the oxide and chloride of magnesium which combine to form a cold-setting cement. The bond is older then is generally supposed, and has had its moments of triumph in past days. It was exhibited at the Centennial in 1876 and received a medal, and in a British technical journal of that time it is described as “a bond of enormous inherent strength”and referred to as “the most popular bond in America’.

将磨料颗粒加入到镁的氧化物和氯化物的混合物中，形成一种冷凝水泥。债券是老的，然后一般认为，并有它的时刻在过去的日子里取得胜利。这是展示在1876的百年，而获得一枚奖章，并在英国科技期刊的时候，它被描述为“巨大的内在力量”和REF 键错为“美国最受欢迎的债券。

While this praise now seems slightly excessive the oxychloride bond has powerful friends and possesses advantages which have reserved for it a special field. It is cool cutting even without a coolant, and is much favored in disc grinders where a good deal of dry grinding dines. It is a cold setting bond and needs no heating whatever, though it does require an aging period before use, ranging from a few days to a month depending on size and type. Ordinary grinding fluids attack this bond, and it is almost invariably used dry. A typical use is in the squaring of the end of compression springs in the “ferris wheel”type of holder. The chapter on disc grinding describes this use.

虽然这赞美现在似乎稍过量的氧键具有强大的朋友和拥有已为其保留的一个特殊领域的优势。即使没有冷却液也很酷，和青睐在盘磨机，处理好干磨用餐。这是一种冷固化债券，不需要加热，虽然它确实需要一个使用前的老化期，从一个月的天数取决于规模和类型。普通的研磨液攻击这个键，它几乎总是用干的。一个典型的应用是在方形的压缩弹簧，结束“费里斯轮”式支架。关于盘磨的章节介绍了这一应用。

8.14 Resinoid Bonded Wheels 树脂结合剂砂轮

Resinoid is the newest bond among the tonnage group, the development work having taken place between 1916 and 1923. The mixture consists of abrasive, synthetic resin, and a plasticizer; molding is done either cold or hot and the baking is in electric ovens. This bond is excellent for cut-off wheels, especially for ultra high speed work where accuracy is not the first consideration. Perhaps its largest and best known field is the foundry, where until its advent the rubber bond was almost unrivaled; foundry work and similar snagging jobs entail a good bit of bumping around, and need a wheel of high strength permits a high speed which is readily translated into rapid removal of metal.

树脂是吨位之间的新债券，开发工作发生1916和1923之间。该混合物由磨料，合成树脂和一个增塑剂，成型是不无论是冷还是热，在电烤箱里烘烤都是。此键是优良的截止车轮，特别是对于超高速工作的精度不是第一考虑。也许它的LAR最大和最知名的领域是铸造，直到它的到来，橡胶的结合几乎是无与伦比的；铸造工作和类似的工作需要选择好一点的撞击周围，需要一

轮H高强度允许高速度很容易转化为金属快速去除。

8.15 Limitations 限制

Resinoid, shellac, and silicate bonds are attacked by alkaline solutions such as soda and rubber by oil, and grinding fluids must be chosen with these limitations in mind. Another limitation is that the three organic bonds, rubber, shellac, and retinoid, are too resilient to yield readily to crush forming. This problem is not accepted as insoluble by the wheel makers, and in fact progress is being made in this direction with resinoid.

树脂，虫胶，和硅酸盐的债券是由碱性溶液如苏打和橡胶油的攻击，和磨削液的选择必须与这些局限在心。另一个限制是吨他三个有机联系，胶，虫胶，和维甲酸，是容易形成过粉碎产量弹性。这个问题不被接受，不溶于轮子的制造者，事实上正在进步在这个方向上用树脂。

9. Types of Grinding Wheels 砂轮类型

William Ault Ault威廉Introduction 景区简介

The original grinding wheel fashioned of emery and clay and turned and fired by Frank B. Norton in the late 1800s can be characterized as consisting of abrasive, bond, and air. That simple model, while complicated by the special wheel construction of many CBN and diamond wheels and the addition of grinding aids to some wheels, is still generally correct. In this chapter the components of grinding wheels and general guidelines for grinding wheel selection will be discussed.

原砂轮用金刚砂和粘土转身被弗兰克B.诺顿在19世纪后期的特征可以由磨料，债券，和空气。这个简单的模型，而E并发许多CBN和金刚石砂轮的特殊车轮的建设和助磨剂的添加一些轮子，还是一般的正确。在这一章中，研磨的成分砂轮和砂轮选择的一般准则将被讨论。

9.1 Types of Abrasives 种磨料

9.1.1 Abrasive Characteristics 磨损特性

Abrasive are the cutting tools or chip producers in the grinding wheel. The characteristics of abrasives that determine their efficiency in removing material are crystal hardness, crystal structure, grain shape, the friability or durability of the grain, the chemistry of the abrasive, and whether the grain has been treated or coated.

磨料是砂轮切割工具或芯片生产商。确定其在去除材料中的效率的磨料的特性是晶体硬度，晶体结构，克雨的形状，颗粒的易碎性和耐久性，磨料的化学，和粮食是否经过处理或涂层。

The hardness of an abrasive grain relative to the hardness of the material to be ground is 1 factor in the ability of a grinding wheel to remove material. In Fig 2. the Knoop harnesses of various abrasives are shown. Diamond is still the hardest abrasive available, and its hardness makes it extremely efficient in some grinding operations. Other characteristics of diamond, such as its chemistry, make it ineffective in other operations. Obviously, however, an abrasive that is significantly harder than the material to be ground will tend to remove more material before it wears out.

磨料的硬度与材料的硬度有关，是1个因素，在砂轮的能力，以除去材料。图2。各种树脂的利用度还示。钻石仍然是最难的磨料，它的硬度使得它在某些研磨操作中非常有效。钻石的其它特性，如化学在其他操作中无效。显然，但是，一个磨料，是显着比材料的材料要地面的倾向，以消除更多的材料之前，它磨损了。

The crystal structure of an arasive grain affects how the grain wears. Abrasive grain that is mono-crystalline tends to wear more consistently than an abrasive particle that may have several crystals fused together. Inclusions in abrasive crystals will affect the integrity of the grain. Abrasive grain varies enormously in microstructure.

磨粒的晶体结构会影响晶粒的磨损。磨粒，是单结晶的倾向于磨损更一致的磨料颗粒，可能有几个晶体融合在一起。研磨晶体中的夹杂物会影响颗粒的完整性。磨粒在微观组织中有很大差别。

The shape of an abrasive grain affects both the sharpness of the grain and its wear characteristics. A blocky or spherically shaped grain, when compared with a spindly or jagged shaped grain of otherwise similar properties, will initially need more force to penetrate a material and will fracture or wear more slowly.

磨粒的形状对颗粒的晶粒度和磨损特性的影响。块状或球状颗粒，相比细长或锯齿状粒别人ISE性能相似，最初将需要更多的力量穿透材料，断裂或磨损更慢。

The abrasive hardness, crystal structure, and grain shape all contribute to the relative friability or durability of the abrasive. A friable

grain is defined as a grain that fractures and exposes new sharp points within the same grain. A durable grain can withstand high forces in the grinding operation without catastrophic wear. Those 2 terms are not exact opposites, as some durable grains micro fracture to expose new sharp cutting points.

磨料的硬度，晶体结构，晶粒形状都有助于磨料的相对脆弱性和耐久性。一种易碎的粮食被定义为一种粮食，骨折和暴露出新相同晶粒内的尖点。一种耐用的谷物可以承受高的力量，在研磨操作，没有灾难性的磨损。这2个词是不准确的，因为一些持久的谷物微断裂暴露新的锋利的切割点。

The chemistry of the abrasive affects the ability of the grain to cut in a number of ways. In some wheels (especially vitrified), a chemical bonding occurs between the abrasive and the bond. The chemistry of the abrasive may also affect its ability to grind materials with which it may interact in the locally high-temperature, high-pressure grinding interface. The tendency for diamond to oxidize in high temperatures, for example, as well as its tendency to have low impact resistance, precludes its use for high-temperature, high-force operations.

磨料的化学作用影响到粮食的切割能力。在一些轮子（尤其是陶瓷），化学键发生磨损和粘结。化学磨料的化学也可以影响它的研磨材料，它可能在局部高温高压磨的界面相互作用。金刚石的氧化倾向例如，高的温度，以及具有低冲击性的倾向，排除高温使用，大部队的行动。

Covering abrasive grain with chemical, metal, or ceramic coatings can affect the ability of the grain to bond with a particular bond type, can be used to carry heat away from the grinding surface, or can make the grain grind more durably.

用化学、金属或陶瓷涂层的研磨颗粒可以影响到一个特定的键合型的晶粒的能力，可用于从磨削表面带走热量，或可以使粮食磨更持久。

9.1.2 Abrasive Types 磨料类型

Abrasives used in the grinding or sanding process can be subdivided into 3 groups: natural abrasives, conventional abrasives, and superabrasives.

用于打磨过程可分为3组：天然磨料磨具，磨料磨具和超硬材料的常规。

Natural abrasives, such as emery, garnet, flint, and iron oxide, are not normally used in grinding wheels. They lack the durability to withstand grinding pressure. Those abrasives are still used in some coated abrasive applications where very light pressures and sharp inexpensive abrasives have utility.

天然磨料，如金刚砂，石榴石，火石，和铁的氧化物，通常不被用于砂轮。他们缺乏承受磨削压力的耐久性。这些磨料仍在使用中我的磨料应用，非常轻的压力和锋利的廉价磨料有实用程序。

Conventional abrasives are primarily furnaced, fused abrasives, although some nonfused abrasives are available. The 3 primary abrasives are aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and zirconia alumina. Aluminum oxide is used in grinding wheels to grind ferrous materials. It is the softest of the conventional abrasives but is relatively impact resistant. There are a number of aluminum oxide grain types the variations of which are chemical purity, grain shape, fused and nonfused, crystal structure, and coatings. The availability of aluminum oxide abrasives varies from a very pure, sharp, friable abrasive to a less pure, blocky, shaped, durable abrasive.

传统的磨料主要是焙烧，融合磨料，虽然一些非融合的磨料可。3个主要磨料是氧化铝，碳化硅，氧化锆氧化铝。铝Num氧化物用于砂轮磨削有色金属材料。这是最传统的磨料，但相对耐冲击。有大量的铝氧化物颗粒类型其中E变化的化学纯度，粒形，融合与非融合，晶体结构，和涂料。氧化铝磨料的可用性很纯，急剧变化，易碎的磨损我到一个不太纯，块状，形，耐用耐磨。Silicon carbide is commonly used for grinding nonferrous materials. It is the hardest of the conventional abrasives but has less impact resistance than aluminum oxide does.

碳化硅是常用的磨削有色金属材料。这是最难的传统磨料，但比氧化铝的耐冲击性。

There are 2 basic types of silicon carbide: black and green. Black silicon carbide is less pure, slightly more durable, and generally less expensive than green. Green silicon carbide is high in purity, the sharpest conventional abrasive, and a relatively expensive conventional abrasive. Silicon carbide is not normally used in grinding steels, as it is not so efficient (i.e., it does not remove as much material before wearing) as aluminum oxide. Theoretically, that is due to the chemistry of the abrasive and the carbon content of the steels and/or the need for impact resistance when steels are ground.

碳化硅有2种基本类型：黑色和绿色。黑碳化硅是纯的，稍微更耐用，一般不太贵，比绿色。纯度高的绿色碳化硅，最传统的

磨料，和相对昂贵的普通磨料。在磨削钢中，通常不使用碳化硅，因为它没有效率（即，它不作为多材料在磨损前）作为氧化铝。从理论上讲，这是由于磨料和钢的碳含量和/或钢的耐冲击性的必要性地。

Zirconia alumina is used for rough grinding metals, particularly ferrous metals. It has the highest impact resistance of the conventional abrasives. There are 2 types of zirconia alumina: a 15% zirconia alloy and a higher percent zirconia alloy (trade name Norzon). The former is more durable and has high impact resistance. The latter is more friable, with the ability to microfracture and generates new sharp surfaces, and yet is significantly more durable than the aluminum oxides. Zirconia aluminas are not usually used in finishing operations, because they are inefficient under low forces.

氧化锆氧化铝是用于粗磨金属，特别是黑色金属。它具有最高的耐冲击性的传统磨料。有2种类型的氧化锆氧化铝：15%锆石IA 合金以及更高比例的氧化锆合金（商品名norzon）。前者更耐用，耐冲击性强。后者更易碎，有能力并产生微裂缝新的尖锐的表面，但更耐用比铝氧化物。氧化锆氧化铝通常不用于精加工操作，因为在低力量他们是低效的。

The superabrasives are diamond and CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride).

超硬材料是金刚石和CBN（立方氮化硼）。

Diamond is available both as a natural, mined abrasive and as a man-made abrasive. The high cost and limited availability of natural diamond has spurred a conversion to man-made or synthetic diamond. Diamond is used to grind carbides, ceramics, glass, and other refractory materials. There are many shapes and purities of diamonds available.

钻石既可以作为天然的，也可以作为人造的，也可以作为人造的研磨剂。天然金刚石的高成本和有限的可用性促使人们转换为人造金刚石或人造金刚石。金刚石是用来研磨碳化物，陶瓷，玻璃，和其他耐火材料。有许多形状和钻石的纯度。

CBN is a man-made abrasive. It is used to grind ferrous materials, particularly hardened steels and alloys. Compared with diamond, CBN is impact resistant, heat-resistant, and chemically less active. As a result, CBN can grind materials that generate a longer chip. However, since diamond is appreciably harder and generally inherently sharper than CBN, diamond is significantly more efficient for grinding materials such as ceramics, which “microchip”when ground.

立方氮化硼是一种人造磨料。它是用来研磨黑色金属材料，特别是硬化钢和合金。与金刚石，立方氮化硼是耐冲击，耐高温，化学活性较低。因此，CBN磨材料产生一个较长的芯片。然而，由于钻石明显比CBN越来越普遍固有的尖锐，钻石是GR明显更高效结合材料如陶瓷，其中“芯片”当地面。

9.1.3 Nature of Grit Size 自然粒度

The abrasive grain size or grit size is destined in most wheels by a number that correlates to the number of holes per linear inch in a screen that would have holes similar to the average particle size of the abrasive. In other words, a 30-grit particle would pass through a screen having 27 holes per linear inch (See Fig.3.). The grit size number is an inverse to the size of the particle (i.e. the higher the number, the smaller the particle).

磨料粒度和粒度是注定在大多数轮数，与在屏幕上会有洞相似的平均粒径每线性英寸的孔数磨粒。换句话说，30砂粒子将通过一个27孔每线性英寸的屏幕（见图3。）。粒径数是粒子的大小（即数字越高，粒子越小。

Coarse grits (having low grit-size numbers) are normally used to rough grind. i.e., remove stock with little regard to finish. Finer grit sizes (having higher grit-size numbers) are normally used where tolerances and finishes are important.

粗粒（具有低粒度号）通常用于粗磨。即，删除股票与小方面完成。更细的粒度（具有较高的粒度号）通常用在公差和完成是很重要的。

9.2 Types of Bonds 类债券

9.2.1 Nature of Bonds 性质的债券

Bond is the tool holder of the grinding wheel system, since most grinding wheels must have the ability to wear to expose new grains to maintain the grinding surface of the wheel, the physical requirements of bonds vary under differing grinding conditions. Bonds vary as to their elasticity or brittleness, durability, ability to withstand heat, and the nature of the bond-abrasive interface. Various bonds also have grinding aids, such as lubricants, added to the bonds to improve grinding performance.

债券是砂轮系统的刀架，因为大多数砂轮必须穿暴露新的谷物保持砂轮表面的能力，物理要求对债券有所不同磨削条件下。债券的弹性或脆性、耐久性、耐热性、粘结磨料界面的性质等。各种债券还具有助磨剂，如润滑油、添加到债券，以提高粉磨性

能。

9.2.2 Bond Types 债券类型

There are 3 major bond families: vitrified, organic, and metal. Vitrified bonds are essentially glass bonds. They are relatively brittle bonds that rigidly hold the abrasive particle and fracture or wear because of application of force. Vitrified bonds, with comparatively high melting temperatures, are relatively impervious to heat. They usually combine chemically with the abrasive.

有3个主要的债券的家庭：玻璃，有机，金属。陶瓷结合剂是玻璃债券。它们是相对脆弱的债券，刚性地持有的磨料颗粒和断裂或钨耳朵因力的应用。陶瓷结合剂，具有较高的熔融温度，相对不透水的热。它们通常与磨料结合起来。

Organic bonds include resin, rubber, and shellac. All of those bonds physically surround the abrasive to hold it in the wheel and wear because of heat. All of the organic bonds have some degree of elasticity.

有机债券包括树脂，橡胶，和虫胶。所有这些债券的物理环绕的磨料，以保持它在车轮和磨损，因为热。所有的有机联系有一定程度的弹性塑。

Resin bonds have been developed to do a wide range of jobs. Durable, impact- resistant, heat-resistant bonds have been developed for rough grinding and heavy stock removal operations. Other resin bonds have been developed to wear under lower unit forces for finishing operations. Grinding aids have been added to resin bonds to add lubricity or to absorb heat away from the grinding surface. Two types resin are prevalent: phenolic or bakelite resins and epoxy resins. The latter are often described as plastic bonds. Phenolic resins can be used in both wet and dry grinding operations and range from relatively brittle to relatively mild. Epoxy resins should be used wet only and tend to be mild-acting bonds.

树脂债券已经发展到做广泛的工作。耐用，耐冲击，耐高温债券已发展为粗磨和重型股票去除操作。其他树脂键在较低的单位力量下，为完成作业，已被开发出来。助磨剂已被添加到树脂键添加润滑性或远离磨削表面吸收热量。双型的树脂酚醛树脂或酚醛树脂和流行：环氧树脂。后者通常被描述为塑料债券。酚醛树脂可用于湿和干磨的操作和范围从相对脆弱，相对温和。环氧树脂应采用湿的，只有轻微的作用债券。

Rubber bonds are the most resilient of the organic bonds. They tend to be used where conformability to a surface is preferred.

橡胶债券是最有弹性的有机债券。他们往往是用在性的表面是首选。

Shellac bonds are the mildest and most heat sensitive of the organic bonds. They are normally used when grinding a burn-free part while generating a superior finish is the first priority.

虫胶债券是最轻的热敏感的有机联系。它们通常用于磨削烧伤的部分而产生一个高级的完成是第一个优先级。

Metal bonds are used primarily with superabrasives. They are physical bonds that are more heat resistant than organic bonds and more impact resistant than vitrified bonds. Compared with the fracturing of vitrified bonds or the melting of organic bonds, metal bonds tend to wear attritionaly through the application of abrasive media, either as part of the grinding process or as applied by the operator. Metal bonds are often used in wet grinding applications grinding ceramic, glass, and abrasive materials.

金属键与超硬材料主要用于。他们是物理键，更好的耐热性比有机债券和更耐冲击性比陶瓷结合剂。与压裂相比陶瓷结合剂或熔融金属有机债券，债券往往穿attritionaly通过研磨介质的应用，无论是作为磨削过程或由操作应用部分或者。金属键通常用于湿式研磨研磨陶瓷，玻璃和研磨材料。

Electroplated metal bonds adhere a single layer of superabrasive onto a metal perform. Electroplating generates a relatively sharp wheel surface, which will tend to cut freely but is not impact resistant and tends to be heat sensitive.

电镀金属键坚持单层超硬磨料在金属进行。电镀会产生一个相对尖锐的砂轮表面，这将使其自由切割而不影响抗蚀蚂蚁，往往是热敏感。

9.2.3 Nature of Grade 自然等级

Through the life of a grinding wheel, the bond is worn away and the grinding surface is regenerated. That process occurs during the grinding process and, in some cases, is artificially induced by truing and/or dressing. The customer describes the rate of wear of the wheel as its “grinding grade”. A hard wheel wears slowly; a soft wheel more quickly.

通过磨轮的寿命，粘结磨损，磨面再生。这一过程发生在磨削过程中，在某些情况下，是人工诱导的翠吴和/或敷料。该客户介

绍了砂轮磨损率作为其“研磨级”。一个硬轮慢慢地慢慢地，一个柔软的车轮更迅速。

A grinding wheel manufacturer defines the grade of the wheel by the amount of bond relative to the amount of abrasive in the wheel. A wheel with more bond per abrasive particle will normally have a stronger or harder bond.

砂轮生产商定义车轮的等级，相对于砂轮的磨料量与砂轮的数量有关。一个车轮与更多的债券，每磨料颗粒通常有一个圣蓉儿或硬键。

There is frequently a discrepancy between grade as defined by the wheel manufacturer and “grinding grade”as defined by the user. Under the same grinding conditions, a dull, hard wheel may generate heat and vibration, which cause the wheel to break down more quickly than a softer wheel, which stays sharp as it wears. A user may also cause a dull wheel to wear more quickly by removing the excess bond and dull abrasive to resharpen the wheel (see Chapter 4: “Truing and Dressing of Grinding wheels”). The “grinding grade”or wear rate of the hard wheels therefore becomes softer than that of softer grade wheels.

由用户定义的车轮生产商和“磨削等级”之间的等级之间经常出现偏差。在相同的研磨条件下，一个沉闷的，坚硬的轮子可以产生他在和振动，这会导致车轮比一个更柔软的车轮，它保持锋利，因为它磨损更迅速地打破。用户也可能会导致一个沉闷的车轮磨损更迅速地消除多余的波Nd和沉闷的磨料磨轮（见4章：“修整砂轮”）。的“研磨级”或磨损率的硬质轮，因此变得柔软比柔软级轮。

There is no industry standard to describe the grade of a grinding wheel. Although most companies designate grade as a letter from A to Z, A being soft and Z being hard, a grade letter does not indicate grade equivalence between 2 different bonds, even from a single manufacturer. Grade letter can be taken as a measure of relative bond strength within a bond system but may not be a good indicator otherwise.

没有工业标准来描述一个砂轮的等级。尽管大多数公司指定等级从A到Z的一封信，一个是软的和硬的一级Z，信不可2种不同的债券之间的等价关系，甚至从单一制造商。等级信可以作为衡量一个债券系统内的相对债券的强度，但可能不是一个很好的指标否则。

9.3 Other Wheel Components 其它车轮部件

9.3.1 Wheel Structure 轮结构

Thus far we have defined a grinding wheel as having abrasive particles of a given grit size held by a bond of given hardness. The distance between the abrasive grains is further defined as the wheel structure or porosity. A high-structure number (the number is usually an integer between zero and 25) means more distance between abrasive grains. The optimal porosity for a given operation is defined as a balance between having a high enough structure to allow chip clearance and coolant introduction into the wheel and a low enough structure to ensure enough abrasive particles to do the work required.

到目前为止，我们已经定义了一个砂轮磨料颗粒的一个给定的粒度举行的债券，给定的硬度。磨粒之间的距离被进一步定义为车轮结构和孔隙度。一个高的结构数（通常是零和25之间的整数）意味着更多的磨粒之间的距离。给定的操作的最佳孔隙率的定义作为一个平衡之间具有足够高的结构允许芯片间隙和冷却剂引入轮和足够低的结构以保证足够的磨料颗粒做工作要求版。As with grade, there may be no relationship between the porosities of 2 bonds having similar structure numbers, as there is no industry standard.

与品位，可能有2的债券具有类似结构的气孔数量没有关系，因为没有行业标准。

9.3.2 Wheel Treatments 轮治疗

After manufacture, wheels may be treated to aid the grinding process. For example, vitrified wheels may be treated with sulfur for adding lubricity to wet grinding operations or with wax for retarding the loading (impregnation with metal chips) of the wheel when dry grinding aluminum. Treatments are often messy to work with and are used only for special applications.

在制造后，车轮可以被处理，以帮助磨削过程。例如，陶瓷结合剂砂轮可用于添加润滑湿磨操作或蜡延缓硫处理干磨铝时砂轮的负载（浸渍金属片）。治疗往往是混乱的工作，并只用于特殊应用。

9.4 Grinding Wheel Characteristics 砂轮特性

A number of terms are used to define the grinding action of a wheel in relative, and somewhat subjective, terms. They include sharpness, durability, and versatility.

用一个术语来定义一个轮子在相对的磨削作用，并且有点主观，术语。它们包括锐利度，耐久性和通用性。

A wheel is described as sharp if it removes a chip quickly at a low enough force level that the part is not excessively thermally damaged. Too sharp a wheel may generate too rough a surface finish on the part. A dull wheel will tend to remove a chip more slowly and/or draw more power and generate a smoother finish (assuming that force levels are low enough to avoid vibration and chatter in the system).

一个车轮被描述为锋利，如果它在一个足够低的力水平，该部分是不过分热损坏迅速删除芯片。车轮过多可能会产生过于粗糙的表面光洁度零件。一个沉闷的车轮会倾向于删除一个芯片更慢和/或绘制更多的力量，并产生一个平滑的完成（假设力水平低，以避免振动和颤振的系统透射电子显微镜。

The surface of the wheel is described as open if the wheel is sharp and cutting freely. The surface is conversely described as closed if the wheel is smooth and dull. Opening the wheel face is normally done to promote stock removal; closing the wheel face will usually produce a better finish on the ground part.

车轮的表面被描述为打开，如果车轮锋利和切割自由。表面被描述为关闭，如果车轮是光滑和沉闷。轮面正常开放为促进股票的清除，关闭车轮面通常会在地面上产生一个更好的完成。

A wheel is described as durable if it can withstand high forces over time without catastrophic loss of grinding ability. Durable wheels are important in high-force, high-stock-removal-rate grinding, while durable wheels are hard-grade wheels, they must also have abrasive and bond with high impact resistance.

一个轮子被形容为耐用，如果它能承受高强度的时间，而不损失的磨削能力。耐用的车轮是重要的，高强度，高库存率研磨，瓦特而耐用的车轮硬度的轮子，他们也必须有磨料和债券具有高抗冲击性。

A versatile wheel is one that grinds a number of parts materials and jobs without problems. In job shop situations, such as tool room grinding, versatility of a wheel can be very important, since wheel changes, excess wheel stocks, and downtime between jobs are expensive.

一个万向轮是一种研磨零件的数量的材料和工作没有问题。在车间的情况，如工具室磨，一轮的通用性是非常重要的，因为嘻嘻升的变化，多余的轮库存，和停机时间之间的工作是昂贵的。

9.5 Specifications of Grinding Wheels 砂轮规格

Fjgs.9.7 and 9.8 illustrate the common marking system for conventional abrasive grinding wheels and superabrasive grinding wheels. As shown, the places of the marking system are generally organized so that the abrasive information precedes the bond and structure information.

fjgs。9.7和9.8说明常见的标记体系，普通磨料砂轮和超硬磨料砂轮。如图所示，标记系统的地方通常是有组织的磨料信息先于键和结构信息。

Fig.9.8 Super abrasive wheel markings 超硬磨料砂轮的标记

The parts of the conventional wheel marking include: abrasive modification, abrasive type, grit size, grit size combination (not shown in Fig.9.7), grade, structure, bond type, and bond modification. A simple marking needs only to have abrasive type, grit size, grade, and bond type; all other parts of the marking are optional.

传统的轮标记的部分包括：研磨改性，磨损类型，粒度，粒度组合（不显示fig.9.7），等级，结构，债券型，和键的改造。一个简单的标记只需要有研磨型、磨粒大小、级和键型，标记的所有其他部分都是可选的。

The abrasive modification specifies which type of the abrasive is to be used. For example, the abrasive modification would specify for a silicon carbide wheel whether black, green, or a mixture of black and green silicon carbide is to be used. The abrasive modification may be any alphanumeric string, and there are no industry standards.

磨料的修改指定要使用的磨料的类型。例如，磨料的修改将指定一个碳化硅砂轮是否黑色，绿色，或混合型应使用对照和绿色碳化硅。研磨改性可以是任何字母数字字符串，并没有行业标准。

The abrasive type is generally limited to those previously discussed: aluminum oxide (A), silicon carbide (C) and zircon alumina (Z) –In superabrasive wheels CBN (B) and diamond (D). The abrasive type may also designate a blend of abrasive types; e. g. AC as a mixture of aluminum oxide and silicon carbide.

磨料的类型一般是限于那些先前讨论：氧化铝（一），碳化硅（C）和锆铝（Z）–在超硬磨料砂轮立方氮化硼（B）和金刚石（D）。磨料的类型电子也可以指定一种混合的磨料类型，例如：交流为氧化铝和碳化硅的混合物。

Grit size is described, as was previously discussed, by the abrasive screen mesh size. Those sizes differ only slightly and can be considered

industry standards. Grit size numbers have been standardized so that 46 is a standard grit size while other numbers between 40 and 50 are not.

磨粒大小的描述，如先前讨论的，通过研磨的屏幕上的网格尺寸。这些大小略有不同，可以认为是行业标准。粒度号已规范这46个是一个标准的粒度，而其他数字在40和50之间是不。

A grit size combination number (if shown) designates whether or not a blend of grit sizes has been used. Normally, a 1 affixed to grit size (e. g., 46 becoming 461) designates that no blending has been done. Any other number may designate a blend of grit sizes, and there is no industry standard for grit size combination numbers.

一个粒度组合数（如图所示）指定是否已使用混合粒度。通常情况下，一个1贴的粒度（例如，46变成461）指定不混有蜜蜂完成了。任何其他数字可以指定一个混合的粒度，并没有工业标准的粒度组合号码。

If no grit size combination is shown, the manufacturer supplies a standard combination that may or may not be blended and may depend on product type.

如果没有粒度组合，制造商提供一个标准的组合，可能或可能不混合，可能取决于产品类型。

The grade of the wheel, as previously discussed, is normally described as a single alpha character A to Z, A being soft and Z being hard.

车轮的等级，正如先前讨论过的，通常被描述为一个单一的α字符，一个是，一个是软的和硬的。

The structure of the wheel (the distance between the abrasive particles) is usually a number between zero and 25. If structure is omitted, the particular bond type has dictated a particular structure, and since the structure is fixed, it is not shown. Not all bonds are available in all structures; in fact, bonds are usually very limited in the available structure range.

砂轮的结构（磨粒之间的距离）通常为零，25。如果省略结构，特定的键类型决定了特定的结构，由于结构是固定的，它不显示。并非所有的债券都可以在所有的结构中，实际上，债券通常是非常有限的可用的结构范围。

The bond type of a wheel is generally designated as a single alpha character: V for vitrified, B for resin, R for rubber, E for shellac and M for metal. (Super abrasives are not available in rubber or shellac; conventional abrasives are not normally used in metal bonds).

一轮债券型通常指定为单个字符：V B陶瓷，树脂，橡胶R，E为金属漆和M。（超硬磨料是不可用在橡胶或虫胶；传统的磨料通常不被用于金属键）。

The bond modification further defines the bond type being used. Similar to the abrasive modification, bond modification is an alphanumeric string, which has no industry standards.

债券的修改进一步定义了债券类型的使用。类似于研磨改性，改性是一个键的字母数字字符串，没有行业标准。

For superabrasive wheels, the markings are essentially the same except for the replacement of structure by the abrasive concentration and the addition of the superabrasive layer depth to the end of the marking.

对超硬磨料砂轮，标记基本相同，除了由磨料浓度和超硬层深度对年底除了更换结构电子标记

The concentration of a superabrasive wheel is the amount of abrasive in the abrasive layer. Because of the high cost of superabrasive, a thin layer of grinding wheel may be attached to a core material so that only that outer layer is usable. (Note the abrasive rim construction in superabrasive wheels shown in Fig.9.9). The concentration of superabrasive in the layer is designated as a number, usually an integer up to 200. There no standards for concentration; i. e., a 100 concentration product will vary in abrasive content between suppliers. The concentration of a superabrasive wheel can be considered as linked to the wheel hardness, since the amount of super abrasive in the wheel does affect the wearing characteristics of the wheel. A higher concentration wheel normally requires higher forces and wears more slowly.

一个超硬砂轮的浓度在磨料层磨损量。由于超硬磨料成本高，一层薄的砂轮可以连接到核心材料因此，只有外层是可用的。（注意在超硬磨料砂轮在fig.9.9磨边施工）。在层超硬磨料的浓度被指定为一个数字，通常通常一个整数为200。有没有浓度的标准，即一个100浓度的产品将不同的供应商之间的磨料含量。一个超硬砂轮的浓度可以有限考虑与车轮的硬度，由于在轮超硬磨料量不影响车轮的磨损特性。较高的浓度轮通常需要较高的的，穿的更慢。

The superabrasive layer depth describes the usable depth of grinding section available. That may be designated as a fraction, a decimal, or, in the case where there is no core, “SOLID”.

超硬层深度介绍磨矿段可有效深度。这可能被指定为一小部分，一个十进制，或者，在没有核心的情况下，“固体”。

9.6 Principles of Grinding Wheel Selection 砂轮选择的9.6个原则

Factors to be considered in the Operation 操作中要考虑的因素

Seven major factors affect the use of grinding wheels for various operations; the material to be ground and its hardness, the stock to be removed and the finish required, the nature of the coolant (if any), wheel speed, the area of grinding contact and equivalent diameter, the severity of the operation, and the horsepower available to the grind. Each of those factors can affect the selection of the optimal grinding wheel.

七个主要因素影响砂轮的使用，各种操作，材料的地面和硬度，股票，以除去和完成所需的，冷却液的性质（如果任何），砂轮速度，磨削接触面积和当量直径，操作的严重程度，以及可供研磨的马力。这些因素中的每一个因素都会影响到其选择最佳砂轮。

9.6.1 Material to be Ground 地面的材料

There has never been a thoroughly satisfactory method of looking at the properties of a material and using the hardness, tensile strength, or some other parameter to thoroughly describe how that material can best be ground. Knowledge of the hardness, the chemistry, and the nature of chip formation of a material can aid in the selection of a grinding wheel, however.

从来没有一个彻底的令人满意的方法，看材料的性能和使用的硬度，拉伸强度，或其他一些参数，以彻底说明如何母校社会可以最好地。知识的硬度，化学，和材料的形成的材料的性质可以帮助在选择砂轮，但是。

With few exceptions, superabrasives are used only on hardened materials (in excess of Rc55). When softer materials are ground, the generation of longer chips tends to prematurely degrade the bond or if the bond is strong enough to resist that wear, the chips may become imbedded in the wheel and actually weld onto the cutting edges. In summary, superabrasives tend to work best on hard and/or brittle materials.

除了少数例外，超硬材料仅用于硬化材料（超过rc55）。当柔软的材料是地面，较长的芯片的产生往往过早地降低债券或我F键是强大到足以抵抗磨损，芯片可能会成为嵌入在车轮和实际焊接到切削刃。总之，超硬材料往往在硬和/或脆性材料的最佳工作电子材料。

The chemistry of a material affects grinding wheel selection in several ways. Some alloys, such as aluminum, copper, and chromium, contain materials that tend to generate long chips. Other materials, such as titanium, oxidize exothermically. In each case wheel sharpness is crucial, as cooling the grinding operation is essential. Silicon carbide is often used on the above materials because of its inherent sharpness. Depending on the ability to cool the system, soft grades may have to be used to ensure wheel sharpness.

材料的化学作用在几个方面影响砂轮的选择。一些合金，如铝，铜，铬，这些材料往往产生长期的芯片。其他材料，如钛，氧化放热。在每一种情况下，砂轮的锋利度是至关重要的，因为冷却的研磨操作是必不可少的。由于它的原因，在上面的材料中经常使用碳化硅固有的清晰度。根据冷却系统的能力，软质的等级可以用来保证车轮的锋利度。

In order to continue to remove stock on a hard material, a grinding wheel must remain sharp. Since the abrasive particle in conventional wheel dulls more quickly when grinding hard materials than when grinding softer materials, soft-grade wheels must be used on hard materials so that new sharp grains are exposed. Harder-grade wheels on hard materials will tend to retain dull grains generating vibration and heat and burn.

为了继续在硬材料上除去库存，砂轮必须保持锋利。由于传统的轮磨粒钝化时更快速磨削硬材料时磨削较软的材料，软质的车轮必须用在硬材料，使新的锋利的谷物被暴露。努力级车轮对硬质材料会保留钝的磨粒产生振动化和热烧伤。

9.6.2 Stock Removal/Finish Required 切削/完成要求

A simple method of stating this factor is the difference between the part before and after grinding. That includes stock to be removed, dimensions to be held, finish required and necessary surface integrity.

一个简单的说明这个因素的方法是在研磨前和后的部分之间的差异。这包括股票被移除，尺寸举行，完成必需的表面int完整性。The relationships between those 4 parameters usually need to balance out. In a roughing operation stock removal rate may be the only parameter of importance, but in finish grinding the other 3 parameters come into play. In order to remove stock without burn or chatter, a free-cutting sharp wheel is preferable. However, in order to hold tight dimensions and generate fine finishes, a continuously sharp wheel will tend to lose form and generate poorer finishes than will a duller harder acting wheel. Striking the balance between being

sharp enough and dull enough is often difficult.

这4个参数之间的关系通常需要平衡。在粗加工操作股票去除率可能是唯一重要的参数，但在研磨完成其他3个参数ERS进场。为了去除不燃烧或振动的股票，一个自由切削锋利的车轮是可取的。然而，为了保持紧密的尺寸，并产生良好的饰面，连续的ARP的车轮会失去形式和产生较差的完成要比枯燥的努力表演轮。惊人的平衡之间的尖锐不够和沉闷不够往往是困难的。Assuming you have sufficient force to allow a coarse grit to penetrate into a part, coarse soft wheels with friable abrasive tend to out quickly without surface injury. Fine, hard wheels tend to generate finer finishes and closer tolerances.

假设你有足够的力量让一个粗砂粒渗入的一部分，与松散磨料软粗轮往往很快无表面损伤。好的，硬的轮子会产生吃了更精细的饰面和更接近的公差。

9.6.3 Coolants 冷却剂

Coolants are important regarding their ability to lubricate, conduct heat, and carry swarf from the grinding surface. With refrigerated oil coolants, wheels several grades harder can be used with no metallurgic damage, as compared with doing the same operation dry or with water.

冷却液是重要对他们的能力进行润滑，热，把切屑从磨削表面。冷冻油冷却剂，轮子几个档次更可以用不etallurgic损伤，如做同样的操作，或与水相比，干。

In order to get the most out of coolants, large quantities of clean cool coolant have to be directed at the grinding area. If coolant is directed elsewhere, insufficient and/or improperly maintained, it may be worse than useless.

为了获得最大量的冷却剂，凉凉的冷却液必须针对磨削区。如果是针对其他地方，不足和/或不正确地保持冷却液，可能比没用的。

High-lubricity coolants also enhance the ability of CBN to cut metal. Straight oil in copious amounts can improve the life of a CBN wheel by a factor of 10 over 10% water soluble. On the other hand, low concentration coolant tends to work better when one is grinding ceramics or glass. In the first case generating a chip as effortlessly as possible is more important in the second case cooling the part is the prime consideration.

高润滑冷却液可以提高CBN切割金属的能力。在大量直油可超过10%的水溶性提高10倍的CBN砂轮寿命。另一方面，我当一种研磨陶瓷或玻璃时，当一种浓度的冷却液会更好地工作。在第一种情况下，在第二种情况下，在第二种情况下，产生一个不费力的芯片是更重要的艺术是首要考虑。

9.6.4 Wheel speed 参赛轮速

Before the discussion of wheel speed goes any further, the first rule of grinding wheel safety is never to exceed the surface speed caused by rotating the full-sized wheel at the maximum operating speed marked on the wheel. All of the discussion of wheel speed here is regarding wheel speeds less than or equal to the maximum operating speed listed on a grinding wheel.

轮速的讨论进一步发生前，砂轮安全的第一条规则是不要超过表面速度的最大操作SPE全尺寸造成车轮旋转车轮上标注的。所有的车轮速度的讨论这里是关于车轮速度小于或等于一个砂轮上列出的最高工作速度。

A wheel rotating at high speed is required to take shallower chip per revolution than is a wheel at slow speed, moving at the same infeed rates. As a result of each abrasive particle being asked to do less work, the abrasive tends to dull more slowly and the wheel tends to wear more slowly. A wheel running at higher speed is said to be harder acting therefore, since it lasts longer. If the wheel is optimized at slow speed, speeding it up may make it too hard, causing burn and chatter.

车轮在高速旋转的要求以较浅的芯片每革命比在低速轮，在相同的进给率移动。由于每个磨料颗粒被要求做工作少，磨粒容易迟钝，车轮慢慢磨损更慢。一个高速运转的车轮据说是更困难的行为，因为它会持续更长的时间。如果轮子我以慢速度优化，加速它可能会使它太硬，导致燃烧和颤振。

CBN wheels tend to work better at higher speeds, since they work better when generating many tiny chips than fewer larger ones. Grinding titanium with conventional abrasive wheels may be done at slower speeds so that the chips are less likely to oxidize.

CBN砂轮往往以更高的速度，更好的工作，因为他们的工作更能产生许多微小的比少大的筹码的时候。与传统的砂轮磨削钛可以做奴隶速度，使芯片不太可能氧化。

9.6.5 The Area of Grinding Contact 磨削接触区

At a given force level, the area of grinding contact (defined by the equivalent diameter) determines the unit force available to generate a chip. The larger the contact area, the lower the unit force that is available to generate a chip. For large contact areas then, sharp (and relatively soft) wheels are used. For small contact areas, durable abrasive and relatively hard wheels are used to stand up to the higher-unit forces.

在一个给定的力水平，磨削接触面积（由等效直径定义）确定的单位力可用以产生芯片。接触面积越大，单位力越低这是可以产生一个芯片。对于大的接触区域，锋利的（和相对柔软的）车轮被使用。对于小的接触区域，耐用的磨料和相对坚硬的车轮是用来站立高单位力量。

9.6.6 Severity of the operation 严重程度的操作

In some precision grinding operations, the grinding cycle is interrupted (e. g., horizontal spindle reciprocating surface grinding when the wheel moves off and then back on the part) in such a way that an additional impact is added to what the grinding wheel must withstand. If that impact is severe, a more durable abrasive and a harder grade is necessary to forestall premature wear. The reverse is true in such operations as creep-feed grinding, where soft sharp wheels are optimal.

在一些精密的研磨作业中，在这样一种方式中，研磨周期被中断（例如，水平轴往复运动时，车轮在车轮下移动，然后返回到零件上）。增加了额外的冲击，砂轮必须承受。如果这种影响是严重的，更耐用的磨料和强硬的等级是需要防止过早磨损。相反的是真正的，在这样的行动，如蠕动进给磨削，软尖锐的车轮是最佳的。

Assuming you have sufficient force to allow a coarse grit to penetrate into a part, coarse soft wheels with friable abrasive tend to out quickly without surface injury. Fine, hard wheels tend to generate finer finishes and closer tolerances.

假设你有足够的力量让一个粗砂粒渗入的一部分，与松散磨料软粗轮往往很快无表面损伤。好的，硬的轮子会产生吃了更精细的饰面和更接近的公差。

9.6.7 Horsepower 马力

All other variables being equal and a rigid system being assumed, adding horsepower to a system will tend to cause more heat and force to be applied to the wheel, causing more wear. Removing horsepower from a system may cause the grinding wheel to bounce on the work, since the force available is insufficient to generate a chip, causing friction, chatter and burn.

所有其他变量是平等的和刚性的系统被假定，增加马力到一个系统会导致更多的热量和力量被应用到车轮，造成更多的磨损。除horsepowe从一个系统中可能会导致砂轮在工作上弹跳，因为可用的力是不足以产生芯片，引起摩擦，颤振和烧伤。

It takes more force to generate a thick chip with a coarse grit abrasive than otherwise. As a result, in a low-horsepower system grinding a hard material, fine grits must be used to penetrate the material. For example, for cylindrical grinding Rc60 steels, usually 60-grit and finer wheels are recommended.

产生一个厚的芯片与粗磨粒比否则，它需要更多的力量。因此，在低功率系统磨削较硬材料，细粉必须用穿透的伴侣里亚尔。例如，外圆磨rc60钢，建议通常是60砂砾和细轮。

It should be pointed out that the above discussion concerned usable horsepower. Often the available horsepower is not used either because of inefficient systems or finishing operations where more power is deleterious to the grinding process.

应该指出，以上讨论有关可用马力。通常可用的马力不可因为低效的系统或精加工业务，更多的权力对磨削过程有害。

9.7 Grinding Wheel Safety 砂轮安全

It is recommended that all users and potential users obtain and read the ANSI code B7.1 “Safety Requirements for the Use, Care, and Protection of Abrasive Wheels.”That document reviews the different shapes of grinding wheels (some of which are shown in Fig. 9. 10) and their proper storage mounting and use.

建议所有的用户和潜在用户获取和阅读的ANSI编码B7.1“安全使用要求，保健，和砂轮保护。”文献综述不同砂轮的形状（其中一些如图9所示。10）及适当的储存安装及使用。

9.8 Conclusions 结论9.8

The option regarding which grinding wheels to use on a given operation are many: sharp, open friable, soft, coarse versus dull, closed, durable, hard, fine. They are further clouded by the fact that in most cases a compromise between the extremes is necessary to ensure an acceptable finished part. System variables can be additives or can cancel each other regarding their effects on the grinding wheel.

对于砂轮使用一个给定的操作的选项有很多：尖锐，打开软，易碎，粗与沉闷，封闭，耐用，坚硬，细。事实上，我对他们有

更多的阴影大多数情况下，一个极端之间的妥协是必要的，以确保可接受的完成部分。系统变量可以添加剂或可以取消对方对磨削WH的影响鳗鱼。

In the next chapter, truing and dressing will be discussed. The extent to and manner in which a wheel is trued and dressed can sharpen or dull.

在下一章将要讨论的，修整。的程度和方式，一轮修整和打扮可以锐化或迟钝。

The final compromise in specifying a grinding wheel is between wheel life and material removal rate. An analysis of the whole grinding system has to be made as to whether the wheel should be designed to last to cut abrasive costs or be designed to remove material quickly to cut labor costs and increase production.

在指定砂轮的最终妥协是车轮寿命和材料去除率。对整个磨削系统进行分析，对砂轮是否应进行设计为了削减磨料成本或是为了快速去除材料以降低人工成本，增加生产。

Notes

Lotus公司出品的群件系列软件；

1. Norzon is a registered trade name of the Norton Company.

1。norzon是注册商标的诺顿公司。

2. A notable exception is extremely fine grit product, which may be characterized as a micron size or micron size range.

2。一个值得注意的例外是非常精细的砂砾产品，这可能是一个微米大小或微米大小的范围。

3. Vitrified wheels, however, cannot be exposed to large temperature variations during grinding, as the bond is not elastic enough to withstand thermal expansion differences within the wheel.

3。陶瓷结合剂砂轮，在磨削过程中，然而，不能承受较大的温度变化，由于债券是不足够的弹性承受热膨胀的差异在轮。

4. There are some small differences between U. S. (ANSI) and European (FEPA) grading. Japanese sizing is dramatically different in fine-grit (number larger than 200) product.

4。有一些小的差异之间的美国（ANSI）和欧洲（欧洲标准）分级。日本的施胶量是显着的不同的细砂（数量大于200）的产品。

5. In superabrasives wheels C may designate electroplated.

5。在C可以指定电镀超硬磨料砂轮。

6. Some superabrasive products will omit the concentration, in which case the grade letter is used as a measure of both bond and concentration.

6。一些超硬磨料产品将省略的浓度，在这种情况下，级信是用来衡量债券与浓度。

[Handbook of Modern Grinding Technology]

[现代磨削技术手册]

10. Mounted Wheels 安装车轮

10.1 Mounted Wheels

10.1个安装车轮

Mounted wheels comprise a group of small wheels, generally less than two inches in diameter and three inches in thickness, with a partially knurled mandrel cemented into one end. The majority of wheels used are probably less than one inch by one inch. These wheels are designed to be used in a chuck, and find considerable use in tool rooms and die shops, for making molds and dies and for touching bup dies while they are in service. They are also widely used in offhand grinding of all kinds where radii are small or the space is confined.

安装车轮包括一组小轮子，在直径三英寸的厚度一般不超过两英寸，一部分滚花芯固定在一端。轮轮使用的可能不到一英寸的一英寸。这些轮子被设计用于在一个查，并找到相当大的使用在工具室和模具店，用于制造模具和模具和触摸当他们在服务时死亡。他们还广泛用于磨削各种随便哪里半径小或空间狭小。

The origin of wheels such as these probably goes back to some unknown toolmaker or machinist who figured that if the could glue emery powder to the end of a dowel and insert the dowel in a chuck, he could smooth up some spots that his equipment would not otherwise reach. These early mixtures of emery and glue, molded in a hole bored in a stick of hard wood and baked on top of a shop stove, were certainly not very durable, but they pointed the way to today’s high-speed mounted wheels.