北京空气污染 翻译
Beijing's air pollution
北京的空气污染
Blackest day
黑色天
Jan 14th 2013
2013年1月14日
ON January 12th of last year, in an article in the print edition of The Economist, we reported that the public outcry over Beijing’s atrocious air quality was putting pressure on officials to release more data about more kinds of pollutants. We also noted that Chinese authorities had already embarked on a wide range of strategies to improve air quality, and that they probably deserve more credit than either foreign or domestic critics tend to give them. But we concluded with the sad reality that such work takes decades, and that “Beijing residents will need to wait before seeing improvements.”
去年1月12日,在一篇文章打印版的经济学家,我们报道,公众强烈抗议北京的恶劣空气质量是否施压官员释放更多的数据关于更多种类的污染物。我们还指出,中国政府已经开始了一个广泛的策略来改善空气质量,而且大概他们应该得到更多的信贷比国外或国内评论家倾向于给他们。但是我们得出结论和忧伤的现实,这样的工作需要几十年,“北京居民需要等待看之前的改进。”
On January 12th of this year, Beijing residents got an acrid taste of what that wait might be like, as they suffered a day of astonishingly bad air. Pollution readings went, quite literally, off the charts. Saturday evening saw a reading of 755 on the Air Quality Index (AQI). That index is based on the recently revised standards of the American Environmental Protection Agency (the EPA), which nominally maxes out at 500. For more perspective, consider that any reading above 100 is deemed “unhealthy for sensitive groups” and that anything above 400 is rated “hazardous” for all.
今年1月12日,北京居民有一种刺鼻的味道,等待可能是喜欢,因为他们遭受了一天的惊人的坏空气。污染数据就行了,毫不夸张地说,好极了。周六晚上看见一个阅读755年空气质量指数(AQI)。该索引是基于最近修订的标准的美国环境保护署(EPA),名义上最大达500。更多的角度来看,认为任何阅读100以上被认为是“不健康的敏感人群”,高于400年被评为“危险”所有。
Like many Beijing residents, your correspondent has mobile-phone apps that keep up with the pollution readings. At an otherwise pleasant Saturday-evening meal with friends, he joined his companions in compulsively checking for updates.
像许多北京市民,记者手机应用,跟上污染数据。在一个愉快的周六晚上吃顿饭,否则朋友,他和他的同伴在强制检查更新。
Those previously unseen numbers were hard to believe, but they did seem to match up well enough with the noxious soup we could see, smell and taste outside. We are all far more familiar with the specifics of air-quality measurement than we would like to be. Apar
t from the AQI readings above 700, we were quite struck to see the readings for the smallest and most dangerous sort of particulate matter, called PM 2.5, which can enter deep into the respiratory system. These are named for the size, in microns, of the particles. A reading at a controversial monitoring station run by the American embassy showed a PM 2.5 level of 886 micrograms per cubic metre; Beijing’s own municipal monitoring centre acknowledged readings in excess of 700 micrograms.
这些前所未有的数字很难相信,他们却似乎匹配与有毒的汤好我们可以看到外面,嗅觉和味觉。我们都更熟悉的空气质量测量的细节比我们想要的。除了阿700之上,我们很看到读数了最小和最危险的类型的颗粒物,称为点2.5,可以进入深入呼吸系统。这些是指定的尺寸,在微米粒子的。阅读在一个有争议的监测站由美国大使馆显示一个点2.5水平的每立方米886微克;北京的市级监控中心承认读数超过700微克。
For perspective on that set of figures, consider that the guideline values set by the World Health Organisation regard any air with more than 25 micrograms of PM 2.5 per cubic metre as being of unacceptable quality.
为视角,组数据,考虑到指导值设置由世界卫生组织认为任何空气超过25微克每立方米的PM 2.5的不可接受的质量。
Chinese authorities have complained about the American embassy's insistence on independently monitoring—and publicly reporting—Beijing’s air quality. And sometimes much is made of the vast differences between those readings and China’s own official ones, which are often less dire. Indeed, a key feature of one of those mobile-phone apps is the side-by-side comparison of those competing data-sets. (It is of course a bad sign that people here need more than one app to keep up with all this.)
中国当局抱怨美国大使馆的坚持独立监测和公开报道北京的空气质量。有时多了这些数据的巨大差异和中国自己的官方的人,往往不那么可怕。事实上,一个关键的特征,其中一个手机应用程序是对比数据集的竞争。(这当然是一个糟糕的迹象表明,这里的人们需要不止一个应用程序来跟上所有这些。)
But on a day like Saturday, the discrepancy between official readings and independent ones hardly seemed to matter; you didn't need a weatherman to know which way the ill wind blew. Or failed to blow, as the case may have been. One expert quoted by Chinese media attributed this spike in pollution to a series of windless days that allowed pollutants to accumulate.
但是一天喜欢周六,差异和独立的官方数据,又有什么关系,你不需要一个天气预报员知道的恶风吹。或未能吹,视情况可能是。中国媒体援引一位专家认为飙升污染的一系列无风的日子,允许污染物积累。
But wind can be a problem when it d
oes blow, too. In the outlying provinces that are part of Beijing’s airshed, there is a great deal of heavy industry. Pollution regulations are much harder to enforce there. And, in this colder-than-average winter, people have been burning more coal and wood than usual.
但风可能是一个问题当它吹,太。在边远省份,属于北京的气流量,有大量的重工业。污染法规更难执行那里。和,在这个寒冷的比平均冬季,人们一直燃烧更多的煤和木材比往常。
It is likely to be many more Januarys to come before China gets the upper hand on its air-pollution problems. Indeed, as we mentioned last January 12th, after nearly sixty years of trying and a vast amount of progress, the city of Los Angeles has yet to meet America's federal air-quality standards. If there is any consolation to what Beijing had to endure this January 12th, it is that it should lend urgency to the public outcry, and help speed things in the right direction.
它可能是更多的历史来在中国占了上风在其空气污染问题。事实上,当我们提到去年1月12日,经过近60年的努力和大量的进步,洛杉矶市尚未满足美国联邦空气质量标准。如果有任何安慰什么北京不得不忍受这1月12日,它是,它应该借给紧迫性公众抗议,并帮助加快在正确的方向上。
The other consolation is that readings like the ones showing now on Monday midday (in the mid 300s, merely “hazardous” and “severely polluted”) feel fine by comparison.
其他值得安慰的是,数据显示现在的周一中午(在300年代中期,仅仅是“危险”和“严重污染”)感觉很好相比之下。
北京的空气污染
最黑暗的一天
2013年1月14日
去年1月12日，在印刷版的“经济学家”的一篇文章中，我们报道了公众的强烈抗议在北京恶劣的空气质量对官员施加压力，释放更多的数据，更多种污染物。我们也注意到，中国当局已经展开了广泛的战略，以改善空气质量，他们可能比任何国外或国内的批评者往往会给他们应该得到更多的信贷。但是，我们得出的结论，这项工作需要几十年的可悲现实，“北京市居民将需要等待，在看到改善。”
今年1月12日，北京居民有一股刺鼻的味道，等待可能是这样的，因为他们遭遇了惊人的空气不好的一天。污染的读数去了，毫不夸张地说，关闭的图表。星期六晚上看到的读数为755，空气质量指数（AQI）。该指数是基于美国环境保护局（EPA），名义上最高，在500最近修订的标准。更多的观点，认为任何指数高于100被认为是“不健康的敏感群体”，被评为“危险”，任何超过400。
许多北京市民一样，记者有移动电话的应用程序，跟上的污染读数。在一个否则愉快的周六晚上与朋友吃饭，他与他的同伴在强制检查
更新。
那些以前看不到的数字是很难相信，但他们却似乎与不够好，有害汤，我们可以看到，气味和味道外。我们更为熟悉的空气质量测量的细节比我们想的。除了空气质量指数读数高于700非常着迷，我们看到的读数，最小的和最危险的类型的颗粒物，PM 2.5，可进入呼吸系统进入深。这些被命名的尺寸，微米，颗粒。在一个有争议的由美国大使馆监测站运行的读数显示，PM 2.5的水平为886微克每立方米，北京市政监控中心承认，在超过700微克的读数。
For perspective on that set of figures, consider that the guideline values set by the World Health Organisation regard any air with more than 25 micrograms of PM 2.5 per cubic metre as being of unacceptable quality.
对于这组数字的角度上，认为世界卫生组织把任何与PM 2.5每立方米25微克以上的空气是不可接受的质量指导值。
中国当局抱怨美国使馆的坚持独立的监测和公开报告，北京的空气质量。有时甚至是读数和中国自己的官方的，这往往是那么可怕的巨大的差异。事实上，这些移动电话的应用程序的一个关键特征之一是侧方比较这些相互竞争的数据集。 （当然，这是一个不好的迹象，这里的人保持着这一切，需要一个以上的应用程序）。
But on a day like Saturday, the discrepancy between official readings and independent ones hardly seemed to matter; you didn't need a weatherman to know which way the ill wind blew. Or failed to blow, as the case may have been. One expert quoted by Chinese media attributed this spike in pollution to a series of windless days that allowed pollutants to accumulate.
但上周六的日子里，官方读数之间的差异和独立的似乎无关紧要;你并不需要知道哪条路的不良风吹。天气预报。或吹，视情况可能已经失败。中国媒体引述一位专家认为这秒杀中污染了一系列的无风的日子，使污染物积累。
但是，风可以是一个问题，当它打击了。在边远省份是北京的气域的一部分，有大量的重工业。污染法规的执行有困难得多。而且，在这寒冷的冬季平均，人们已经燃烧比平常更多的煤炭和木材。
很可能有更多的1月份到来之前，中国的空气污染问题制胜。事实上，正如我们上次提到的1月12日，经过近60年的努力和大量的进步，洛杉矶的城市，以满足美国的联邦空气质量标准。如果有什么安慰，北京不得不忍受今年1月12日，这是，它应该借舆论哗然的紧迫性，并帮助加快速度在正确的方向。
The other consolation is that readings like the ones showing now on Monday midday (in the mid 300s, merely “hazardous” and “severely polluted”) feel fine by comparison.
其他值得安慰的是罚款的比较，读数像现在（星期一）中午（在中期300S，
仅仅是“危险”和“严重污染”）的感觉。