2014年高二下学期理科化学课堂训练(20)—— 醇(1)

2014年高二下学期理科化学课堂训练(20)—— 醇(1)
2014年高二下学期理科化学课堂训练(20)—— 醇(1)

2014年高二下学期理科化学课堂训练(20)——醇(1)

班别_______________姓名_______________学号_______________

【学习目标】

1、能够写出乙醇的分子式与结构简式,并说明分子中存在的化学键类型

2、能够用化学反应方程式表示乙醇的化学性质

3、能够说明乙醇发生化学反应时的断键情况

4、能够说明醇与酚的区别,知道醇与醚属于官能团异构

【练习一】乙醇

1.下列说法正确的是( )

A.苯和苯乙烯是同系物

B.乙醇和乙醚是同分异构体

C.乙醇是有机溶剂,只能溶解有机物

D.乙烯或溴乙烷均能在一定条件下与水生成乙醇

2.下列关于乙醇的说法正确的是()

A.乙醇在水溶液中能电离出少量的H+,所以乙醇是电解质

B.乙醇结构中有—OH,所以乙醇显碱性

C.乙醇分子中只有烃基上的氢原子可被钠置换出来

D.乙醇是一种很好的溶剂,能溶解许多无机化合物和有机化合物,人们用白酒浸泡中药制成药酒就是利用了这一性质

3.下列关于乙醇的物理性质的应用中不正确的是()。

A.由于乙醇的密度比水小,所以乙醇中的水可以通过分液的方法除去

B.由于乙醇能够溶解很多有机物和无机物,所以可用乙醇提取中药的有效成分

C.由于乙醇能够以任意比与水互溶,所以酒厂可以勾兑各种浓度的酒

D.从化学学科角度看,俗语“酒香不怕巷子深”中包含乙醇容易挥发的性质

4.有机物Ⅰ和Ⅱ的结构式如下,下列说法中不正确的是()。

A.Ⅰ和Ⅱ是同分异构体B.Ⅰ和Ⅱ物理性质有所不同

C.Ⅰ和Ⅱ化学性质相同D.Ⅰ和Ⅱ含12C的质量分数相同

5.比较乙烷和乙醇的结构,下列说法错误的是()

A.两个碳原子以单键相连B.分子里都含6个相同的氢原子

C.乙基与一个氢原子相连就是乙烷分子 D.乙基与一个羟基相连就是乙醇分子

6.下列物质,都能与Na反应放出H2,其产生H2的速率排列顺序正确的是()

①C2H5OH ②H2CO3溶液③H2O

A.①>②>③ B.②>①>③ C.③>①>② D.②>③>①

7.如图是四种常见有机物的比例模型示意图。下列说法正确的是( )

A .甲能使酸性KMnO 4溶液褪色

B .乙可与溴水发生取代反应而使溴水褪色

C .丙中的碳碳键是介于碳碳单键和碳碳双键之间的独特键

D .丁能与金属钠发生取代反应

8.在盛有少量无水乙醇的试管中,加入一小块新切的、擦干表面煤油的金属钠,

迅速用配有导管的单孔塞塞住试管口,用一小试管收集并验纯气体后,点燃,并把

干燥的小烧杯罩在火焰上,,片刻,迅速倒转烧杯,向烧杯中加入少量澄清石灰水。

观察现象,完成下表。

【练习二】乙醇的氧化反应

9.把质量为mg 的铜丝灼烧变黑,立即放入下列物质中,能使铜丝变红而且质量仍为mg 的是

A .NaOH 溶液

B .CH 3COOH

C .稀HNO 3

D .CH 3CH 2OH

10.将等质量的铜片在酒精灯上加热后,分别插入下列溶液中,铜片质量增加的是( )

A .硝酸

B .稀盐酸

C .Ca(OH)2溶液

D .乙醇

11.酒精灯的火焰分为三层,由外到内依次为外焰、内焰、焰心,若把一根洁净的铜丝,由外焰逐渐深入到内焰,能观察到的现象是( )

A .始终是红色

B .由红色变为黑色

C .在外焰变为黑色,到内焰变为红色

D .在外焰是红色,到内焰变为黑色

12.下列物质既能发生消去反应,又能氧化成醛的是

13.在下列4种醇中,能被氧化为相

同碳原子数的醛的是( )

A .①和②

B .②和③

C .②和④

D .③和④

14.以下四种有机物的分子式皆为C 4H 10O ,其

中能被氧化为含相同碳原子数醛的是( )

A .①和②

B .只有②

C .②和③

D .③和④

15.下列物质属于醇类的是

A .OH COOH

B .CH 2OH

C .CH 3OH

D .

16.禁止使用工业酒精配制料酒,这是因为酒精中常含有少量会使人中毒的( )。

A.甲醇

B.乙醇

C.油脂

D.丙醇

17.乙醇、甘油和苯酚的共同点是( )

A .分子结构中都含有羟基

B .都能与NaOH 溶液发生中和反应

C .与FeCl 3溶液反应呈紫色

D .常温下都是无色液体

18.某有机物的结构简式为下列关于该有机物的叙述中,不.

正确的是 A .能与金属钠发生反应并放出氢气 B .能在催化剂作用下与H 2发生加成反应

C .不能使酸性KMnO 4溶液褪色

D .在铜作催化剂条件下能发生催化氧化反应生成醛

19.乙醇分子中的各种化学键如图所示,下列关于乙醇在各种反应中断裂键的说明不正确的是

A.和金属钠反应时①键断裂

B.在铜催化及加热条件下与O 2反应时断裂①键和③键

C.在铜催化及加热条件下与O 2反应时断裂①键和⑤键

D.在空气中完全燃烧时断裂①②③④⑤键

【练习三】

20.生活中的有机物种类丰富,在衣食住行等多方面应用广泛,其中乙醇是比较常见的有机物。 (1)乙醇是无色有特殊香味的液体,密度比水 。 (2)工业上用乙烯与水反应可制得乙醇,该反应的化学方程式为 (不用写反应条件),原子利用率是 。 (3)下列属于乙醇的同系物的是 ,属于乙醇的同分异构体的是 。(选填编号)

A .

B .

C .乙醚

D .甲醇

E .CH 3—O —CH 3

F .HO —CH 2CH 2—OH

(4)乙醇能够发生氧化反应:

①46 g 乙醇完全燃烧消耗 mol 氧气。

②乙醇在铜作催化剂的条件下可被氧气氧化为乙醛,反应的化学方程式为 。 ③下列说法不正确的是 (选填字母)。

A .乙醇不能和酸性高锰酸钾溶液发生氧化还原反应

B.交警用橙色的酸性重铬酸钾溶液检查司机是否酒后驾车

C.黄酒中某些微生物使乙醇氧化为乙酸,于是酒就变酸了

D.陈年的酒很香是因为乙醇和乙醇被氧化生成的乙酸发生酯化反应生成了乙酸乙酯

21.A是化学实验室中最常见的有机物,它易溶于水并有特殊香味,并能进行如图所示的多种反应。

(1)写出A的结构式

(2)写出下列反应的化学方程式(有机物用结构简式表示):

反应①:

反应②:

反应④:

22.乙醇是我们生活中常接触到的一种有机化合物,根据你学过的乙醇的性质,回答下列有关的问题。

(1)饭店中常使用固体酒精,你判断它应是_______________(纯净物、混合物),质量较差的固体酒精在使用时因燃烧不充分,可能产生有毒气体____________(写分子式)。

(2)在焊接铜漆包线的线头时,常先把线头放在火上烧一下,以除去漆层,并立即在酒精中蘸一

下就可得到光亮的铜线头,写出这个过程中发生反应的化学方程式:

_______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

(3) 用硫酸酸化的CrO3遇酒精后,其颜色会从红色变为蓝绿色,用这个现象可以测得汽车司机

是否酒后驾车。反应的化学方程式如下

2CrO3+3C2H5OH+3H2SO4→ Cr2(SO4)3+3CH3CHO+6H2O

该反应中,乙醇发生_________反应(填有机反应类型),

乙醇分子中的__ ____号键断裂(填图中序号),

产物CH3CHO的名称是______________,结构式为____________。

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