孔子与亚里士多德德性向度及对其整合的当代意义

孔子与亚里士多德德性向度及对其整合的当代意义[摘要] 中西方在古代就开始对德性进行探讨,孔子和亚里士多德都是最早对

德性进行系统探讨的伦理先贤。孔子提出以“仁”为核心的德性向度,而亚里士多德则提出以“善”为核心的德性向度。二者在思想背景、价值主体、价值理想目标、价值侧重点等方面各不相同:“仁”强调情感、个体,并追寻君子人格;“善”强调理性、城邦、公民,并以幸福为追寻目标。尽管二者具有不同的地方,但都作为对德性的探讨,也有共识和通性的方面:二者都崇尚中庸(道),都强调德性的学习实践及其持之以恒,都有最高的理想德性价值目标。因此,整合这两种德性向度资源,无疑对当今我国的道德建设具有非同寻常的意义。

[关键词]道德建设德性向度仁善

[Abstract] The morality had been explored in the ancient times of west and china. Confucius and Aristotle were ethics of ancient ages of the first systematic exploration of the virtue. Confuciu s put forward the “ benevolent “ as the core of dimension of morality while Aristotle’s “good”. They are different in the ideological background, the value of subject and the desired objectives and the emphasis. The” benevolent “ stresses emotional, indivi dual, and pursues the goal of the gentleman personality; and the “good” stresses rational, city-states, citizens, and pursues the goal of the happiness. Even though they have different aspects, in the aspect of discussion of the virtue, they have the consensus and interlinked aspects: they advocated the Medium (Mean), emphasized the virtues of the study and practice and perseverance, had the highest ideal of Moral value target. So it is extraordinarily contemporary significant that Integration of these two moral dimensions to China’s moral construction .

[Keywords]Moral ConstructionVirtue DimensionBenevolentGood

对德性的研究,无论是中国还是西方,都是一个亘古常青的论题。中国自商代开始,就注重人的德性修养,形成了“德—礼—孝”的思想体系,直至孔子则更为系统地将德性规约于“仁”。几乎在同一时期的古希腊,苏格拉底基于“德性是否可教”的问题,提出了“德性即知识”的命题。至亚里士多德,对德性的研究更为成熟,将德性明确区分为“道德德性”和“理智德性”,并进行了深入的探讨。然而同为对德性的研究,孔子以“仁”为向度强调德性,主张以“仁”为核心修身养性,追求人格的完美。亚里士多德却以“善”为向度,来探讨合德性的实现活动,并以至善为最高追求,“善”就成为亚里士多德德性的统摄向度。

一、孔子德性向度“仁”及其特征

自孔子系统提出“仁”的思想始,“仁”便成为了中国古代正统伦理——儒家伦理的核心价值理念,并成为塑造中国人的道德灵魂的核心原子,时至今日仍然在一定程度上主导着中国人的思想和行为价值取向。