影响托福阅读长难句理解的障碍

影响托福阅读长难句理解的障碍
影响托福阅读长难句理解的障碍

朗阁海外考试研究中心王上

阅读应该是托福四门科目中最基础的一门了,阅读能力的提高直接影响其他三个科目的成绩。如果你连听力文本都看不懂,那么也休想听懂;阅读是输入型科目,如果没有足量的输入,那么需要输出能力的口语和写作也不可能考好。那么托福阅读的核心难点是什么呢?无疑是地位是无法动摇的长难句了。下面,朗阁厦门托福培训中心的专家就来介绍几大经常出现的影响理解的障碍。

一、破折号

破折号的作用是对前面的名词进行解释说明,它并不构成句子的主干,如果前面的名词你认识并且理解,破折号后面的内容可以直接忽略。换句话说,如果前面的内容阅读有障碍,那么破折号内容可以辅助你理解。

例句:TPO 3 The Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer

This unprecedented development of a finite groundwater resource with an almost negligible natural recharge rate—that is,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply—has caused water tables in the region to fall drastically.

解析:两个破折号之间的内容在对前面的almost negligible natural recharge rate 进行解释,所以virtually=almost,no=negligible,replenish=recharge,如果破折号之前看懂,中间的内容可以直接忽略。句子的主语是:unprecedented development of

a finite groundwater resource,谓语动词是:has caused.

二、插入语

两个逗号之间的内容就是插入语,插入语之前一定有个名词,插入语是对名词的解释说明。

例句:TPO1 The Origin of Theater

The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

解析:两个逗号之间的内容在对theory进行解释说明,这句话的主语是:theory,谓语动词是envisions。

三、定语从句(that,which引导的从句),动名词(ing)或是过去分词(ed)做后置定语,修饰中心词,分开主谓

例句:TPO3 Petroleum Resources

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures,which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

解析:这句话中出现了一对明显的破折号,之间的内容在对continued sedimentation 解释说明,continued sedimentation是主语,谓语动词有两个,它们用and相连,一个是buries,另一个是subjects,持续的沉淀埋藏了有机物并且使有机物受到高温和压力的影响。最后加一个which引导的非限制性定语从句,对前面一整句话补充说明。

翻译:持续的沉积--堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底的高温和高压的影响,最终转变为石油和天然气。

接下来,我们再看一个更加复杂的句子。它来自于:TPO 17 Europe’s Early Sea Trade with Asia

Widely reported,if somewhat distrusted,accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice Marco Polo,of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible.

解析:这句话的难理解程度应该是8颗星。出现了多种修饰成分,两个非谓语动词,一是widely reported,对accounts修饰,是被动关系,意思是“这样的描述被广泛报道”;二是to be gained,对wealth修饰,是被动语态,意思是“通过这样的往来会获得的财富”。还有一个插入语if somewhat distrusted,对accounts解释说明,意思是“如果有一些不可信的话”。这句话的主语是accounts,谓语动词是made。这句话可以缩略成:accounts of A and B made the idea irresistible,即:有关于A和B的描述使得这个想法不可抗拒。

翻译:对此有诸多报道,有些可能不足为信,威尼斯著名旅行家马可波罗在其书中描述了中国人希望和欧洲人通商的意愿,认为通过贸易关系欧洲可以获得巨额财富,他的这些描述让欧洲人对亚欧贸易往来这个想法难以抗拒。

四、逻辑关系

在绕开所有修饰成分之后,还有一个使句子变得复杂,晦涩难懂的部分,就是各种逻辑关系词所引导的各种状语从句。

我们先来看看TPO3 Architecture这篇文章中的一个长句。

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that,because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

解析:这句话一上来就是in order for连接的目的状语,它绝对不是这个句子的主语。比如:In order to get 100 in TOEFL test,I work so hard. 在这样的句子中,对于谁是主语,哪个部分是主干部分就很清楚了。没错,主语是I,谓语是work。那么上面的例句中主语是:architecture,谓语是employs,宾语是methods of support,其实这句话的主干已经结束了,就是建筑学采用支撑的方法。那么后面是什么呢?不难发现,后面加了that,开始加定语从句对methods of support进行补充说明了,但是先停一下,为什么that后面要加逗号?如果你能看出来它不只有一个逗号,你就离正确理解这个句子不远了。Bingo,是两个逗号,之间插入了一个部分,它起着补充说明的作用。

句子有点复杂,我们一步步来看。首先,主谓是:建筑学使用了各种各样的支持方法。其次,对支撑方法起补充说明的定语从句(that引导):这些方法自从人们第一次发现它们就没有怎么改变,最重要的逻辑关系出现了,while引导的转折逻辑,在TPO中while 一旦出现,就是在对两个事物进行对比,前者是methods of support,后者是building materials,前者没怎么改变,而后者却大刀阔斧地改变了。最后插入语部分,对支撑方法没怎么改变进行解释说明,因为这些方法基于物理定律。

翻译:为了使建筑达到预想的大小和强度,尽管建筑材料已经发生了翻天覆地的变化,建筑采用的各种支撑方法自从人们发现它们以来鲜有改变,因为这些方法都建立在物理定律的基础上。

在这里朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家要强调一点,那就是对于逻辑关系词大家都不陌生,尤其是一个长难句中,出现逻辑关系词非常普遍,出现两三个关系词的几率也是非常大的,我们要做的是读懂这句话,找出最重要的逻辑关系词才是王道。下面我们再来看一个长难句。

Unlike in the Americas,where metallurgy was a very late and limited development,Africans had iron from a relatively early date,developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. (TPO 7 Agriculture,iron and the Bantu Peoples)

解析:这句话一上来就是转折关系词unlike,不仅转折而且对比。例如:Unlike my mother,I am very quiet. 很明显,句子的主语是I,所以这句话真正的主语是Africans (Americas只是对比对象),谓语动词是had,宾语是iron。紧接着动名词developing 做伴随状语,再接to produce.。.and to control,意思是“发展独创的高炉的目的”;最后the amount of air再加that定语从句,修饰空气量。

翻译:美洲的冶铁技术发展得非常晚,并且有限,而非洲则不同,他们的冶铁技术从相对较早的时期就开始发展,他们制造了精巧的高炉以产生冶铁所需要的高温,并且能够控制接触到碳和铁矿石的空气量以满足冶铁的需要。

通过上面两个例子,我们可以发现托福阅读长难句中最常出现的逻辑关系就是因果关系、转折关系和并列关系。因果关系:because(of),since,as,result from,cause,thus,hence,as a consequence,lead to,account for,explain; 转折关系:however,nevertheless,but,by contrast,unlike,while,whereas,yet; 并列和递进关系最为常见的就是:as well as,also,besides,furthermore,beyond,

and,additionally. 朗阁海外考试研究中心建议广大考生在平时阅读长难句时一定要对以上单词格外敏感,这些单词的出现无疑让句子更加复杂。

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