INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION：PRESENT AND FUTURE

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: PRESENT AND FUTURE

by Larry A. Samovar, Richard E. Porter and Edwin R. McDaniel Intercultural communication, as you might suspect, is not new. Since the dawn of civilization, when the first humans formed tribal groups, intercultural contact occurred whenever people from one tribe encountered members of another tribe and discovered that they were different. Sometimes these differences, in the absence of multicultural awareness and tolerance, elicited the human propensity to respond malevolently. However, in the pursuit of political alliances, knowledge, or commercial trade, these differences were more often recognized and accommodated. For instance, Alexander the Great was known to pay homage to the different gods of the lands he conquered and to encourage his followers to marry into the power elite families of those societies, thereby assuring a degree of political loyalty and stability.1The storied Library of Alexandria, thought to have been established in the third century B.C., accumulated texts from across the ancient world. Spices, silk, tea, and coffee made their way to Europe from China, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East via the Silk Road trade routes. Guns, modern medicine, and even bread were brought to the Far East by traders sailing from Western Europe on the voyages of discovery.

These cultural exchanges have accelerated in the past century at a dizzying pace, to the point where, as we mentioned, societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships. This interdependency is a salient characteristic of the world that you presently live in, and the future promises even greater interconnectivity, requiring increased cultural knowledge and language abilities. To help you understand how the challenges of the future will require you to acquire and use intercultural communication skills, we will discuss a number of areas in which global interconnectedness and the cultural dynamics of society will have a direct impact on your life. These areas include international conflicts, environmental challenges, health issues, and multicultural society. International Conflicts

There can be no doubt that the world is a much more dangerous place than it was just a decade ago. Combating the threat of international terrorism requires a vast, coordinated network stretching across many international borders. Nations are now sharing terrorist-related information on an unprecedented scale. To fully understand and employ much of this information, and to interact with representatives from other nations, requires considerable intercultural communication skills. This international cooperation will be a continuing requirement for protecting our homelands for many years to come.

Weapons of mass destruction continue to pose a threat to most of the world, and efforts to mitigate that danger will require concerted international action. For example, China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Russia, and the United States have been meeting with North Korea in an effort to reduce that nation’s nuclear arms capability. Coordinated international programs will also be needed to help resolve flare-ups of ethnic violence, such as those that occurred in early 2008 in Kenya between members of the Kikuyu tribe and members of other ethnic groups. In all of these efforts, culture and communication will be a central concern. This is borne out by the United States Marine Corps’s experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan, which led it to recog nize the importance of having cultural knowledge when interacting with indigenous populations. As a result, cultural training programs have been instituted to ensure that all Marines have a “basic understanding of 1

A. Chu, Day of Empire (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 24–25.

culture, both American and foreign . . . training on specific cultures can only take place once this basic foundation is built.”2

Environmental Challenges

Your future will also be marked by the challenges of environmental change. For many people in the world, global warming and other forms of environmental degradation are not scientific theories or predictions; they are ongoing realities. For example, in the Sundarbans, a vast low-lying delta along the border of India and Bangladesh, rising waters are already destroying fields and homes.3Global warming is also thought to be contributing to increased desertification in arid regions of China and North Africa. One result, when coupled with industrial pollution, is atmospheric dust storms “containing plant pollens, fungal spores, dried animal feces, mi nerals, chemicals from fires and industry, and pesticide residues.”4

Experts are also predicting that continued global warming will produce a worldwide shortage of water, which will affect even the United States. According to a White House report on climate change issued in May 2008, the future will be characterized by “worsening water shortages for agricultural and urban users” across the entire United States.5Additionally, military experts have indicated that water problems resulting from global warming “will make poor, unstable parts of the world—the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia—even more prone to wars, terrorism and the need for international intervention.”6The need for intercultural communication skills to help lessen and resolve these projected problems should be quite clear.

The challenge of natural disaster response work also calls for intercultural communication proficiency. In late December 2005, an undersea earthquake created a tsunami that inundated the coastal areas of eleven Indian Ocean nations, killing an estimated 230,000 people7and leaving millions homeless. In October 2005, an earthquake in the Kashmir region, which borders India and Pakistan, claimed as many as 79,000 lives and forced 3.5 million people into refugee camps.8In early May 2008, a typhoon struck Myanmar (formally Burma) and a few weeks later an earthquake devastated Sichuan Province in central China. The death toll from these two tragedies will probably exceed two hundred thousand; in addition, millions have lost their homes.

Programs to mitigate the human suffering caused by these calamities required international relief efforts on an unprecedented scale. mitigate the human suffering, medical personnel, disease control professionals, logistics experts, and many other international specialists quickly converged

J. L. Higgins, M. T. Truss o, and A. B. Connable, “Marine Corps Intelligence: Charting a Course Across Cultural Terrain, Marine Corps Gazette, 89 (12) (Dec 2005), 23.

3 D. McDougall, “The Sundarbans Emergency: Global Warming’s Front Line,” Japan Times (April 5, 2008), 13.

D. Struc k, “Dust Storms Overseas Carry Contaminants to U.S.,” Washington Post (Feb 6, 2008),

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020502950.html (accessed June 6, 2008).

S. Borenstein, “White House Issues Climate Report,” AOL News (May 30, 2008),

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/story/_a/white-house-issues-climatereport-4/n20080529150809990014 (accessed 30 May 2008).

S. Borenstein, “Global Warming May Put U.S. in Hot Water,” Washington https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html, (April 17, 2007),

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/17/AR2007041700239_pf.html (accessed June 7 2008).

“Tsunami Survivors Remember 2004 Disaster,” https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html, (December 26, 2007), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/templates/story/story.php?storyId_17613859 (accessed June 6, 2008).

“New Figures Put Quake Toll at More Than 79,000,” https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html, (Oct 19, 2005), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/id/9626146/(accessed June 6, 2008); “Refugees Return to Pakistan,” Online News Hour, https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html, (April 10, 2006), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/newshour/bb/asia/jan-june06/pakistan_4-10.html (accessed April 10, 2008).

on these areas to assist in recovery operations. Relief agencies from around the world rushed in people and supplies to help the victims. These recovery efforts will continue for extended periods. And, as you would expect, all of this work will require an enormous amount of intercultural communication. In addition to language, it is important to know the cultural norms of the people receiving aid. With experts predicting that climate change will bring more intense tropical storms and flooding to low-lying coastal areas, disaster relief work is expected to increase worldwide. Health Issues

Contemporary global interconnectedness also influences current and future health care concerns. Stop for a minute and think about how quickly the virus that causes AIDS traveled around the world. Then recall the international coordination that was required to spread prevention awareness information across cultures. To thwart the transmission of mad cow disease, many countries had to coordinate their efforts to test and track animals, handle products suspected of being tainted, and agree on safeguards for prevention and control. A large number of national governments and international agencies are currently working to control, and find a vaccine for, a deadly strain of avian flu. This has involved the culling and killing of “hundreds of millions of birds” since 2003.9It has been estimated that hundreds of millions of people could die in a worldwide pandemic should this strain mutate and become transmissible between humans.10Also, the World Health Organization is directing worldwide efforts to detect, monitor, and report on incidents of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which can be spread easily by international travelers.11 Communication must extend across multiple cultures for these efforts to succeed.

The future promises even greater need for international agreement and cooperation to ensure safety from diseases. For instance, researchers have found that the atmospheric dust clouds, which we discussed earlier in this chapter, can transport “bacteria, fungus, and viruses that may transmit diseases to humans.”12Global warming also promises to accelerate death rates due to diarrhea, malaria, and dengue fever among the peoples of poverty-stricken nations.13 Multicultural Society

For our final look at the future, we want to discuss the growth of the multicultural society in which you will live. You are already well acquainted with the diversity of American society along ethnic lines, and we have just discussed how that diversity will continue to grow as a result of immigration. However, there is another aspect of this multicultural society. Indeed, it was a salient issue during the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination campaign. Much was made of the mixed heritage of Senator Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya. Although Obama was born in the state of Hawaii, as a youth, he spent several years in Indonesia with his white American mother and Indonesian stepfather.14The mixed ethnic backgrounds of celebrities like baseball player Derek Jeter and golfer Tiger Woods are also well known. There are, of course, many more people 9

“Coming Home to Roost?” The Economist (Jan 27, 2007), 37.

10Ibid.

11WHO Guidelines for the Global Surveillance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): Epidemic Alert and Response (World Health Organization,2004), http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CDS_CSR_ARO_2004_1.pdf (accessedJune 6, 2008).

12Struck, 2008.

S. Borenstein, “Worldwide Shortage of Water Predicted,” San Diego Union Tribune (March 11, 2007), A-1–14.

K. Scharnberg and K. Barker, “The Not-So-Simple Story of Barack Obama’s Youth,” Chicago Tribune Web Edition (March 25, 2007),

https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/news/politics/chi-070325obama-youthstory,1,4006113.story?page.

of mixed heritage. A 2008 report from the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that were 4,856,136 people in the Un ited States whose heritage was of “two or more races.”15This indicates that this group has a growth rate ten times faster than that of the white population, but approximately equivalent to that of Hispanic and Asian Americans. This growth is a result of surging interracial/interethnic marriages16throughout the United States, fueled partly by greater social acceptance. These pairings clearly present cultural and language problems for the husband and wife, as well as their children.

These areas contain only a few of the endless examples of how society is transforming as the world becomes metaphorically smaller. We believe these examples should convince you of the many and varied changes that you will confront during your adult life. In addition, as we previously mentioned, a constant theme associated with these changes is the interconnectedness of contemporary society. This interconnectedness means people of different nationalities and ethnic origins, many speaking different languages and holding different convictions, must learn to work and live together, despite the likelihood of conflict. We hope, therefore, that by now you have recognized that you are faced with a requirement to expand and improve your cultural awareness and intercultural communication competence. If so, then you are ready to begin your study of intercultural communication.

跨文化交际的现状与未来

由Larry A.茶炊，理查德·E. Porter和埃德温·麦克丹尼尔R.

U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Estimates of the Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2007 (NC-EST2007-03) (Washington,D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, May 1,2008), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/popest/national/asrh/NC-EST2007/NCEST2007-03.xls (accessed June 7,2008).

D. Crary, “U.S. Interracial Marriage Rate Soars,” Time (April 14, 2007), https://www.360docs.net/doc/d915350602.html,/time/nation/article/0,8599,1609841-1,00.html (accessed June 7, 2008).

跨文化的沟通，因为你可能会怀疑，是不是新的。自从文明的曙光，当第一批人类形成的部落群体，跨文化接触发生时从一个部落的人遇到的另一个部落的成员，发现他们是不同的。有时这些差异，在没有多元文化意识和宽容，引起人类倾向恶狠狠回应。但是，在追求政治联盟，知识，或商业贸易，这些差异被更经常地确认和调节。例如，亚历山大大帝被称为祭奠他征服的土地的不同的神，并鼓励他的追随者嫁入这些社会的权力精英家庭，从而保证一定程度的政治忠诚度和稳定性。已经建立了亚历山大的传奇图书馆，认为在公元前三世纪，积累了文本来自全国各地的古代世界。香料，丝绸，茶叶和咖啡通过丝绸之路贸易路线作出自己的方式到欧洲，从中国，东南亚和中东地区。枪，现代医学，甚至面包被带到远东贸易商来自西欧对发现的航行航行。

这些文化交流以令人眩目的速度加快，在过去的一个世纪，到了那里，正如我们所提到的，在全球范围内的社会已交织成相互依存的经济，科技，政治和社会关系的复杂结构的地步。这是相互依存的世界，你现在生活在一个显着特征，而未来会有更大的互联互通，需要增加文化知识和语言能力。为了帮助您了解未来的挑战是如何将要求您获取和使用跨文化沟通能力，我们将讨论一些领域中，全球的相互关联和社会文化动态会对你的生活产生直接影响。这些领域包括国际冲突，环境挑战，健康问题，以及多元文化的社会。

国际冲突

不可能有任何疑问，世界比它只是十年前更加危险的地方。打击国际恐怖主义的威胁，需要一个庞大的，协调的网络在许多国际边界伸展。国家正在共享以前所未有的规模与恐怖主义有关的信息。要充分理解和运用这些信息很多，并与来自其他国家的代表交流，需要大量的跨文化交际能力。这种国际合作将是保护我们的家园的许多年里继续要求。

大规模杀伤性武器继续对世界上大多数国家的威胁，努力减轻这种危险，需要协调一致的国际行动。例如，中国，日本，韩国，俄罗斯共和国和美国一直在努力减少该国的核武能力，会见朝鲜。协调的国际项目也需要帮助解决的突发种族暴力的，比如那些发生在2008年年初在肯尼亚基库尤部落的成员和其他族群成员之间。在所有这些努力，文化和传播将是一个核心问题。这证明了美国的海军陆战队的经验在伊拉克和阿富汗，这导致其识别与土著居民进行交互时，其文化知识的重要性。因此，文化的培训计划已经制定，以确保所有的海军陆战队有“基本认识的文化，美国和外国的。。。在具体的文化培训只能发生一次，这个基本的基础是建立“。

环境挑战

你的未来还将由环境变化所带来的挑战标示。对于许多人在世界上，全球气候变暖和其他形式的环境退化不是科学理论或预测;他们不断的现实。例如，在孙德尔本斯，一个巨大的低洼三角洲沿印度和孟加拉国的边境，上涨的洪水已经摧毁领域和家庭。全球变暖也被认为在中国和北非的干旱地区将有利于提高荒漠化。一个结果，加上工业污染的时候，是大气沙尘暴“含有植物花粉，真菌孢子，动物干粪便，矿物质，从火灾和工业，农药残留的化学物质。”

专家们还预测，全球持续变暖会产生水世界性短缺，这将影响甚至美国。根据对2008年5月发行的气候变化白宫报告显示，未来的特点将是整个美国的“日益严重的水资源短缺对农业和城市用户”。此外，军事专家指出，全球气候变暖导致水的问题“将会使世界的贫困，不稳定地区，中东，非洲，南亚，甚至更容易发生战争，恐怖主义，必须进行国际干预。”该需要跨文化的沟通技巧，以帮助减轻和解决这些问题的预期应该是很清楚的。

自然灾害应对工作中的挑战，还要求跨文化交际能力。2005年12月下旬，海底地震造就了海啸淹没11印度洋国家的沿海地区，造成大约23万人，留下数百万人无家可归。在2005年10月，地震在克什米尔地区接壤印度和巴基斯坦，声称多达79000生命，并迫使350万人进入难民营。2008年5月上旬，台风袭击了缅甸（缅甸正式），并在几个星期后的地震摧毁了在中国四川省中部。这两个悲剧的死亡人数可能会超过二十万;此外，数百万人失去了家园。

节目以减轻造成这些灾难所需的规模空前的国际救援工作的人的痛苦。减轻人类痛苦，医务人员，疾控人员，物流专家，和许多其他国际专家迅速聚集在这些区域，以协助恢复操作。来自世界各地的救援机构冲进来的人以及物资帮助灾民。这些回收力度将持续较长时间。而且，正如你所期望的，所

有这些工作都需要跨文化交际的巨大数额。除了语言，重要的是要知道，接受援助的人的文化规范。专家预测，气候变化将带来更激烈的热带风暴和洪水，以沿海低洼地区，预计抢险救灾工作，以提高全世界的。

健康问题

当代全球的相互关联也影响当前和未来医疗保健的关注。停下来一分钟，想想如何迅速导致艾滋病在世界各地旅行的病毒。然后记得，被要求跨文化传播防范意识信息的国际协调。为了阻止疯牛病的传播，许多国家不得不协调它们的努力，以测试和跟踪动物，处理产品被怀疑受污染，并商定保障预防和控制。大量国家政府和国际机构正在努力控制，并找到疫苗，禽流感的致命性。这涉及到“亿万鸟”自2003年据估计有数百万人可能会死在一个世界性的大流行应这种菌株发生变异，成为在人之间传播的扑杀和杀害。此外，世界卫生组织正在指导全球努力来检测，监控，并在严重急性呼吸系统综合症（SARS），它可以很容易的国际旅行者传播的事故报告。通信必须跨越多个文化延续这些努力取得成功。

未来承诺的国际协议和合作，以确保安全的疾病更需要。例如，研究人员发现，大气尘埃云，我们在本章前面所讨论的，可输送“的细菌，真菌和病毒可能会传播疾病给人类。”全球变暖也有望加速因腹泻死亡率，疟疾贫困国家的人民之间，和登革热。

多文化共生

对于我们最后看未来，我们要讨论的多元文化社会中，你将生活的增长。你已经非常熟悉族系美国社会的多样性，我们刚才讨论了多样性将如何继续增长，因为移民的结果。然而，这种多元文化社会的另一个方面。事实上，这是2008年民主党总统候选人提名竞选中一个突出的问题。多少是做参议员贝拉克·奥巴马，他的父亲是来自肯尼亚的混合遗产。尽管奥巴马出生在夏威夷的状态，作为一个青年，他花了数年在印尼与他的美国白人母亲和继父印尼。名人的混合种族背景像棒球选手杰特和高尔夫球手老虎伍兹也是众所周知。有，当然，更多的人的混合遗产。据美国人口普查局2008年的一份报告估计，人4856136人，美国的传统是“两个或多个种族。”这表明，这个群体有一个增长速度比白人快十倍，但大致相当于到拉美裔和亚裔美国人。这种增长是在整个美国澎湃异族/族群通婚的结果，刺激部分是由更大的社会所接受。这些配对清楚本作的丈夫和妻子的文化和语言的问题，以及他们的孩子。

这些区域只含有少量的社会如何被改变的例子不胜枚举随着世界变得更小的比喻。我们相信，这些例子应该说服的多种多样的变化，你将你的成年生活中面对你。此外，正如我们前面提到的，这些变化相关的一个不变的主题是当代社会的相互联系。这种互联是指不同国籍，不同种族，许多讲不同的语言，持不同信念，人必须学会工作和生活在一起，尽管冲突的可能性。我们希望，因此，现在你已经认识到，你面对的是一个要求扩大和改善你的文化意识和跨文化交际能力。如果是这样，那么你是

人教版英语八年级下册试题since 和 for 的用法(用于现在完成时)

初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间练习：用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. 6)The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.How time flies! 7)They borrowed it last week. They _________ _________ it since __________ __________. 8)I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. 9)They married in 1990. They ________ _________ __________since _________. 10)The meeting finished at six. The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours. 11)My brother joined the army two years ago.

since通常和什么时态连用

since(自从)通常连用什么时态一、since通常通常搭配的时态当since表示“自从”时，不管它是用作介词、连词还是副词，它通常都要与现在完成时连用。如： I’ve worn glasses since my childhood.我从小就戴眼镜。 The works have been closed since January. 一月份以来这些厂就关闭了。 He’s put on a lot of weight since he gave up smoking.他戒烟后体重增加了许多。 Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。 She moved to London last May and has since got a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到伦敦此后一直在报社工作。有时连用现在完成进行时。如： He has been working since noon. 他从中午就开始工作了。二、since搭配时态的特殊情况虽然since通常要与现在完成时连用，但在以下情况，它也可以连用除完成时态以外的其他时态： 1. 当主句表示“多长时间”时，动词可用一般现在时（当然也可用现在完成时）。如：It’s a long time since I met you last.好久不见了。 It’s just a week since we arrived here.我们到这里才一个星期。 It’s a long time since I met you last.从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。以上各句的it is也可换成 it has been，不过在口语或非正式文体中，用一般现在时的情形比较普遍。 2. 当主句谓语动词为seem等连系动词时。如： It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 It seems like years since I last saw you. 从上次见到你以来好像已经有许多年了。 3. 当主句和从句表示情况“变化”时。如： She doesn’t come round to see us so much since her marriag e. 自从结了婚，她不怎么过来看我们了。（原来经常来，结婚后就不怎么来了）

(完整版)现在完成时sincefor练习

练习一.用since和for填空 1.______two years 2.____two years ago 3.___last month 4.______ 1999 5._______yesterday 6._______ 4 o’clock 7 4 hours 8._____an hour ago 9.___we were children 10._____ lunch time 11.____ she left here 12. He has lived in Nanjing ___ the year before last. 13. I’ve known him ______ we were children. 14. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years. 15. She has been away from the city ______ about ten years. 16. It’s about ten y ears __________ she left the city. 二.单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him . A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D.still 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？ A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years . A. was ; studying B. will ; study C. has ; studied D. are ; studying 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice . A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see 9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really ? When _____ there ? A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go D. have they gone

现在完成时Since和for的用法

现在完成时Since和for的用法 Since 和for 的用法表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间(数词+量词)，此划线部分用how long提问。一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。如： Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。 He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。如： We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。练习：用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________she left the city. 2.短暂性转换延续性

现在完成时与完成进行时for和since练习题

现在完成时练习题 I. 用never, ever, already, yet, for, since填空 1.I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him. 2.Jack has _________ finished his homework ________ an hour ago. 3.Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years. 4.“Have you ________ seen the film”“No, I have ________ seen it.” 5.“Has the bus left _______”“Yes, it has _________ left.” II. 用since和for填空 A. 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here B. 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 6. I've been practicing the piano since 10∶30. 7. Mario has been running ____ 15 minutes. 8. Sarah has been sleeping ____ 9∶00. 9. Dale has been talking on the phone ____ five minutes. 10. Louie has been studying Chinese ____ he was six years old. 11. I've been watching you ____ ten minutes. 12. She?has?done?her?homework?_________?two?hours. 13. Tom?has?been?swimming??_________?an?hour. 14. They?have?learnd?English?________?they?came?to?school. 15. They?have?been?in?the?room?__________8?o’clock. 16. We?have?studied?English?_________several?years. 17. I?have?been?living?in?Xi’an?_________I?was?born. 18. She?has?worked?here?_________?2006. 19. Mary?has?been?running?_________?she?came?here. 20.?Ann?has?been?learning?English?since?2003.（选出同义词组） A.?for?2003 B.?since?about?6?years? C.?6?years?ago D.?for?about?6?years III. 用过去时或现在完成时填空： 1. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet” “Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.” 2. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework”“Not yet.” 3. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad”“Yes, just once.” 4. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work. 5. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now. 6. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words. 7. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet.

现在完成时since for练习

创作编号： GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者：凤呜大王* 练习一.用since和for填空 1.______two years 2.____two years ago 3.___last month 4.______ 1999 5._______yesterday 6._______ 4 o’clock 7 4 hours 8._____an hour ago 9.___we were children 10._____ lunch time 11.____ she left here 12. He has lived in Nanjing ___ the year before last. 13. I’ve known him ______ we were children. 14. Our teacher has studied Japanese ______ three years. 15. She has been away from the city ______ about ten years. 16. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 二.单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him . A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know 2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ? A. already B.never C.ever D.still 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？ A. just B. ago C.before D. a moment ago 4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year . A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . A.has changed ; well B.changed ; good C.has changed ; better D.changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .

现在完成时态中for和since的用法区别

现在完成时态中for和since的用法区别 I have wanted here . A.for 5 o’clock. B.Since 5 hours C.Since September 现在完成时态有两种用法，一是表示某个动作已经完成，二是表示某个动作从过去一直持续到现在。在第二种用法中，句中常常会出现一个时间，如“我在这里住了5年了”这句话，“5年”的前面需要用一个介词来连接，这时就要判断是用for 还是用since了。 1、for的意思是“达，共计”，所以它的后面就接时间段，而不是时间点。 I have lived here for five years. 我在这里住了五年了。句中的five years就是时间段，它不是一个时间点。 2、since的意思是“自从”，它后面接时间点，它包含以下三种情况：（1）since＋过去时间： I have lived here since 2008.我自从2008年就住在这儿。（2008年是过去的时间）（2）since＋时间段＋ago: He has been away from here since three years ago. 他自从三年前就离开这儿了。（three years为时间段）（3）since＋一般过去时态的句子： He hasn’t left here since he moved here. 他自从搬到这儿，就没有离开过这儿。（he moved here是一般过去时态的句子） 3、有些同学不懂什么是时间段，什么是时间点。我这里教给你一个很简单的办法：有复数形式的就是时间段，没有复数形式的就是时间点。如：（1）九月：September （时间点）；九个月：nine months（时间段）（3）3点钟：3 o’clock（时间点）；三小时：three hours （时间段）

现在完成时中since和for的用法有何区别

现在完成时中since和for的用法有何区别由since和for构成的句子或短语是现在完成时的常用状语。现就它们的用法作以下归纳。表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间，for+一段时间(数词+量词)，此划线部分用how long提问。一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点。如： 1. Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。 2.He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段。如：1.We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 2.I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。三、习题 (一）用since或for填空 1. I have been waiting ____________ two hours. 2. The woman has been playing with the dog __________ this morning. 3. He has been learning a foreign language____________ eight months.. 4. Mr. Liu has been teaching in this school ____________ 1994. 5. The telephone has been ringing _____________ two minutes. 6. The man has been collecting shells ______________many years ago. 7. I have been reading the novels _______________ yesterdays morning. 8. It has been raining __________ late last night. 9. My stomach has been aching__________ several days. 10. The boys have been playing soccer ___________ the whole afternoon. 11. The baby has been crying ____________ early this morning. 12. The teachers have been sitting here ___________ we started about an hour ago. 13. I have been playing tennis ___________ I was seven years old. Key: 1. for 2.since 3.for 4.since 5.for 6. since 7.since 8.since 9.for 10,for 11. since 12.since 13.since (二）短暂性转换延续性

现在完成时和一般过去式 since yet 用法

1.现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去, 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have (has) +过去分词。 2.比较过去时与现在完成时 1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White? ---He's already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 3. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born..

《现在完成时中since和for的用法》知识讲解

《现在完成时中s i n c e和f o r的用法》

《现在完成时中since和for的用法》微课讲课稿一、引入新课同学们好，本节课我们主要学习现在完成时中since和for的用法二、学习for的用法首先，我们来看两个句子 Number One I came to this school last week. 我上周六到这所学校 Number Two I have been in the new school for a week. 我到这所新学校已经一周了我们来看一下，第一句中的last week用于一般过去时的句子，第二句中的for a week用于现在完成时的句子。a week 是一个时间段,因此我们用“for+时间段”来表达一段时间。那同学们看一下，如果我们把第一句话中的last week 改成last year，那么第二句话中的for a week该改成什么呢？对，应该变成for a year. 三、学习since的用法接下来，我们再看两个句子 Number One Lily left home last Friday. 丽丽上周五离开家 Number Two Lily has been away from home since last Friday. 丽丽自从上周五已离开家我们来看一下，第一句中的last Friday是过去的一个时间点，因此这句话用一般过去时表达，而第二句中since last Friday 用在现在完成时的句子

中，last Friday 是一个过去的时间点，因此我们用“since +时间点”来表达一段时间它有三个具体用法，我们来详细学习一下 1、since+过去一个时间点，如具体的年月、星期、小时。 eg：1990、last night、half past six 我们来看一个例句： I have been here since 1990. 我自1990年以来一直在这里 1990是过去的一个时间点，since 1990, 就是since+过去一个时间点来表达一段时间的第一个用法 2、since+一段时间+ago，表示“自···时间前开始至今” 我们来看一个例句： He has been here since five years ago. 他在这儿已经有5年了 five years 是一段时间，since后不能直接跟时间段，但后面再跟ago是可以的，因此since five years ago 就是since+时间段+ago来表达一段时间的第二个用法 3、since+一般过去时从句我们来看两个例句 Number One Many things have changed since you left. 自从你走后许多事情发生了变化“you left”是一个一般过去时从句。since you left 就是since+一般过去时从句的用法。 Number Two It is two years since I became an English teacher. 我成为英语老师两年了。

现在完成时以及for,since的用法

for +一段时间表示时间的持续强调一段时间have / has been + doing sth + since +过去的时间点表示“自从过去某一时间点以来”强调动作或状态一直延续到现在 since + 从句(一般过去时) 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作，并有可能持续下去．与过去时的比较： 1.I watched TV for three hours.我看了三小时的电视．（我现在没有看电视了） 2.I have been watching TV for three hours. 我看了三小时的电视．（我现在仍然在看电视）一．用for或者since填空。 1.They have been learning Chinese since they came to China. 2. I haven’t seen her ___for__ a long time. 3. He has been living here _since____ 2001. 4. She has been doing her homework __for__two hours. 5. It’s 5 years __since___ we left school. 6. – How long has Mary been a teacher? –__since___ two years ago. 7.I have been practicing the piano _since___ 10:30. 8.Maricia has been running __for__ 15 minutes. 9.Sarah has been sleeping ___since__ 9:00. 10.Dale has been talking on the phone __for___5 minutes. 11.Louie has been studying Chinese __since__he was 6 years old.. 12.I have been watching you __for__10 minutes. 二．单项选择题。 1. —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. —I think so. He ________ for it for months. A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing 2. By the time he realizes he _________ int o a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it. A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked 3. So far this year we _______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.

since和for的用法

since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有：for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时：主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间练习：用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时，短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习：.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.