IEEE参考文献格式

IEEE参考文献格式
IEEE参考文献格式

Creating a reference list or bibliography

A numbered list of references must be provided at the end of the

paper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or other

information that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.

The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.

Print Documents

Books

Note: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.

Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.

Standard format

Single author

[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,

1993, pp. 123-135.

[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of

Saskatchewan Press, 1997.

Edited work

[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

Later edition

[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.

Boston: Course Technology, 2004.

[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,

3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.

More than one author

[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebels

with a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.

[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Business

processes and information technology. Cincinnati:

South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.

Three or more authors

Note: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.

[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations,

Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge.

Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.

Series

[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of online

education and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and

Training, 2002.

Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)

[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: A

World Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.

Conference (complete conference proceedings)

[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the

Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and

Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

Government publication

[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital Agenda

Review, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department,

2003.

Manual

[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, Transmission

System for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories,

1995.

Catalogue

[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp.,

Brooklyn, NY.

Application notes

[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.

Note:Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.

Technical report

[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol,"

Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep.

916-1010-BB, 1997.

Patent / Standard

[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U.

S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.

Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)

[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzy

controllers," presented at 5th International Conference on

Fuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.

Thesis or dissertation

[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,

University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the

routing problem in communication networks," Ph.D.

dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.

Parts of a Book

Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).

Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.

Single chapter from an edited work

[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by means

of transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.

69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in

Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)

[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for the

modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy Special

Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.

[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-ac

voltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth Annual

Portable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.

Article in an encyclopaedia, signed

[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-Hill

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.

Study Guides and Unit Readers

Note: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).

[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines in

search of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in

Human-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37. Journal Articles

Note: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.

You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.

You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.

To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.

Standard format

Journal articles

[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys.

Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.

[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment

of feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijn

networks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.

OR

[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D line

models using local search?" IEEE Transactions on Pattern

Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.

[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," Microelectronics

Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.

[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactions

on Antennas and Propagation, to be published.

Electronic documents

Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.

If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.

The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.

E-Books

Standard format

[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture in

Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. Mahwah

NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.

Article in online encyclopaedia

[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,.

[Accessed: May 24, 2005].

[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The Blackwell

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems,

G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144.

[E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.

E-Journals

Standard format

Journal article abstract accessed from online database

[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use cases

in real-time embedded systems," Information and Software

Technology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract].

Available: ProQuest, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/proquest/.

[Accessed May 12, 2005].

Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.

Journal article from online full-text database

Note: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.

[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirements

engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup,"

Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p.

21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" Software

Development Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 23, 2005].

Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)

[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of reading

on the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].

Journal article in electronic journal subscription

[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with

smoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.

623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

Newspaper article from online database

[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The

Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

Newspaper article from the Internet

[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The West

Australian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

Internet Documents

Standard format

Professional Internet site

[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igital

Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB

terrestrial services; transmission aspects,?European

Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,

1997. [Online]. Available: https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed:

Aug. 17, 1998].

Personal Internet site

[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002.

[Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm

[Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].

General Internet site

[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,,

para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12,

2004].

Internet document, no author given

[4] 揂憀ayman抯?explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,?Oct.

3, 2003. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].

Non-Book Formats

Podcasts

[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, 揊rom Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg? Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xm l. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

[2] S. Gary, Presenter, 揃lack Hole Death Ray? StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,.au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].

Other Formats

Microform

[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:

Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of

Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company

Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra:

Department of Science and Technology, 1984.

Computer game

[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM].

United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.

Software

[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISI

ResearchSoft, 2003.

Video recording

[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].

Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.

A reference list: what should it look like?

The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.

Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.

[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by means

of transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.

69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.

[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in

Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:

McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University of

Saskatchewan Press, 1997.

[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for the

modernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy Special

Conference, 1997, pp. 9-16.

[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.

[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-Hill

Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.

[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.

Boston: Course Technology, 2004.

[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,

3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.

[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines in

search of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted in

Human-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.

[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser,"

Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.

[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessment

of feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.

ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.

[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of online

education and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science and

Training, 2002.

[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and the

Digital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical and

Cognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.

[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method,"

Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.

[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital Agenda

Review, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.

[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].

Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.

[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture in

Practice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.

[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,.

[Accessed: May 24, 2005].

[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software

requirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic

OneFile, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 31,

2005].

[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" Software

Development Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 23, 2005].

[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,

University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots with

smoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.

623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].

[25] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," The

Australian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].

[26] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igital

Video Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,?European

Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,

1997. [Online]. Available: https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,. [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].

[27] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,,

para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:

https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12,

2004].

[28] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:

Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.

Abbreviations

Standard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:

参考文献格式范本

参考文献格式范本 M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献的格式要求很多,一般来说参考文献的格式都要符合国标GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》,但实际中很多出版社和期刊对论文的要求也不尽相同。发现周围的很多人对论文参考文献的规范格式不是很清楚,所以把规范格式贴出来。 参考文献著录格式及示例 1 专著著录格式 [序号]著者.书名[M].版本(第一版不写).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码 例: [1]孙家广,杨长青.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.26~28 Sun Jiaguang, Yang Changqing. Computer graphics[M].Beijing: Tsinghua Univ ersity Press,1995.26~28(in Chinese) 例: [2]Skolink M I. Radar handbook[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990 2 期刊著录格式 [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码 例: [3]李旭东,宗光华,毕树生,等.生物工程微操作机器人视觉系统的研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2002,28(3):249~252 Li Xudong, Zong Guanghua, Bi Shusheng, et al. Research on global vision syste m for bioengineering-oriented micromanipulation robot system[J]. Journal of Beiji ng University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002,28(3):249~252(in Chinese) 3论文集著录格式 [序号]作者.题名[A].见(英文用In):主编.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码

最详细的论文参考文献规范格式说明

论文参考文献规范格式详解 一、文献格式的快速引用 (一)参考文献的类型 参考文献的类型(即引文出处)以单字母方式标识在文献名后并以方括号括起,具体类型标识如下: M ——专著、普通图书 C ——论文集 N ——报纸文章 J ——期刊文章 D ——学位论文 R ——研究报告 S ——标准 P ——专利 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 (二)参考文献的格式及实例 1、专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. [4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 2、论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [2] Spivak,G. Victory in Limbo[C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [3] Almarza, G.G. Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 3、报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4、期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),1995(3). [4] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62–67.

论文格式要求(含各种参考文献格式)课件

分类号 学号 密级 10722 公开四号Times New Roman 题目(中、英文)四号宋体加粗 学校代码 作者姓名 指导教师学科门类提交论文日期专业名称成绩评定 理学/管理学二○一五年月

摘要 随着时代的发展,旅游和民生已经成为一个热门的话题,研究旅游动机与城市居民的主观幸福感不仅在学术上是一种跨学科研究,而且也能为旅游业所利用,为国家民生政策所利用。如何让旅游提高城镇居民的主观幸福感,是旅游行业的责任,也是旅游行业发展的最高目标。整合前人对旅游动机和主观幸福感的研究,笔者以西安市民为研究对象,采用问卷调查方法获得数据,用spss19.0进行分析。 西安市民外出旅游的主要动机是逃离现实,放松身心,其次是欣赏美景;在主观幸福感的调查中发现,西安市民总体主观幸福感较高;在旅游能否增强主观幸福感的的认知中,总体上较认可。 关键词:旅游动机;城镇居民;主观幸福感 (注:1.“摘要”二字(宋体三号加粗、居中),两字间空一格,1.5倍的行距(注:“一格”的标准为一个汉字). 2. 摘要内容:宋体小四号,1.5倍的行距。每段开头留四个字符空格。 3.摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三个字(三号宋体加粗),其后依次为冒号关键词(小四号宋体、每两个关键词之间用分号隔开)。 中文摘要页眉为“摘要” 英文摘要页眉为“Abstract” 目录页眉为“目录”,页眉均为5号宋体)

Abstract With the development of tourism and livelihood has become a hot topic, Tourism motivation and subjective well-being of urban residents, not only in an interdisciplinary academic research, but also able to take advantage of the tourism industry , the state and social policies exploited . How to improve tourism SWB urban residents, is the highest goal liability tourism industry, but also the development of the tourism industry. Integration of previous studies on tourism motivation and subjective well-being, the author of Xi'an public for the study, obtained by questionnaire survey data were analyzed using spss19.0. Concluded: The main motivation is to travel in Xi'an citizens escape from reality, relax , enjoy the view followed. Key words: tourism motivation; urban residents; subjective well-being 1.英文“Abstract”(三号Times New Roman、加粗、居中。) 2.英文摘要内容(小四号Times New Roman,1.5倍的行距)。每段开头留四个字符空格。 3.摘要内容后下空二行打印“Key words”(三号Times New Roman、加粗、居中),其后依次为冒号(英文方式)、关键词(小四号、每两个关键词之间用分号隔开)。

论文写参考文献范文

论文写参考文献范文 论文写作对参考文献的格式也是有严格要求的。如果参考文献格式不对,那么论文可能会被退还重新修改。下面教教你论文的参考文献怎么写。(1)期刊 [序号]主要作者.文献题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 例如:[1]袁庆龙,候文义.Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J].太原理工大学学报,xx,32(1):51-53. (2)专著 [序号]著者.书名[M].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. 例如:[2]刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. (3)论文集 [序号]著者.文献题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. 例如:[3]孙品一.高校学报工作现代化特征[C].中国高等学校自然科学学报研究会.科技学论文集(2).北京:北京师范大学出版社,1998:10-22. (4)学位论文 [序号]作者.题名[D].保存地:保存单位,年份. 如:[4]张和生.地质力学系统理论[D].太原:太原理工大学,1998.

(5)报告 [序号]作者.文献题名[R].报告地:报告会主办单位,年份. 例如:[5]冯西桥.核反应堆压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清 华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997. (6)专利文献 [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,发布日期. 例如:[6]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056078,1983-08-12. (7)国际、国家标准 [序号]标准代号,标准名称[S].出版地:出版者,出版年. 例如:[7]GB/T16159—1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996. (8)报纸文章 [序号]作者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 例如:[8]谢希德.创造学习的思路[N].人民日报, 1998-12-25(10). (9)电子文献 [序号]作者.电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型].电子文献的 出版或可获得地址,发表或更新的期/引用日期(任选). 例如:[9]王明亮.中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的 [EB/OL]. 参考文献的类型

参考文献标准格式(新)

根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识: M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识: DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告 非纸张型载体电子文献,在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型: DB/OL——联机网上的数据库 DB/MT——磁带数据库 M/CD——光盘图书 CP/DK——磁盘软件 J/OL——网上期刊 EB/OL——网上电子公告 一、参考文献著录格式 1 、期刊作者.题名〔J〕.刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码 2、专著作者.书名〔M〕.版本(第一版不著录).出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码 3、论文集作者.题名〔C〕.编者.论文集名,出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码 4 、学位论文作者.题名〔D〕.保存地点.保存单位.年份 5 、专利文献题名〔P〕.国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期 6、标准编号.标准名称〔S〕 7、报纸作者.题名〔N〕.报纸名.出版日期(版次) 8 、报告作者.题名〔R〕.保存地点.年份 9 、电子文献作者.题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕.文献出处,日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1、根据GB3469 规定,各类常用文献标识如下: ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识,具体如下: ①磁带〔MT〕

②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为:〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如: ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕 三、举例 1、期刊论文 〔1〕周庆荣,张泽廷,朱美文,等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕.化工学报,1995(3):317—323 〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56 〔3〕刘仲能,金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工,2002(2):103-105 〔4〕Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al .Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation 〔J〕.Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:465 2、专著 〔1〕蒋挺大.亮聚糖〔M〕.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.127 〔2〕Kortun G.Reflectance Spectroscopy〔M〕.New York: Spring-Verlag,1969 3、论文集 〔1〕郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕.//余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京:高教出版社,1999.421-425 〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K.Solving 3-SAT with adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕.//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation.Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997.81-86 4、学位论文 〔1〕陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安:西安建筑科学大学,2000 〔 2 〕Chrisstoffels L A J .Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕.The Netherland:Twente University.1988 5、专利文献 〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al.Paper Coating composition〔P〕.EP 0634524.1995-01-18 〔 2 〕仲前昌夫,佐藤寿昭.感光性树脂〔P 〕.日本,特开平09-26667.1997-01-28 〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A.Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕.Jpn, Jp1290606.1999-11-22 〔4〕厦门大学.二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕.中国发明专利,CN1073429.1993-06-23 6、技术标准文献 〔1〕ISO 1210-1982,塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕 〔2〕GB 2410-80,透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕 7、报纸 〔1〕陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕.科技日报,1997-12-12(5) 8、报告 〔1〕中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术〔R〕.北京:1996

最全参考文献写法——格式、类型、示例

参考文献写法 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识: M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R ——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为: (一)专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集:第1卷[M]. 北京:人民出版社,1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京:商务印书馆,1997. (二)论文集 示例[1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选:下册[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979. 凡引专著的页码,加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 (三)报纸文章 示例[1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27,(3)(四)期刊文章 示例[1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),19 95(3). (五)学位论文 示例[1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京:北京师范大学心理系,1998. (六)报告 示例[1] 白秀水,刘敢,任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安:陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心,1998. (七)、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释,置于本页地脚,前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识:M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告

各种参考文献格式

各种参考文献格式

(1)期刊 [序号] 主要作者.文献题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 例如: [1] 袁庆龙,候文义.Ni-P 合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(1):51-53. (2)专著 [序号] 著者.书名[M].出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. 例如:[2] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. (3)论文集 [序号] 著者.文献题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. 例如:[3] 孙品一.高校学报编辑工作现代化特征[C].中国高等学校自然科学学报研究会.科技编辑学论文集(2).北京:北京师范大学出版社,1998:10-22. (4)学位论文 [序号] 作者.题名[D].保存地:保存单位,年份. 如:[4] 张和生.地质力学系统理论[D].太原:太原理工大学,1998. (5)报告 [序号] 作者.文献题名[R].报告地:报告会主办单位,年份. 例如:[5] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997. (6)专利文献 [序号] 专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,发布日期. 例如:[6] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056078,1983-08-12.

(7)国际、国家标准 [序号] 标准代号,标准名称[S].出版地:出版者,出版年. 例如:[7] GB/T 16159—1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996. (8)报纸文章 [序号] 作者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 例如:[8] 谢希德.创造学习的思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10). (9)电子文献 [序号] 作者.电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型].电子文献的出版或可获得地址,发表或更新的期/引用日期(任选). 例如:[9] 王明亮.中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的[EB/OL]. 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母标识: M——专著(含古籍中的史、志论著) C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型

范例7:参考文献书写格式

参考文献书写格式应符合BG7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》。常用参考文献编写项目和顺序规定如下: 著作图书文献 序号└┘作者.书名.版次.出版者,出版年:引用部分起止页 第一版应省略 翻译图书文献 序号└┘作者.书名.译者.版次.出版者,出版年:引用部分起止页 第一版应省略 学术刊物文献 序号└┘作者.文章名.学术刊物名,年,卷(期):引用部分起止页 研究生论文应对参考文献类型进行标识。 根据GB 3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型: 范例: [1]梅萍,姜明辉,袁绪川.基于后验概率的住房信贷评估SVM模型[J].哈尔 滨商业大学学报,2008,3(24):35~36 [2]张其善,吴今培,杨东凯.智能车辆定位导航系统及应用[M].北京:科学 出版社,2008:175~180 [3]Taylor, G., G. Blewitt, D. Ste up, S. Corbett, and A. Car. Road Reduction Filtering for GPS-GIS Navigation [J]. Trans. in GIS, 2009, 5(3):193~207 [4]Alf Puttmer, Peter Nauptmann, RalfLucklum. Spice Model for Lossy Piezoceramic Transducers [J]. IEEE Trans. UFFC.2002,44(1):60~65 [5]吴宇森,徐克,宋明.智能运输系统发展需求预测[C].中国第六届交通工程 学术会议论文集,2008:135~138

参考文献标准格式

参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母―Z‖标识。 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点: ①作者姓名采用―姓在前名在后‖原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母. 如:Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, M.R.,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & I.Gordon.; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】[4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [9] Spivak,G. ―Can the Subaltern Speak?‖[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5.学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:保存者,出版年份:起始页码. 【举例】

参考文献的标准格式[1]

参考文献著录格式标准规范 参考文献应引作者亲自阅过的近年的主要文献,一般文章不超过5篇,评述、综述性文章不超过20篇。未公开发表的资料请勿引用,但可作脚注处理。参考文献列于文后,正文中也须用上角标标出引用文献的序号。参考文献用“顺序编码制”,即各篇文献按其在正文中的标注序号依次列出。参考文献条目著录:个人著者采用姓在前,名在后的著录格式。作者3人以下全部著录,4人以上只著录前3人,之间加“,”,后加“等” 或“etal”。 1.参考文献类型及标识 2.文后参考文献编排格式 (1)专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 [序号]作者.文献题名[文献类型标识] .出版地:出版者.出版年,起止页码(任选). 范例:[1]杨浩滨.食品微生物学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1995,28-30. (2) 期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. 范例:[5]肖凯军.大豆分离蛋白的酶法改性[J]. 食品科学,1995,

16(9):30-34. 范例:[7]OUJP,YOSHIDA O,SOONGT, etal. Recent advance in research on applications energy dissipation systems[J]. Earthquake Eng , 1997,38(3): 358-361. (3) 论文集 [序号]作者.文献题名[A].编者.论文题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年,起止页码. 范例:[8]瞿秋白.现代文明的问题与社会主义[A] .罗荣渠.从西化到现代化[C].北京:北京大学出版社,1990,121-133. (4) 报纸文章 [序号]作者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 范例:[10] 胡鞍钢. 中国能够实现粮食自给目标[N].联合早报,1994,10. (5) 国际、国家标准 [序号]标准编号,标准名称[S]. 范例:[11]GB/T 16159-1996 ,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]. (6) 专利 [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期. 范例:[12]姜锡洲. 一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989,07,26. (7) 电子文献 [序号]作者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标名].电子文献的

各参考文献格式

论文参考文献格式规范 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: [M]——专著,著作 [C]——论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集,及一些专题论文集,如《***大学研究生学术论文集》。 [N]——报纸文章 [J]——期刊文章:发表在期刊上的论文,尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的(如知网),但它也是发表在期刊上的,你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版。 [D]——学位论文:不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]——报告:一般在标题中会有“关于****的报告”字样。 [S]——标准 [P]——专利 [A]——文章:很少用,主要是不属于以上类型的文章。 [Z]——对于不属于上述的文献类型,可用字母“Z”标识,但这种情况非常少见。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识: [DB/OL] ——联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] ——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] ——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) [CP/DK] ——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] ——网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] ——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然,标识的就是该资源的英文缩写,/前面表示类型,/后面表示资源的载体,如OL表示在线资源。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融,任志国,杨尚雷,厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报,2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R. D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】

参考文献标准格式

参考文献标准格式 参考文献类型:专著[M],论文集[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],论文集中的析出文献[A]电子文献类型:数据库[DB],计算机[CP],电子公告[EB] 电子文献的载体类型:互联网[OL],光盘[CD],磁带[MT],磁盘[D K] A:专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(可选) [1]刘国钧,陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15 -18. B:期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码 [1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173. [2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et al.Recent advance in research on appli cations of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,199 7,38(3):358-361. C:论文集中的析出文献 [序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(可选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码 [7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996.468. D:报纸文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次) [8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10). E:电子文献 [文献类型/载体类型标识]:[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、 [M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库

毕业论文参考文献格式示例

例: 参考文献: [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母

参考文献格式要求

参考文献建议 1、资料查询建议大家可以利用图书馆数据库: 中文资料查阅中文数据库:中国知识资源总库、读秀学术搜索、万方医药信息系统等相对权威的学术资源; 英文资料查阅英文数据库:Science Direct, EBSCO, PUBMED, MOSBY’S Nursing Consult(护理人员专用库),Springer LINk等,(读秀也有英文资料) 2、若是网络资源,可以参考一些官方的网站,如卫生部,卫生厅等政府网站, 其中会有一些政府政策文件、统计数据等。 参考文献格式要求(注意:红色字体显示是较常用的) 一、参考文献的类型及其标识 参考文献类型专 著 论 文 集 报 纸 文 章 期 刊 文 章 学 位 论 文 报 告 标 准 专 利 析出 文献 其 它 数据 库 计算机 程序 电子 公告 文献类 型标识 M C N J D R S P A Z DB CP EB 二、各类参考文献条目的编排格式和示例 a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码(任选). [1]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18. [2]辛希孟.信息技术和信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994. [3]张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983. [4]冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道和压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.

b.期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. [5]何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173. [6]金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33(4):62-67. c.论文集中的析出文献 [序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码. [7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵玮.运筹学的理论和应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996. 468-471 d.报纸文章 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次) [8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10) e.国际、国家标准 [序号]标准编号,标准名称[S]. [9]GB/T 16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]. f.专利 [序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期 [10]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-26 g.电子文献 [序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献和载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选) [11]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].https://www.360docs.net/doc/e05479204.html,/pub/wml.txt/980810-2.html'1998-08-16/1998-10-04 [12]万锦坤.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996 h.各种未定义类型的文献 [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.

参考文献标准格式

论文参考文献著录格式 1 专著 [序号]主要责任者. 书名[M].其他责任者(如编者、译者,供选择). 版本(第1版不写). 出版地:出版者,出版年:页码. [1] 姚穆,周锦芳,黄淑珍,等. 纺织材料学[M].第2版.北京:中国纺织出版社,1997:147. [2] Burton J J,Garten R L.新型催化材料[M].林西平,译. 北京:石油工业出版社,1984:45. [3] Bird R B,Stewart W E,Lightfoot E N. Transport Phenomena[M]. New York:John Wiley & Sons Inc,1960:75. 2 期刊 [序号] 析出责任者. 析出题名[J].刊名,出版年,卷号(期号):起止页码. [4]林红,陈宇岳,任煜,等. 经等离子体处理的蚕丝纤维结构与性能[J]纺织学报,2004, 25(3):9-11. [5] Henry R C,Lewis C W,Collins J F,et al. Vehicle-related hydrocarbon source compositions from ambient data:the GRACE/SAFER method[J]. Eniron Sci Technol,1994,28(5):823-832. 3 会议论文集(或汇编) [序号] 析出责任者. 析出题名[A].编著者.文集名[C].(供选择项:会议名,会址,开会年.)出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码. [6]胡伯陶. 天然彩色棉的状况和产业发展的研究[A].中国纺织工程学会.第9届全国花式纱线 及其织物技术进步研讨会论文集[C].北京:中国纺织信息中心,2002:24-33. [7] Ma Tingxi,Lu Xueshu. Computer aided analysis of the penetration of mounted tillage implement[A].In:Zhang Wei,Guo Peiyu,Zhang Senwen eds. Agricultural Engineering and Rural Development:V ol[C]. Beijing:International Academic Publishers,1992:157-160. 4 学位论文 [序号] 责任者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址:学位授予单位,年份. [8]王亚军. 整装催化剂及催化转化器若干研究[D].北京:北京理工大学,2000. [9] Young L C. The application of orthogonal collocation to laminar flow heat and mass transfer in monolith converters[D] Washington:University of Washington,1974. 5 专利 [序号] 专利申请者. 专利题名:专利国别(或地区),专利号[P].出版日期. [10] 陈安磐,龚熹.梳棉机道夫传动装置:中国专利,88217670.6 P].1989-06-21. 6 报纸 [序号] 析出责任者. 析出题名[N].报纸名,年-月-日(版次). [11]秦贞俊. 芳族聚酰胺纤维与汽车安全空气袋[N].纺织科普,2004-07-05(02). 7 专著中析出的文献 [序号] 析出责任者. 析出题名[A].析出其他责任者(如编者、译者,供选择). 见(英文用In):专著责任者. 书名[M] 版次(第1版不写). 出版地:出版者,出版年:

各类参考文献的著录格式及示例——最好

各类参考文献的著录格式及示例 文献类型及标识码 专著[M],论文集[C],报纸文章[N],期刊文章[J],学位论文[D],报告[R],标准[S],专利[P],论文集中的析出文献[A]。 电子文献类型:数据库[DB],计算机[CP],电子公告[EB]。 电子文献的载体类型:互联网[OL],光盘[CD],磁带[MT],磁盘[DK]。 文献类型/载体类型标识:[J/OL]网上期刊,[EB/OL]网上电子公告,[M/CD]光盘图书,[DB/OL]网上数据库,[DB/MT]磁带数据库。 (1)正文中引用文献的标注方法 在引用文献的著者姓名或成果内容的右上脚,用方括号标注阿拉伯数字编排序号,依正文中出现的先后顺序编号列出。 ①在引用参考文献的地方加标记。这个标记是用方括号括起来的阿拉伯数字,其中的阿拉伯数字是文献的顺序号。比如,在引用第25个文献的地方所加的标记为〔25〕。 ②给文献编序号要根据以下两点:一是只有文献第一次在文中出现时才编序号,换句话说,一篇文献只有一个序号,即使某文献在文中被多次引用,但在几个引用处都要标注同一个序号。二是以文献第一次出现的前后次序,从1开始连续编序号。例如,第一个第一次出现的文献,序号为1;第二个第一次出现的文献,序号为2;……。 ③如果文献的作用是对正文作解释,标注时文献序号连同方括号都要使用比正文字号小,并把它们放在右上方(作为上角标);如果文献是作为句子的成分出现在正文之中,标注时文献序号连同方括号的字号要与正文的字号相同,并且把它们作为正文的一部分来书写(位置与正文平齐,不做为上角标),另外要注意的是一定要方括号前面加上“文献”两个字。 ④如果在正文的一处引用了多篇文献,标注时只用一个方括号,括号内列写这几篇文献的序号:若几个序号是连续的,只标注起、止序号,两序号之间加半字线“-”号;若几个序号不连续,各序号之间加逗号。 例如:……,表明已低到2500m的高度[2], 文献[2]指出,此高度已低到2500m。 MacFarland[2]指出,此高度已低到2500m。

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