转：如何写literature review
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在文献的丛林中开辟道路，这条道路本来就是要指向我们所要解决的问题，当然是直线距离最
短、最省事，但是一路上风景颇多，迷恋风景的人便往往绕行于迤逦的丛林中，反面“乱花渐
欲迷人眼”，“曲径通幽”不知所终了。因此，在做文献综述时，头脑时刻要清醒：我要解决什
么问题，人家是怎么解决问题的，说的有没有道理，就行了。
A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accre
dited scholars and researchers. Occasionally you will be asked to write one as a
separate assignment (sometimes in the form of an annotated bibliography--see t
he bottom of the next page), but more often it is part of the introduction to an e
ssay, research report, or thesis. In writing the literature review, your purpose is t
o convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a t
opic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are. As a piece of writing, the lite
rature review must be defined by a guiding concept (e.g., your research objectiv
e, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis). It is n
ot just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries.
Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets
you gain and demonstrate skills in two areas:
information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual or
computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books
critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased an
d valid studies.
A literature review must do these things:
be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research question you a
re developing
synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known
identify areas of controversy in the literature
formulate questions that need further research
1. Introduction
Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys sc
holarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conferen
ce proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or th
eory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of eac
h work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature p
ublished on a topic.
2. Components
Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requ
ires four stages:
Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what
are its component issues?
Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being expl
ored
Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant con
tribution to the understanding of the topic
Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions o
f pertinent literature
Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:
An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, alon
g with the objectives of the literature review
Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support
of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative t
heses entirely)
Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the
others
Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument,
are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribu
tion to the understanding and development of their area of research
In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:
Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's argu
吧！
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