日益消逝的北极
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本帖最后由 migmig 于 2012-6-18 08:58 编辑
Global warming
全球变暖
The vanishing north
日益消逝的北极
There are benefits in the melting of the Arctic, but the risks are
much greater
北极冰雪消融是会带来些好处，但产生危害的风险也大幅增加
Jun 16th 2012 | from the print edition
005 Leaders - Global warming.mp3 (2.61 MB, 下载次数: 0) 前天 08:58
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NOW that summer is here, the Arctic is crowded with life.
Phytoplankton are blooming in its chilly seas. Fish, birds and
whales are gorging on them. Millions of migratory geese are in their
northern breeding grounds. And the area is teeming with scientists,
performing a new Arctic ritual.
眼下，夏季已到，在北极区内随处可见“生命”的存在。浮游生物大量出现在冰冷的海水里。大量的鱼，鸟和鲸也正在前往此地。数百万只季节性迁徙的鹅群正回到其在北极的繁殖区。而各国科学家也大量涌入这一区域，他们在履行在北极的例行新使命。
Between now and early September, when the polar pack ice shrivels to
its summer minimum, they will pore over the daily sea ice reports of
America’s National Snow and Ice Data Centre. Its satellite data will
show that the ice has shrunk far below the long-term average. This
is no anomaly: since the 1970s the sea ice has retreated by around
12% each decade. Last year the summer minimum was 4.33m square km
(1.67m square miles)—almost half the average for the 1960s.
从现在起一直到今年9月的早些时候，这些科学家将会仔细研究由美国国家冰雪数据中心提供的每日海冰报告，因为在这期间极地中的大块浮冰会萎缩到夏季的最低值。该数据中心提供的卫星数据将会证实冰雪消融的速到远远低于长期的平均值。这并不算什么异常情况。自20世纪70年代以来，海冰每年以大约12%的速度递减。去年海冰面积的夏季最低值是433万平方公里（相当于167万英里）——几乎是20世纪60年代平均值的一半。
The Arctic’s glaciers
, including those of Greenland’s vast ice cap,
are retreating. The land is thawing: the area covered by snow in
June is roughly a fifth less than in the 1960s. The permafrost is
shrinking. Alien plants, birds, fish and animals are creeping north:
Atlantic mackerel, haddock and cod are coming up in Arctic nets.
Some Arctic species will probably die out.
北极的冰川（格陵兰岛巨大的冰盖也算其中）正在萎缩。冰原正在融化：6月份雪覆盖的面积区域大概比20世纪60年代少了五分之一。永久冻土层面积也正在萎缩。稀有的植物，鸟，鱼和动物正在缓慢地向北部区域深入：大西洋中的青花鱼，黑斑鳕鱼和鳕鱼正在悄悄出现在北极区。某些北极的动植物物种可能会消失。
Perhaps not since the 19th-century clearance of America’s forests
has the world seen such a spectacular environmental change. It is a
stunning illustration of global warming, the cause of the melt. It
also contains grave warnings of its dangers. The world would be mad
to ignore them.
或许自从19世纪的美国森林大消失之后，世界再没见过如此壮观的环境变化景象了，这正强有力地印证了全球正在变暖，而冰雪消融的根源也正在此。同时全球变暖也发出了因其而诱发的危险的严重警示。世界若对其视而不见，后果将不堪设想。
Less feedback, please
请不要那么“积极”
As our special report shows in detail, the Arctic is warming roughly
twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Since the 1950s the lower
atmosphere has warmed by a global average of 0.7 degrees Celsius;
Greenland’s air has warmed by 1.5 degrees. The main reason appears
to be a catalytic warming effect, triggered by global warming. When
snow or ice melt, they are replaced by darker melt-water pools, land
or sea. As a result, the Arctic surface absorbs more solar heat.
This causes local warming, therefore more melting, which causes more
warming, and so on. This positive feedback shows how even a small
change to the Earth’s systems can trigger much greater ones.
正如本期特别报道中详细描述的那样，与这个星球的其他区域相比，北极变暖的速度大致是他们的两倍。自从20世纪50年代以来，低层大气温度全球已经平均升高了0.7摄氏度。格陵兰岛的空气温度上涨了1.5摄氏度。主要原因似乎是因全球变暖所诱发的催化剂般的变暖效应。当冰雪消融后，他们转而会变为深色的冰水池，冰原地或海冰。因此，北极表面区域会吸收更多的太阳热量，结果导致本区域气温升高，
进而又会有更多的冰雪融化，气温又会升高，一直这样循环往复。正面的信息反馈结果显示，对地球体系而言，哪怕是一个小小的变化都会掀起巨大的波澜。
Some scientists also see a tipping-point—another feared term in the
climatology lexicon—in the accelerating diminution of the sea ice.
The term describes the moment at which the planet shifts from one
environmental state to another: in this case, from an Arctic with
summer sea ice to one without it. By the end of this century—perhaps
much sooner—there will probably be frequent summers with no sea ice
at all.
另外，在海冰面积日益加快缩减之际，某些科学家还注意到了“转换点”——气候学词汇中又一个令人胆战心惊的专业术语。该术语描述了在某一刻地球会从一种环境状态转换成另一种环境状态：在现在来说，就是从拥有夏季海冰的北极转变为没有夏季海冰的北极。到本世纪末——或许更快——很可能余下的夏季时光都不会再有海冰的存在了。
Arctic peoples have also noticed what is going on. Inuit hunters are
finding the sea ice too thin to bear their sleds. Arctic governments
are starting to see a bonanza in the melt. The Arctic is stocked
with minerals that were hitherto largely inaccessible, including an
estimated 30% of undiscovered reserves of natural gas and 13% of
undiscovered oil reserves. A combination of high commodity prices,
proactive governments, technological progress and melting ice will
help bring these to market. Encouraged by Arctic governments and
dwindling reserves elsewhere, oil companies are flocking north like
migrating geese to explore the continental shelves of Alaska,
Canada, Greenland, Norway and Russia. Canada and Russia also hope to
develop their Arctic shipping-lanes, which the melt is making
accessible. Russia’s Northern Sea Route, hugging the Siberian coast,
cuts the normal distance between Europe and Asia by more than a
third. It will help ferry Russia’s Arctic resources to Asian
markets, and could one day be a wider boost to world trade.
在北极生活的人们也注意到了正在发生的变化。因纽特人中的捕猎者发现海冰已薄到无法承受他们的雪橇了。北极周边的各国政府正在面面相觑，竞相争夺冰雪消融带给他们的意外之财。北极蕴藏着丰富的矿物质资源，但迄今为止大部分还未被开采，其中包括大约30%的天然气储量和13%的石油储量还未被发掘。企高不下的大宗商品价格，如饥似渴的各国政府，日新月异的技术进步以及
不断消融的海冰，这一切都将有助于将这些资源推向市场。受北极区域各国政府和世界其他区域资源日益枯竭等因素的驱使，各大石油公司像迁徙的鹅群一样蜂拥而至，对阿拉斯加，加拿大，格陵兰岛，挪威和俄罗斯周围大陆架进行勘探。加拿大和俄罗斯同时还希望开辟他们在北极的海上航道，并且冰的融化也使其这样做变得可行。俄罗斯的北部海上航道（紧挨西伯利亚海岸），将欧亚间的距离缩短了三分之一以上，该航线将有助于把俄罗斯在北极的资源运往亚洲市场，并且或许有一天会大大有助于推动全球贸易的发展。
These exciting developments carry risks, however. Many fear for
Arctic cultures—a Canadian Inuit argues despairingly for her “right
to be cold”. Others foresee conflict between Arctic countries
scrambling for the region’s resources. Greens warn of environmental
risks in developing them: a big oil spill would be disastrous for
fragile Arctic ecosystems.
然而，这些令人欣喜若狂的发现同时伴随着风险。许多人为北极的文化感到担忧——一名生活在加拿大的因纽特人绝望地要求归还其理应拥有的“受冻权”。其他人预计，为该区域的资源而争得死去活来的北极周边各国会爆发争端。追求绿色环境的人士警告开采这些资源所蕴含的环境危险：如果发生大规模的石油泄漏，对于脆弱的北极生态体系而言将会是致命的。
The igloos have gone
圆顶小屋已一去不复返了
Such fears are reasonable, but often exaggerated. Traditional Arctic
peoples have been changed far more by Westernisation than they will
be by melting ice. None lives in an igloo these days. And everywhere
except Russia their rights have been recognised. Nor is conflict
much of a worry. The Arctic is no terra nullius. Most of it is
demarcated, and Arctic countries have a commercial incentive to keep
the peace. Last year Russia and Norway settled an old dispute over
their maritime border; soon they will open the border region to oil
firms.
这样的担忧合情合理，但常含有夸大其词的意味。传统的北极人民更大程度上是被西化的生活方式所改变的，并非是因日渐消融的冰雪而做出的改变。当今时代没有人再住在圆顶小屋了，并且世界各地（俄罗斯除外）都认可他们应当享有的权利，也没必要担忧发生争吵。北极不再是一片无主地。绝大部分区域已经有界限划分，并且北极周边的国家因为有了共同的商业利益追求而保持和平。去年，俄罗斯和挪威解决了两国沉积多年的领海边
界争端问题，并且不久两国就会打通边境区域以为石油公司提供方便。
The risks of pollution from bilge water, mining effluent and spilt
oil are real. Yet the Arctic is not unprotected: it is, by and
large, among the most regulated oil provinces. Its development will
also be slower and more cautious than greens fear. Even with little
sea ice, the Arctic will remain forbiddingly cold, remote, stormy
and therefore expensive to operate in.
船底排放出的污水，采矿排放的废水以及石油泄漏，因其引起的所有危险都是切实存在的。但是北极并非没有任何保护：整体上说，该区域是石油开采监管最为严格的“省份”。与绿色环境人士的担忧相比，这里的发展也会更加缓慢，更加小心。即使只剩下很少的海冰，北极依旧将会是令人敬畏，极其寒冷，狂风呼啸，触不可及，因此在这里开张营业成本依旧高不可攀。
The worry that needs to be taken most seriously is climate change
itself. The impact of the melting Arctic may have a calamitous
effect on the planet. It is likely to disrupt oceanic
circulation—the mixing of warm tropical and cold polar waters, of
which the Gulf Stream is a part—and thawing permafrost will lead to
the emission of masses of carbon dioxide and methane, and thus
further warming. It is also raising sea levels. The Greenland ice
sheet has recently shed around 200 gigatonnes of ice a year, a
fourfold increase on a decade ago. If the warming continues, it
could eventually disintegrate, raising the sea level by seven
metres. Many of the world’s biggest cities would be inundated long
before that happened.
需要极其认真对待的担忧其实是气候变化本身。冰雪日渐消融的北极所造成的影响对整个地球体系都会造成毁灭性的打击。很可能会破坏大洋环流——即由暖热带海水和极地冷海水组成，墨西哥湾洋流就是其一——并且逐渐融化的永久冻土层将会导致大量二氧化碳和甲烷的排放，进而进一步导致全球气候变暖。同时，还会导致海平面上升。最近，格陵兰岛大冰原每年减少大约2000亿吨的冰，与十年前相比，减少量增长了四倍。如果全球继续变暖，大冰原就会最终分崩离析，海平面会上升7米。这样的状况不会持续太长时间世界上的许多最大型都市就都会被吞没。
Some scientists argue that the perils are so immediate that mankind
should consider geoengineering the atmosphere to avert them. They
may turn out to be right, but there could be enormous risks
involved. A slower but safer ap
proach would be to price
greenhouse-gas emissions, preferably through a carbon tax, which
would encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies. That shift
would be costly, but the costs of inaction are likely to be larger.
某些科学家认为，这些威胁一触即发，人类应该考虑运用地球工程之策改变大气环境以避免这一切的发生。或许他们的做法是正确的，但是这其中蕴藏着巨大的危险。一个较为缓慢但更加安全的办法就是给导致温室效应的气体“明码标价”，优先考虑征收碳排放税，这将会鼓励使用较为清洁的能源技术。那样的转变或许会成本高昂，但是因无所作为带来的后果所付出的代价更大。
In the end, the world is likely to get a grip on global warming. The
survival instinct demands it. But it is likely to lose a lot of the
unique Arctic first. That would be a terrible pity.
无论如何，世界都有可能控制全球变暖。因为生存本能要求其这样做。但是，首先很可能会失去独一无二的北极中的许多生命。那将会是一片惨不忍睹的遗憾景象。
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lz翻译得很好哈！有些句子借鉴了！！
1.Less feedback, please
请不要那么“积极”
个人觉得这么翻译有点隐晦，读者可能不知所云。我觉得这句话的意思就是：气候变暖不要表现得那么明显，拜托了
2.This positive feedback shows how even a small change to the
E
arth’s systems can trigger much greater ones.
正面的信息反馈结果显示，对地球体系而言，哪怕是一个小小的变化都会掀起巨大的波澜。
这一循环表明，对于地球环境的一个微小改变能掀起巨大的波澜。
3.there will probably be frequent summers with no sea ice at all.
很可能余下的夏季时光都不会再有海冰的存在了。
北极夏季可能常常没有浮冰了。frequent summers，许多年的夏季。
4.Arctic governments are starting to see a bonanza in the melt.
北极周边的各国政府正在面面相觑，竞相争夺冰雪消融带给他们的意外之财。
北极地区各国政府从冰雪融化中发现了宝藏。
5.These exciting developments carry risks, however.
然而，这些令人欣喜若狂的发现同时伴随着风险。
应该是发展吧，同时，本段最后一句的development应该不仅仅指开采矿产。因为上文还有开辟航道什么的
6.Traditional Arctic peoples have been changed far more by
Westernisation than they will be by melting ice.
传统的北极人民更大程度上是被西化的生活方式所改变的，并非是因日渐消融的冰雪而做出的改变。
这句话太罗嗦了。与融冰相比，传统的北极人们在更大程度上是受到西化影响而改变的
7.A slower but safer approach would be to price greenhouse-gas
emissions, preferably through a carbon tax,
一个较为缓慢但更加安全的办法就是给导致温室效应的气体“明码标价”，优先考虑征收碳排放税，
后半句应该是前半句的一个例子，可以翻译成，一个好办法便是征收碳排放税
8.But it is likely to lose a lot of the unique Arctic first.
个人觉得“生命”还不够，因为那里还有其他东西。试译：但这可能首先要失去独一无二的北极的大部分地区。
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