汉语词汇学复习

汉语词汇学复习
汉语词汇学复习

汉语词汇学

一、绪论

(1)词汇的外延和内涵:内涵是词语表示的意义,外延是词语表示对象的范围。(2)基本词汇:语言中所有基本词的总汇,语言中主要的不可或缺的部分。基本词汇中的为基本词,表示着人们日常生活中最必需的事物和概念,所以基本词和人们生活的关系极为密切,是社会上各行各业的人们都离不了的词汇成分。基本特点:普遍性、稳固性、是产生新词的基础词

(3)一般词汇:词汇中基本词以外的词的总汇。

基本特点使用范围窄,使用频率低。

(4)固有词等的定义及其内型

1、历史上传承下来的固有词。(夫人、儒家)

2、适应社会交际而产生的新词。(离休、退休、网友)

3、因特殊需要而加以运用的古语词。(县官、保长)

4、从方言中吸收来的方言词。(侬、阿拉)

5、受外族语言而产生的外来词。音译词、形兼音译词、意译词、形加意译词、音意兼译词、借鉴词。

6、社会方言中的词。

(5)固定短语的定义、特征及其内型。

定义:汉语中相当于词的作用的固定结构,一般也可叫做熟语。

特征:结构定型、意义完整、充当语言的备用单位。

类型:成语、惯用语、谚语、歇后语、专门用语、习用套语。

二、词法

1、词:词是语言中一种音义结合的定型结构,是最小的可以独立运用的造句单位。

2、词素:词素是语言中一种音义结合的定型结构,是最小的可以独立运用的词的结构单位。

3、词素、词、词组的辨识:词素除了充当的单位不同之外,其他的特点都是完全一样的。

4、词素的分类:语音形式方面(单音节、双音节)、内部结构(单纯音素、合成音素)、语言功能(成词词素、非词词素)、性质和表意方面(词根词素、附加词素)

5、词的形成条件:人们的认识和思维活动、作为组词基础的语言要素(语音方面、词汇方面、语法方面、文字方面、修辞方面)

6、词形成的基础形式:词形成时所依据的一种语言形式。三种类型:以词为基础形式、以词组为基础形式。

7、造词法的类型:音义任意结合法、摹声法、音变法、说明法、比拟法、双音法、简缩法

8、构词法的类型:(1)语音形式方法:从音节的多少分析(单音词、多音词),从音节之间的结构关系分析(重叠式(全部重叠、部分重叠)、非重叠式)(2)从词素的多少方面:单纯词,一个词素构成。合成词,由两个或两个以上的词素构成的词。(3)词素的性质及组合方式方面:1)词根词素和词缀词素相结合(派生词),前缀+词缀、词根+后缀。2)词根词素相组合(复合词),联合式:同义联合、反义联合、意义相关联合。偏正式:两部分词素之间是修饰与被修饰的关系。补充式:两个词素之间是补充被补充、注释被注释的关系。注释型:所属物类进行注释(松树),有用事物单位名称进行注释说明的(船只)。有用事物情状进行补充说明的(白茫茫),动补型(提高)、动宾式(知己)、主谓式(地

震)。3)重叠式:两个词素之间是重合关系。(妈妈、星星)

9、构词与构型的区别:1)研究对象和范围不同;2)构词法比较复杂,有许多种类,构形法比较简单,汉语构形法只有附加和重叠两种;3)构词法重在考察词的形成,必须设有原形;构形法重在考察形式的变化,必须设有原形和变形,变形比原形增加语法意义。

三、词义

1、词义的内容、特征:词所表示的意义内容:词汇意义、语法意义、色彩意义。特征:词义的客观性,词义的概括性,词义的社会性,词义的主观性,词义的发展性,词义的民族性,词义的概念对应性,词义的具体事物对应性。

2、义项的定义、分类、义项之间的关系:每一个不同概念意义事物的叙述内容称为义项

3、义素分析法:把同一语义场的一群词集合在一起,从义素的角度进行分析、对比与描写的方法。

4、词语释义法:

5、多义词:一个词表示着两个或两个以上既有联系又不相同的词汇意义。

6、同音词:就是语音形式相同而意义完全不同的词。

7、同形词:指书写形式相同,但语音形式和意义都不相同的词。

8、异形词:字的异体造成词的异形

9、同位词:就是表示一系列同位概念的词。

10、类属词:就是表示概念中类属关系的词。

11、近义词辨析:近义词就会说语法意义相同、词汇意义相近的一组词。两种:1)、词汇意义相近,语法意义相同,色彩意义不同的近义词。(鼓动、煽动,

保护、庇护)2)词汇意义相近,语法意义和色彩意义都相同的近义词。(优良、优秀,整理、整顿)

12、反义词的类型:反义词就是语法意义相同,词汇意义相反的词。1)绝对反义词:两个词的意义内容上是完全互相排斥的(死跟活,开跟关);2)相对反义词:表示两个反义词的内容上并不一定相反对的,这种反义词只有在一定条件下才能形成。

四、词变

1、词义演变的类型:1)词的一个意义演变的类型:第一、词义的丰富和深化;第二、词义的扩大:①在客观事物不变的情况下,由于人们的认识和语言使用习惯的改变,从而影响到词义发生了扩大的演变。如皮原来指兽的皮,现在泛指人及一切生物的皮。②客观事物本身发展了,人们的认识也随之相应的发展了,从而影响到词义的扩大和发展。灯、枪、炮。第三、词义的缩小,词义的外延由大变小了,内涵丰富起来。臭,瓦。第四、词义的转移:词义表示的概念发生变化。2)一个词的意义的演变:①义项的增多;②义项的减少。

2、词汇的动态存在形式:就语言永恒的存在形式来说的,因此它是永久的绝对的。发展变化的原因:1)客观上:社会的发展促成词汇的发展,社会间的相互接触,语言中的外来词和方言词的存在。2)人们认识的发展(主观);3)词汇系统内部的矛盾和调整(内部)。

3、词汇历时的运动形式:1)新词的增加:因新事物出现而增加新词,旧事物改换名称而增加新词,词义演变而增加新词,受外族语言影响而产生新词。2)双音词增多:一方面,原有的单音词被双音的形式所代替,另一方面,新产生的词多以双音节的形式为主;3)实词虚化现象的发展:一方面实词类变为虚词类(然、

所、虽、而)另一方面可以充当词根词素的实词虚化成了附加词素。如了是了结的意思,了充当词根词素组成了解、了却等。4)造词和结构方面的发展;5)同义词、近义词、多义词等词义类聚和抽象词语的发展;6)词义的发展;7)旧要素的消亡:①旧词的消亡,旧事物的消亡、事物名称的改变、社会发展和交际需求的改变②义项的消亡③词素的消亡

4、词汇共时的动态形式:静态的词汇系统都是作为一种已经被规范了的交际工具而存在着。只有当这种工具被人们运用,进入到动态形式当中去的时候,其中某些成分才会出现分歧。

五、词用

1、词汇规范的原因:词汇存在于社会生活的各个领域,也涉及到社会成员运用词汇的各个方面。词汇规范范围广且非常复杂。

原则:必要性、普遍性、明确性。

方式:注意词的运用范围问题,加强规范工作的科学性,做好规范模式的确定工作。

分析题:造词法和构词法,义素分析法,归纳题:某个语素的义项,辨析题:近义词

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