常用英语虚词分类记忆

almost与nearly倒是比较容易混淆的。下面我来说一下这两个词之间的区别：1）almost强调“差一点……就”（=very nearly）,可用于no, none, nothing等前面，但nearly不可。almost不能用not修饰。2）nearly表示“接近”。常可与almost换用，但在具体数字前常用nearly. not修饰nearly 意为“远非”，“远不及”。如：He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他看到我之前差点把我撞倒。Almost no one(=Hardly anyone)believes her.几乎没有人相信她。He said almost nothing worth listening to. 他说几乎没什么值得听的东西。They are nearly at the end of their journey. 他们快结束旅行了。

※ entirely与utterly的区别及用法

1． entirely表示说话人的肯定态度，如:

I entirely agree with you.

我完全同意你的看法。

2． utterly则表示说话人的否定态度。例如：

She is utterly dissatisfied.

她是彻底失望了。

[例题] The second failure discouraged him ______ .

[A] entirely [B] more entirely [C] utterly [D] more utterly

[答案] C。

※ very与quite的区别及用法

quite和very作副词用，有时可以通用，都可作“很”、“非常”解，但在语义上还是有一定的区别。

very通常侧重于对事实的客观描述，它的程度意味较强。如：

She is a very good actress.（客观描述）

quite侧重于表达主观的看法，可以表达说话人对quite所修饰的词的看法和态度，表示“在当时是恰如其分的”。有时有减弱程度的意味。

She is quite a good actress.

她算得上是一位好演员。

（quite表示了说话人对a good actress的评价，故句中的quite不仅表达程度，而且还带有语义上的感情色彩。）

[注] quite在与表示完全概念的形容词或副词连用时（如right, wrong, certain, full, empty 等）则表示“完全”，和completely同义，例如：

The bottle is quite empty.

瓶子完全空了。

[例题] The ______ first thing we must do is to ring the police.

[A] too [B] very [C] much [D] so

[答案] B。

※ still, yet和already的区别及用法

still表示无变化的延续性。

yet表示“尚”，与already相对，常用于否定句或疑问句。

already表示“已”，常用在肯定句。例如：

The guests are already here. But the meat is not ready yet. It still has to be cooked for another five minutes.

客人已经到达这里，但肉还没有做好，还需要再炖五分钟。

[注] already偶尔也可用于疑问句，此时具有“惊奇”的意味。例如：

Have you finished the work already? You are very speedy.

你已经完成工作了吗？你的速度真快。

[例题] The moon , everybody .

[答案] B．already改为yet。

※ so与too的区别及用法

与rather, fairly以及very, quite一样，so和too也常用作程度状语修饰形容词或副词。例如：

It is so (too) hot today.今天特别热。

但是两者在用法上有很大差别。

1． so既可以作副词，又可以作代词或连词。

（1） so作副词表示程度，意为“如此”、“这么”、“那么”，它可以与一个形容词一起修饰一个单数名词，此时不定冠词a/an要放在形容词之后，名词之前。如：

He is so clever a boy that everyone likes him.

他是一个如此聪明的孩子，人人都喜欢他。

（2） so作代词，代替上下文中的形容词，名词或动词，意为“同样”、“也一样”、“也那样”，

构成“so+动词+主语”句型。如：

Jim has finished his exercises, so has his sister.

吉姆做完了他的练习，他姐姐也做完了。

（3） so作代词，用作expect, hope, say, think, suppose, imagine, hear等词的宾语代替上下文中的名词、形容词或从句。如：

“Do you want to go back home this week?”

“I expect so.”

“这周你要回家吗？”“我想是的。”

（4）不定式可以修饰动词作状语，有时为了突出目的性可用so as to。如：

He got up early so as to catch the first bus.

他起得很早，为的是赶上第一班公共汽车。

（5）当从属连词“so…that”结构中的so位于句首时，通常需用部分倒装。但如果谓语动词为系动词be时，则采用全部倒装语序。如：

So excited was he that he could not speak.

他兴奋得连话也说不出来。

（6）和such…that同义，只是so后面接形容词或副词。“so…that…”句型有如下变化：so…as to, too…to。如：

He spoke so fast that we could not follow.

他说得太快，我们都跟不上。

2． too只用作副词，常构成一些固定搭配，如：“too…to…”太…不能…；“much too+形容词（副词）”太…过分；“too much for sb.”对某人来说太多（太高，过量）；“too much+名词（不可数）”太多；“too much”太多。

（1） too作“也”讲，用于肯定句，常放在句子末尾。有时放在主语和谓语之间，其前后需要用逗号分开，表示强调。如：

He is an engineer. I am an engineer, too.

他是个工程师，我也是。

（2）用于加强语气，无具体意义。如：

I’ll too go.我要去的。

（3） too可以与many, few, much等连用，too many（太多），too much（太多，太过分），还可以与rather连用，构成rather too bad（太糟糕了）。

（4）在too, more, less前，不用very修饰，而用much和far。如：

It is much (far) too bad.

这实在太糟糕了。

There is far too little opportunity for adventure these days.

如今冒险的机会太小了。

[例题] Poor Harriet was ______ nervous that she nearly fainted.

[A] all [B] as [C] so [D] more

[答案] C。

※ ever和never用法

ever意为“无论如何”，主要用在否定和疑问句中，加强语气。

never意为“从不，永不”，相当于“not”的强调形式。例如：

Neither of them has ever read the book.

他们俩都没读过这本书。

I will never forget that.

我永远也不会忘记那件事。

[例题] The visitor said , “This is beautiful place I visited.”

[答案] D。never改为ever。

※ anyhow, somehow和somewhat的区别及用法

anyhow意为“无论如何”，以任何方式，相当于“anyway”,“at any rate”。somehow意为“以某种方式”（in some way or other），或“由于某种原因”。somewhat意为“从某种意义讲”，“有几分”，相当于“in a way”,“rather”,试比较：It may rain, but I shall go out anyhow.

天将下雨，但不管怎样我也要出去。

We must find money for the rent somehow.

我们无论如何也要找到租金。

I am somewhat tired of this book.

我对这本书有点厌烦。

[例题] We must get the work finished ______ by tomorrow morning.

[A] somehow or other [B] somewhat or other

[C] anyhow or other [D] anywhere or other

[答案] A。

[副词用法小结]

副词的主要功能是起进一步修饰的作用。

1．副词主要修饰动词，对动词进一步说明。此外，副词还可以修饰形容词、其他副词、介词短语及整个句子。

2．副词同形容词一样有比较级和最高级的用法（参见[形容词用法小结]）

3．副词的位置比较灵活，可前可后，其三个基本位置是：a.句中；b.句末；c.句首。4．有些副词跟形容词同型（如：fast, tight等）；还有一些副词具有两种形式，但意义和用法不同（如：wide, widely, straight, straightly, direct, directly等）。

小白讲语法【27】

Exercise III Choose the best answer.

1.Not _____ , the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.

[A] obviously [B] particularly [C] surprising [D] normally

2.Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _____ harm them.

[A] more than [B] rather than [C] other than [D] better than

3.I found my daughter sitting in the kitchen, crying _____ .

[A] bitterly [B] heavily [C] strongly [D] deeply

4.The man to whom we handed the forms pointed out that they had not been _____ filled in.

[A] consequently [B] comprehensively [C] regularly [D] properly

5.He know little of mathematics, ______ of chemistry.

[A] as well as [B] and still less [C] no less than [D] and still more

6.Light travels _____ than sound.

[A] too fast [B] much fast [C] much faster [D] very faster

7.He hurried to the station _____ to be told that the train had gone.

[A] but [B] only [C] hence [D] thus

8.When I had finished my task, I was told to do a _____ harder one.

[A] more [B] very [C] yet [D] quite

9.We are not yet near Hudson Bay. We have to go _____ .

[A] to the father north [B] far to the northern [C] farther north [D] far northern

10. ______ does an individual find himself sought by both parties as their presidential candidate.

[A] Not only [B] Sometimes [C] Rarely [D] Only

11. Mr. Smith is an intelligent and stimulating teacher. ______ he take an interest in the personal well-being of his students.

[A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] And

12. “All right, I’ll walk ____ the corner with you.”

[A] until [B] at [C] as far [D] as far as

13.The article to be read is _____ difficult.

[A] fairly [B] rather [C] quite too [D] pretty too

14.Your work has been very good _____ this year.

[A] so far [B] as far as [C] by far [D] so long

15.The cost is ______ for me.

[A] so much [B] too much [C] much too [D] very much

16.You are ______ able to do it than I am.

[A] better [B] much [C] more [D] rather

17.You must write as _____ as you can.

[A] careful [B] carefully [C] more carefully [D] more careful

18.Which do you think _____ , wealth or health?

[A] better [B] the better [C] best [D] the best

19.I cannot thank you _____ much for your kindness, I owe my success to you.

[A] so [B] very [C] too [D] as

20.If the weather is good, we shall go on a picnic _____ .

[A] altogether [B] alltogether [C] all-together [D] all together

21.If the cab arrives _____ , you will miss the flight.

[A] late [B] lately [C] latter [D] later

22.I can’t come tonight. It is _____ impossible.

[A] fairly [B] quite [C] very [D] rather

23.Mrs. Lee was _____ a student in this school.

[A] formally [B] before [C] formerly [D] originally

24.Your sister has a _____ voice and she speaks _____ .

[A] distinctive, distinctly [B] distinct, distinctively

[C] distinctive, distinctively [D] distinct, distinctly

25.This question is _____ easy.

[A] extremely [B] completely [C] totally [D] highly

26.I can’t find my pen, but it must be ______ in this room.

[A] anywhere [B] nowhere [C] somewhere [D] where

27. “My goodness, look at the time! It’s nine o’clock _____ and I’m _____ at breakfast.”

[A] already, yet [B] yet, still [C] still, already [D] already, still

28.This morning he borrowed my bike and said he would return it very

_____ .

[A] early [B] soon [C] quickly [D] immediately

29.It is a common expression to characterize something “as light as air” but air is _____ “light”.

[A] rather [B] fairly [C] hardly [D] quite

30.Four years _____ my sister went to Australia.

[A] ago [B] before [C] since [D] after

31. _____ is it to the railway station?

[A] How long [B] How distant [C] What a long way [D] How far

32.He must give us more time; _____ we shall not be able to make a good job for it.

[A] consequently [B] therefore [C] otherwise [D] however

33. This morning Jack arrived late _____ .

[A] as usually [B] as usual [C] like usually [D] like usual

34.It happened ______ .

[A] before two weeks [B] two weeks before

[C] after two weeks [D] two weeks ago

35.The police here _____ very busy.

[A] nearly always [B] always are nearly

[C] are always nearly [D] are nearly always

36.The Chinese were a _____ civilized people long before.

[A] highly [B] high [C] higher [D] highest

37.They tried _____ and succeeded.

[A] hardly [B] hard [C] harder [D] hardest

38.He was ______ blamed for the accident.

[A] righter [B] more right [C] right [D] rightly

39.Could you speak a little _____ ?

[A] slowly [B] slower [C] more slower [D] slow

40.George left _____ after breakfast.

[A] direct [B] directly [C] directer [D] directest

41.Jane was _____ moved by what the teacher said.

[A] deeper [B] deepest [C] deep [D] deeply

42.The rescuers worked _____ into the night.

[A] deeply [B] deeper [C] most deeply [D] deep

43.A post was _____ fixed in the ground.

[A] firm [B] firmly [C] most firm [D] more firm

44. “Open your mouth ______ ,” said the dentist.

[A] wide [B] widely [C] more widely [D] more wider

45.He told me to screw the nuts up ______ .

[A] tightly [B] tight [C] more tight [D] most tightly

46.All scientists think _____ of the newly-established atomic theory.

[A] more higher [B] higher [C] highly [D] high

47.What we think _____ is how to harness solar energy more effectively.

[A] most [B] mostly [C] as more [D] as much

48.The ______ garden looks very beautiful.

[A] new built [B] built new [C] newly built [D] newly building

49. ______ the classmates love our teachers.

[A] Almost of [B] Almost all [C] The most [D] Most

50.Simon ______ physics at all.

[A] was hardly not interested in [B] was hardly not interesting in [C] hardly interested in [D] was hardly interested in ………………………………

参考答案：

1.C

2.B

3.A

4.D

5.B

6.C

7.B

8.C

9.C 10.C

11.B 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D

21.A 22.B 23.C 24.A 25.A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.A

31.D 32.C 33.B 34.D 35.D 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.B

41.D 42.D 43.B 44.A 45.B 46.C 47.A 48.C 49.B 50.D

小白讲语法【28】

※连词and的妙用四则

1． and连接两个物品被视为一物或同一人有两种身份时，第二个被连接的词不加冠词。作主语时，谓语动词要求用单数。例如：

Spaghetti and meat sauce is a favourite dish with our employees.

拌肉酱的通心粉是我们伙计们最喜欢的食物。

The poet and novelist is his father.

那个诗人兼小说家是他爸爸。

2． and有时连接两个相同的字，多指“渐渐”、“重复”或加强语气。例如：

The voice became fainter and fainter.

声音变得越来越模糊不清了。

They tried and tried, but they did not succeed.

他们一试再试，但没有成功。

3．祈使句之后接and有条件句的作用。例如：

Persevere, and you will succeed.

假如你坚韧不拔，你一定会成功。

4．形容词+and可以代替副词使用，作“多么、非常”解。例如：

How nice and (pleasantly) cool it is in the swimming pool!

在游泳池里多么凉快啊！

It was good and (quite) dark, so we started for home.

天已漆黑了，因此我们就动身回家。

[例题] _______ , and you will see the library.

[A] Go straight on [B] Going straight on

[C] If go straight on [D] If going straight on

[答案] A。

※副词连接词（又称准连接词）的用法

副词连接词具有副词的作用，但意义上却与连接词相同，这些连接词不能用来连接单词和短语，只能用来连接从句或句子。表示累积、连接的副词连词有：besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, also, likewise, similarly, indeed, again等。这些副词连接词的前面通常有分号或句号。例如：

It’s too late to go for a walk now; besides, it’s beginning to rain.

现在散步太晚了，何况又开始下雨了。

I prepared my English lessons; also, I wrote my French composition.

我准备好了我的英语课，也写好了法语作文。

[注] 大体上，besides, moreover, furthermore三字可以通用。

[例题] He has a good education; ______ , he is a genius.

[A] however [B] moreover [C]wherever [D] whenever

[答案] B。

※一些表示反义的副词连接词的用法

英语中有些表示反义的副词只能用来连接两个从句，请看以下例句：

1．{whereas/while}(=but on the contrary)相反地，而

Wise men love truth, whereas fools shun it.

聪明人爱真理，而愚蠢的人却逃避它。

He went out, while I stayed at home.

他出去了，而我却留在家里。

2．only（但是，只是）：与but同义，常用于口语中。only之前可用分号或逗号。例如：He promises, only he does not keep his word.

他答应了，但不守信。

Go wherever you like; only do not stay here.

你爱去哪儿就去哪儿，只是不要留在这里。

3．still（但是，然而）：still前面用逗号或分号均可。例如：

He failed again; still, he did not lose his hope.

他又失败了，但他并不灰心。

I am tired; still, I will walk further.

我累是累了，但是我还要走远一点儿。

4． et, and yet, but yet（但是）：与but同义。例如：

He is very rich, yet he is not contented.

他很有钱，但他并不满足。

He is always polite to me, and yet I don’t like him.

他对我总是很有礼貌，但我还是不喜欢他。

In this life, we can not be entirely blessed, but yet we may be completely miserable.

在今生今世里，我们不可能全是幸福的，但可能全是不幸的。

5． however（但是，然而）：however前面通常用分号，可以放在句首，句中或句末。例如：

Our task is hard; however we should persevere to the end.

我们的工作是艰苦的，但我们应当坚持到底。

6． nevertheless（但是，然而）：例如：

He has faults; nevertheless, we love him.

他有缺点，可是我们喜欢他。

7．{on the other hand/on the contrary}(相反地，在另一方面)例如：

Father and mother wanted to go for ride; the children, on the other hand, wanted to stay home and play with their friends.

父母亲要开车去兜风，但另一方面，孩子们要呆在家里同朋友们玩。

He is not a stupid boy; on the contrary, he is quite intelligent.

他不是个傻孩子，相反，他很聪明。

[例题] My name is William, my friends me Bill for short. .

[答案] A。把and改为but，这里具有转折的含义。

※表示因果关系的并列连词

表示因果关系的并列连词有：so, for, therefore（因此，所以），hence（因此），accordingly, thus, consequently等。如：

It was raining, so the picnic was postponed.

因为下雨，野餐被推迟了。

[例题] There is no demand in China for the type of car you sell; _____ , I can’t give you an order for this car.

[A] therefore [B] or [C] still [D] too

[答案] A。

※表示选择关系的并列连词

常用的表示选择关系的并列连词有：or, or else（否则），either...or(不是……就是……)，otherwise, rather than(而不，也不)等。如：

You must work hard; otherwise you will not learn English well.

你必须刻苦学习，否则就学不好英语。

[例题] You should get the licence right away, _____ , you’ll have to pay a fine.

[A] yet [B] or [C] still [D] consequently

[答案] B。

※表示对等关系的并列连词

使用并列连词连接的词语或结构时必须保持结构对等，词性统一，在句子中要使用对等成分，不可失之偏颇。常用的该类连词有：and, either...or, neither...nor, as well as, both...and, not only...but also。如：

They work neither for fame nor for personal gain.

他们工作一不图名二不图利。

Both teachers and students will go to visit the museum tomorrow.

教师和学生明天都要去博物馆参观。

[例题] This is an old clock that is not only very handsome but _____ .

[A] also it tells time accurately

[B] it too tells time accurately

[C] it accurately tells time also

[D] also accurate

[答案] D。

※引导名词从句的连接词

主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句在复合句中的作用和名词的作用相同，分别作主句的主语、表语和宾语。因此这三种从句可合称为名词性从句。三者有以下相同之处。

1．使用的关联词相同：

（1）连词：that, whether, if

（2）疑问代词：who, whoever, whom, whomever, what, whatever, which, whichever

（3）疑问副词：when, where, how, why

2．三种从句一律用陈述语序，均不能用逗号和主句分开。

[注] 连词that, whether, if（通常被称作纯连词）在句中只起连接作用，不充当任何语法成分。例如：

That he will come to the discussion is certain.

他来参加讨论是肯定无疑的。

I asked her if (whether) she would let me go.

我问过她是否让我去。

[注] 疑问代词who, whoever, whom, whomever, what, whatever, which, whichever也可以用连接代词，引导名词从句，它们不仅起连接作用，而且在从句中代表着一个通常由代词所担任的语法成分。例如：

I don’t know who he is.

我不知道他是谁。（who在从句中作表语）

Do you know whom the man is looking for?

你知道那个人在找谁吗？（whom在句中作宾语）

What you said just now sounds unreasonable.

你刚才说的听上去不合乎道理。（what在句中作宾语）

Tell me which of the two answers is right.

请告诉我这两个答案中哪一个是对的。（which在句中作主语）

[注] 疑问副词how, when, where, why等也可用作连接副词，引导名词从句。它们不仅在句中起连接作用，而且在从句中起状语作用说明整个从句中的谓语。例如：

How the advanced worker managed to raise production is of interest to us all.

这位先进工作者究竟是怎样提高生产的，我们大家都很感兴趣。（how在从句中作状语修饰谓语动词）

We have learnt why metals have come to play an important part in man’s activities.

我们已经了解到为什么金属在人类活动中逐渐起着重要的作用。（why在从句中作状语修饰谓语动词）

[注] 连接词which和what可在句中作定语。例如：

I don’t know which computer is bet ter.

我不知道哪一台计算机更好。（which在从句中作定语）

I don’t know what kind of dictionary you want.

我不知道你要什么样的字典。（what在从句中作定语）

[例题] We know _____ if a body change its position relative to that of another body, this change of position means mechanical motion.

[A] what [B]that [C] whether [D] which

[答案] B。