建筑专业英语作业 勒柯布西耶和他的的建筑。

Le Corbusier and his construction

I want to introduce an internationally renowned architect

Le Corbusier. Le Corbusier, born in Switzerland, a

watchmaker's home, Le Corbusier's interest in the architecture

when he was in youth, and study construction by himself

through traveling and visiting the European countries, and

working in the firm operated by architects such as Peter

Behrens.

In 1917, Le Corbusier came to Paris, France, and met some avant-garde artists here, began to understand the modern art comprehensively, and co-published the publication 《L’Esprit Nouveau 》with these artists. As Le Corbusier's architectural theory and ideas matured, he also published his own first book 《Vers une Architecture》, This book becomes the architecture works that Post-Modernist architects must read.

In 1922, Le Corbusier set up his own architectural firm. In 1928, Le Corbusier's participated in and organized of the International Association of modern architecture, and then joined the French nationality. He advocated mechanical aesthetics, proposed that "building is a living machine", so the construction work should be developed to the industrialization to meet the "mass production housing" needs. Among the

modernism architect, he has been always

advocating and practicing the theory of the

new building.

Here I will introduce two of his

masterpieces. The first is the famous

Savoy villa. Savoy villa was built in 1931.

It was a leisure villa away from the urban

which was built for a couple of

entrepreneurs. This villa is a three-storey

building, close to square in plane, mainly

with white tone. The architecture's bottom is

supported by the column grid, in addition to

the middle usage for the transportation and

services, all other outer space is overhead, but can

also be used as a garage. A spiral staircase was set

up to connect between the bottom and the

two-story. Space on the top second storey building

surrounded by a broken line ramp setting, with

continuous horizontal belt window, so each room

can get a good natural landscape. Main activities

and living space were in the second storey, the

third storey was set with the open terrace and roof

garden. It is the most prominent architectural masterpiece in the early architecture career of Le Corbusier.

Marseille dwelling unit (Unite Habitation,

Marseille), Marseille in France, built in 1952. It is

not only the rough style representative split out of

modernist architectural style, but also the famous

results based on exploring the idealized form of a

collection of residential. The entire building is

constructed of reinforced concrete structures. The

spaced bottom of the overhead of building only sets

the main entrance, elevators and their public spaces,

but also sets aside a large area of parking.

Inside the building a total of 23 different units of housing 337, can accommodate 1,800 persons. Le Corbusier sets sun shield for the household to underline the image

of the entire building. The top floor nursery is

connected by ramps to roof. Huge roof surrounded with high-walled together, the internal was opened as a playground, gym and children's activity center, is for the building of the daily casual open-air terrace. Marseille apartment is a fully functional, living and service space, a complete residential idealized form. Although this large collection of

full-featured residential buildings due to their rough image and too rigorous, rational design, is not recognized by the locals, but because of its practical functions, it is built in other areas, and in particular in Germany widely welcomed.

勒?柯布西耶和他的建筑

我要介绍的国际著名建筑师是勒·柯布西耶。勒·柯

布西耶，出生于瑞士的一个钟表制造之家，青年时代的

柯布西耶对建筑产生兴趣，并通过云游欧洲各国参观，

以及在贝伦斯等建筑师开办的事务所工作等途径自学建

筑。

1917年，柯布西耶来到法国巴黎，并在这里结识了

一些前卫的艺术家，开始全面了解现代艺术，并与这些

艺术家们合作出版了《新精神》刊物（L’Esprit

Nouveau）。随着柯布西耶建筑理论与思想的成熟，他还出版了自己的第一部著作《走向新建筑》（Vers une Architecture），这本书也成为以后现代主义建筑师们必读的建筑著作。

1922年，柯布西耶开设自己的建筑事务所，1928年，柯布西耶参加并组织了国际现代建筑协会，随后加入了法国国籍。他崇尚机械美学，主张“建筑是居住的机器”，因此建筑工作也要向工业化方面发展，以满足“大规模生产房屋”的需要。在现代主义建筑师当中，他一直是新建筑理论的倡导和实践者。

在这里我来介绍他的两个代表作。首先

是著名的萨伏伊别墅。萨伏伊别墅在1931年建成。是为

一对企业家夫妇建造的一处远离市区的休闲别墅。此别

墅是平面近乎于方形的三层建筑，以白色调为主。建筑

底层由柱网支撑，除中部的交通和服务用房外全部架空，

同时也可作为车库使用。底层与二层之间设置了一个螺

旋梯相连接。上两层建筑空间围绕的一个折线形坡道设

置，搭配连续的横向带式窗，让各个房间都能够获得良好的自然景观。主要活动和居住用房都在二层，三层设置了露天阳台和屋顶花园。是柯布西耶早期建筑生涯最突出的代表作。

马赛居住单元（Unite Habitation,Marseille），

位于法国马赛，1952年建成。它不仅是现代主义建筑

风格分裂出的粗野主义风格的代表作，还是对理想化

集合住宅形式进行探索的著名成果。整个建筑采用钢

筋混凝土结构建成。底部架空的建筑空间不仅设置了

主入口、电梯等公共空间，还预留了大面积的停车场。

建筑内部共设有23种不同户型的住宅337户，可

容纳1800人居住。柯布西耶为每户的窗外设置了彩色

遮阳板，用以活跃整座建筑的形象。顶层设有

幼儿园，并通过坡道与屋顶相连接。巨大的屋

顶四周用高墙围合，内部被开辟为运动场、健

身房和儿童活动中心，是供楼内居民日常休闲

的露天阳台。马赛

公寓是一座功能完

善，居住和服务空

间完备的理想化的

住宅形式。虽然这种功能完备的大型集合住宅因其粗

糙的建筑形象和过于严谨、理性的设计，没有获得当

地人的认可，但却因其实用的功能而得以在其他地区

建造，并在德国尤其收到了广泛的欢迎。

China's Capital -- Beijing

Beijing, located at the northwest edge of the North China

Plain. Adjacent to the Bohai Bay, Beijing is next to the

Liaodong Peninsula at the upside, and next to the Shandong

Peninsula from the downside. Beijing is next to Tianjin and

both surrounded by Hebei Province.

The urban roads in Beijing's old city

have a checkerboard pattern. East-west roads

include Chang'an Avenue, Ping'an Avenue,

Guang'an Avenue. There is a axile wire in the

north-south roads, From the eastern line

between the YuTing bridge and the Lama

Temple to the western line between the KaiYang bridge bridge and JiShuiTan bridge. The eastern line passing Fangzhuang, HongQiao, Chongwenmen, Dongdan, DongSi, Beixinqiao and Lama Temple; western line passing through Caishikou, Xuanwumen, Xidan, XiSi and Xinjiekou. Due to the Tiananmen Square and the Forbidden City, Beijing's central axis is divided into North axis and South axis. North axis from Tiananmen to north, passing the Drum Tower, BeiChen Road, up to the Olympic Sports Center; south axis starts from the QianMen southwards through the TianQiao, Yongding Gate, down to

SanYingMen.

The place that people must go is to Tiananmen

Square. Tiananmen Square is the heart zone of

Beijing, is the largest city central square. It covers an

area of 44 hectares, 500 meters from east to west, 880

meters from north to south, the ground all paved with

light-colored granite stone which processed through a special

technology. After the founding of New China, Tiananmen Square

was expanded, and the People's Heroes Monument was built in the

central square, then the Great Hall of the People was built in the

west side of the square, and Chinese Revolutionary Museum & the

Chinese History Museum were built in the east side of the square,

the Memorial Hall of Chairman Mao was built in the south side of

the square. The Tiananmen Rostrum is located at the northern end. Under the Rostrum is the Jin Shui river with Shimmering blue waves, there are five beautifully carved white marble Jin Shui bridges on the river.In front of the Rostrum, two pairs of vigorous lions and graceful form of ornammetal column match tactfully, to make the Tiananmen Square as a perfect masterpiece of architectural art.

Wangfujing Street is also the place that people must

travel through. Wangfujing Street, south from the East

Chang An Avenue, north to China Art Gallery, is about

three li(Chinese unit). From morning to night, every day up

to a million Chinese and foreign customers enter into this

street. This street now has Asia's largest commercial

buildings, with the largest density and most concentrated

shopping malls, hotels and stores. Wangfujing is also the

nearest large-scale shopping venues jointed by the domestic travel agencies, centralized with state-owned brands, the old and famous shops. After regulation, the Wangfujing Street, from JinYu Hutong to the NanKou, the connection of Chang'an Avenue, eight hundred and ten meters long, slightly wavy type of street, on both sides distributed with 12 large-scale shopping malls, in addition to the original department store, Craft art building, Muslim buildings, Foreign Language Bookstore, XieHe shopping mall, XinDongan shopping mall, but also add six new large-scale comprehensive shopping and entertainment commercial constructions, includes the new department store building, the DongHua clothing building, Minghui Building, Haoyou shijie

building, Dan Yao building, Oriental Plaza and

so on, large-scale shopping malls placed in

one street is the unique pattern in Beijing.

Beijing's traffic is the necessary problem

to be solved in future. With population growth,

the increase in car, often causes traffic

congestion phenomenon. But also for the

environment and air quality in Beijing it is a burden. My suggestion is that in the future, more development and utilization of urban underground space. This can be the most suitable for creating a business development and living life in modern cities providing good conditions. Subway, underground shopping malls, underground business street and underground car parks and other projects not only improve the city's defense and preparation for war and protection capabilities, but also improving the urban ground environment, ensuring that the ground has more green space, you can build more square to ease city's crowded traffic conditions.

中国首都—北京

北京，位于华北平原西北边缘。毗邻渤海湾，

上靠辽东半岛，下临山东半岛。北京与天津相

邻，并与天津一起被河北省环绕。

北京老城区的城市道路是棋盘式的格局。东

西方向的道路有长安街、平安大街、广安大街。

南北方向的道路有中轴线，从玉蜓桥到雍和宫

的东线和开阳桥到积水潭桥的西线。东线路过

方庄、红桥、崇文门、东单、东四、

北新桥和雍和宫；西线路过菜市口、

宣武门、西单、西四、新街口。因为

天安门广场和紫禁城的原因，北京的

中轴线分为北中轴和南中轴。北中轴

从地安门向北，经鼓楼、北辰路，达奥体中心；南中轴从前门向南经天桥、永定门，达三营门。

人们必须要去的地方就是天安门

广场。天安门广场是北京的心脏地带，

是世界上最大的城市中心广场。它占

地面积44公顷，东西宽500米，南北

长880米，地面全部由经过特殊工艺

技术处理的浅色花岗岩条石铺成。新

中国成立后，天

安门广场拓宽，并在广场中央修建了人民英雄纪念碑，

后又分别在广场的西侧修建了人民大会堂、东侧修建了

中国革命博物馆和中国历史博物馆、南侧修建了毛主席

纪念堂。天安门城楼坐落在广场的北端。城楼下是碧波

粼粼的金水河，河上有5座雕琢精美的汉白玉金水桥。

城楼前两对雄健的石狮和挺秀的华表巧妙地相配合，使

天安门成为一座完美的建筑艺术杰作。

王府井步行街，也是游人们必经的地方。

王府井大街，南起东长安街，北至中国美术馆，

全长约三华里。从早到晚，每天进入这条街的

中外顾客多达百万人。这条大街现在已经拥有

了亚洲最大的商业楼宇，密度最大、最集中的

大型商场、宾馆与专卖店。王府井还是国内商

业旅行社联结最近的大型购物场所，国有品

牌、老字号最集中之地。整治规划后的王府井

大街，从金鱼胡同到与长安街相界的南口，八百一十米长略呈波浪型的大街两侧分布着十二个大型商场，除原有的百货大楼、工艺美术大楼、穆斯林大厦、外文书店、协和商场、新东安商场外，还新建了百货大楼新楼、东华服装、明辉大厦、好友世界、丹耀大厦、东方广场等六个大型购物娱乐商务综合性商厦，大型商场一条街的格局在北京可谓是独一无二的。

北京的交通是未来必要解决的

问题。随着人口的增长，汽车的增

多，经常造成交通拥堵现象。同时

也为北京的环境和空气质量造成了

负担。我的建议是，在未来里，更

加尽可能的开发利用可城市地下空

间。这样可以为创造一个最适宜创

业发展和居住生活的现代化中心城市提供良好条件。地铁、地下商场、地下商业街和地下停车场等项目不仅提高了城市人防备战功能和防护能力，同时改善了城市地面环境，保证地面有更多绿地、可以建更多广场，缓解市内交通的拥挤状况。