2013年职称英语综合A阅读理解押题与解析

紫红色为新增文章

绿色为2012年4月的真题

红色为12年新增到未考到文章

第一篇Telling Tales about People讲述关于人们的故事（2012教材新增文章）

第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 课外学习带来很大不同

第三篇Milosevic's Death 米洛舍维奇之死

（2013教材新增更改为）第三篇：Shark Attack!

2013综合教材阅读理解新增文章Shark Attack含译文解析word高清版下载

第四篇Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福

第五篇Sino-Japan Animosity Lessens 中日敌意减少

（2013教材新增更改为）第五篇：The Travels of IBn Battuta

2013综合教材阅读理解新增文章The Travels含译文解析word高清版下载

第六篇TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 看电视与长途汽车旅行

第七篇Modern Sun Worshippers 现代日光浴者

第八篇The Changing Middle Class变化中的中产阶级(2012年4月真题）（2012教材新增文章）

第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best 单亲幼儿最出色

第十篇A Letter from Alan艾伦的来信（2012教材新增文章）

第十一篇The Development of Ballet芭蕾舞的发展（2012教材新增文章）

第十二篇Smuggling走私

第十三篇The Barbie Dolls芭比娃娃

第十四篇Sleep睡眠

第十五篇 Orbital Space Plane轨道航天飞机

第十六篇：The Sahara 撒哈拉沙漠（2012教材新增文章）

第十七篇：Eiffel Is an Eyeful引人注目的埃菲尔铁塔（2012教材新增文章）

第十八篇：Goal of American Education（2011年教材中为C级文章）美国教育的目标（2012教材新增文章）第十九篇：The Family家庭（2012教材新增文章）

第二十篇：Tales of the Terrible Past讲述可怕的过去（2012教材新增文章）

第二十一篇：Spacing in Animals动物的空间距离（2012教材新增文章）

第二十二篇：Some Things We Know about Language我们知道的关于语言的一些事情（2012教材新增文章）第二十三篇：The Only Way Is Up只好向上

第二十四篇：Clone Farm克隆农场

第二十五篇：Income收入

第二十六篇：Seeing the World Centuries Ago看许久以前的世界（2012教材新增文章）

第二十七篇：Importance of Services服务业的重要性

第二十八篇：The National Park Service国家公园的服务机构

第二十九篇：Find Yourself Packing It On? Blame Friends发现自己变胖了？这得责怪朋友们

第三十篇："Lucky" Lord Lucan - Alive or Dead―幸运的‖鲁肯伯爵一是死是活（2012教材新增文章）

第三十一篇Pool Watch泳池监护

第三十二篇The Cherokee Nation柴罗基部落

第三十三篇：Oseola McCarty老妇人（2012年4月真题）（2012教材新增文章）

第三十四篇：To Have and Have Not逃亡（2012教材新增文章）

第三十五篇：Going Her Own Way选择她自己的路（2012年4月真题）（2012教材新增文章）

第三十七篇：Pop Music in Africa非洲的流行音乐（2012教材新增文章）

第三十八篇：Why So Many Children为什么有这么多的孩子（2012教材新增文章）

第三十九篇：Eat to Live为了活着吃饭（2012教材新增文章）

第四十篇：New US Plan for Disease Prevention 美国疾病预防新政策

第四十一篇The Operation of International Airlines 国际航空公司的经营

第四十二篇Sauna 桑拿浴

第四十三篇Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack? 建筑设计能使建筑抵御恐怖袭击吗？第四十四篇Americans Get Touchy 越来越爱肢体接触的美国人

第四十五篇Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer女性在迷你裙上逗留的时间更长

第四十六篇Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 捍卫进化论仍必要

第四十七篇：Narrow Escape九死一生（2012教材新增文章）

第四十八篇Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 苏格兰启蒙运动

第四十九篇The Beginning of American Literature 美洲文学的开端

第五十篇 Older Volcanic Eruptions 远古火山喷发

The beginning of American literature

American has always been a land of beginnings. After Europeans ― discovered‖ America in the fifteenth century, the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the first colonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus, before the Northmen who found America about year 1,000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness' tell unforgettable tales of hard end sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only two-and-a-half year: on the American, continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner一they are all the creators of the first American literature.

练习：

1) What does ―that hope‖in the first par agraph refer to?

A)The hope that America would be discovered.

B) The hope to start a life.

C) The hope to see the mysteries of the New World.

D) The hope to find poverty here.

2. When did American literature begin?

A) Before the American natives lived there.

B) When Columbus and other explorers gent reports back home..

C) When tire Northmen found America in about 1,000.

D) Long before the year 1,000.

3. What can we learn from the literature of the tribes of the native Americans?

A) About the everyday fife of the native Americans.

C) About the experience of the first European settlers

D) About the experience of those who died in the New England wilderness.

4. The main purpose of the last paragraph is to tell the readers that

A) in the early days most American writers were from Great Britain.

B) people with rich life experience became writers.

C) there were many writers in the early days of American history

D) early-day experience provided the foundation for American literature.

5. According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true about America literature?

A) Some British writers started American literature.，

B) Early-day American literature is a reflection of the boring life then.

C) Some British writers had doubts about the future of American literature.

D) Some British writers had great confidence in the future of American literature.

参考答案：

1.B.解析：首先找到―that hope‖在文章中的位置：

(第一段)American has always been a land of beginnings. After(在..之后) Europeans ― discovered‖(发现) America in the fifteenth century(世纪), the mysterious(神秘的) New World became for many people a genuine(真正的，真诚的) hope of a new life, an escape from (逃避)poverty and persecution(迫害), a chance(机会) to start(开始) again(再次). We can say that, as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

―that hope‖就是指前一句中的a genuine hope of a new life/开始新生活的真诚希望。

2.D. 利用问题句及被选项中的特征词，细节信息词/结构(American literature, American natives, Columbus and other explorers, Northmen, America, 1,000)作为答案线索，在文章中查找答案相关句：American has always been a land of beginnings.(第一题答案相关句) After Europeans ― discovered‖ America in the fifteenth century, the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

American literature begins with (以...开始)American experiences(经历). Long before (早在...之前)the first colonists(殖民者) arrived, before Christopher Columbus, before the Northman who found America about year 1,000, Native Americans lived here. Each tribe's literature was tightly woven into the fabric of daily life and reflected the unmistakably American experience of lining with the land. Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness' tell unforgettable tales of hard end sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

从第2段第2句可知：很早以前，本土美国人就居住在这里。既然前一句说―美国文学产生于美国人的生活经历‖，由此可知美国文学产生于很早以前就居住这里的本土美国人的生活经历，对比被选项判断只有D合适。

3.A. 利用问题句及被选项中的特征词，细节信息词/结构(literature, tribes, native Americans, everyday life, Columbus, experience, first European settlers, New England Wilderness)作为答案线索，在文章中查找答案相关句：

American has always been a land of beginnings. (第1题答案相关句) After Europeans ― discovered‖ America in the fifteenth century, the mysterious New World became for many people a genuine hope of a new life, an escape from poverty and persecution, a chance to start again. We can say that, as nation, America begins with that hope. When, however, does American literature begin?

(第2题答案相关句) American literature begins with American experiences. Long before the first colonists arrived, before Christopher Columbus, before the Northman who found America about year 1,000, Native

织物) of daily(每天的，日常的) life and reflected(反映，反射) the unmistakably(明白地) American experience of lining with(给...加衬) the land(土地，陆地). Another kind of experience, one filled with fear and excitement, found its expression in the reports that Columbus and other explorers sent home in Spain, French and English. In addition, the journals of the people who lived and died in the New England wilderness' tell unforgettable tales of hard end sometimes heartbreaking experiences of those early years.

根据答案相关句(第2段第3句)可知―从美洲土著部落的文学中，我们可以找到他们日常生活的写照‖。

4.D. 主旨题。关注指定段落是否有段落主题词及段落主题句。

(观点句)Experience, then, is the key(关键) to early(早期的) American literature.(段落主题句) The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only two-and-a-half year: on the American, continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as British subjects, never suspecting a revolution that would create a United States of America with a literature of its own. American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner一they are all the creators of the first American literature.

根据段首句句意判断D是答案。

提示:

如果段首句是―观点句，概括句，定义句，权威人士的发言‖，则这样的段首句往往就是其所在段落的主题句。

5.D. 利用被选项中的共有词British writers，American literature作为答案线索，在第4段中查找答案相关句：

(第4段)(第4题答案相关句) Experience, then, is the key to early American literature. The New World provided a great variety of experiences, and experiences demanded a wide variety of expressions by an even wider variety of early American writers. These writers included John Smith, who spent only two-and-a-half year: on the American, continent. They included Jonathan Edwards and William Byrd，who thought of themselves as(把...看作为...) British subjects(国民，题目，主题，学科), never suspecting(怀疑) a revolution(革命) that would create(创造) a United States of America with a literature of its own(自己的). American Indians, explorers, Puritan ministers, frontier wives, plantation owner一they are all the creators of the first American literature.

译文：

美洲文学的开端

美洲一直是一个充满新开端的地方。15世纪欧洲发现美洲之后这个神奇的新世界给很多人提供了真正的新生活的希望，让他们远离贫穷和迫害，开始一次新生。我们可以说美国是在这种对新生活的美好愿望中诞生的。那么美洲文学是何时开始的呢?

美洲文学是在美洲生活经历中产生的。早在第一个殖民者踏上美洲大陆之前，在哥伦布到达这里之前，甚至1 000年北欧人声称发现了美洲之前，这块土地上就有美洲印第安人居住。每个部落的文学都紧密地交织到日常生活的构架中去，反映了和土地密切相连的确凿无疑的美洲生活经历。另一种美洲经历是充满恐惧又令人兴奋的哥伦布及其他探险家带回家乡的用西班牙语，法语和英语成的报告。另外还有一些新英格兰荒原-上生活的人在日记中记载了早时那难忘的困苦以及有时让人心痛的经历。

美洲的生活经历是美洲早期文学产生的关键因素。这个新世界给人们提供了各种各样的生活经历，这就需要大量的美洲早期文学家用各种各样的方式来描述美洲生活。这些文学家包括仅在美洲居住两年半的约翰?史密斯，还有约翰逊?爱德华和维廉姆?白伊德。这两位自认为是大英帝国臣民的英国作家对一场将会创造出一个拥有自己文学的美利坚合众国的革命从来没有任何怀疑。不管是美洲印第安人，探险家，还是清教徒，新派妻子，农场主等等，他们都是最初美洲文学的创造者。

Older Volcanic Eruptions

V olcanoes were more destructive in ancient history, not because they were bigger, but because the carbon

Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large numbers of animals, but all the mass extinctions over the past 300 million years coincided with huge formations of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do. He calculated the "killing efficiency" for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.

The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcanoes are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover. Yet 60 million years ago, there was another huge amount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. "The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all," Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid. He thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2.

Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geophysical Institute in France, says that Wignall's idea is provocative. But he says it is incredibly hard to do these sorts of calculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thousands or millions of years. He also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volcanoes produced, and that lava volume may not necessarily correspond to carbon dioxide emissions.

词汇：

Bunch n. 群

Marathon n. 马立松;耐力活动

fundraiser n. 募捐

weather v. 经受风雨

bureaucracy n. 官僚机构

注释：

1.Putting a bunch of college students in charge of a$300，000 Dance Marathon，fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky.让一群大学生去负责募集30万美元的马拉松式的跳舞活动，这种募捐听起来肯定有点儿冒险。―putting...in charge of...‖是―让……负责‖。

2.Yvonne Fangmeyer, director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin, conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations.Yvonne Fangmeyer是威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任，在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。―a survey of students involved in campus o rganizations‖太长了，所以―in February‖插到了中间。

3.―teamup‖是―参加‖。

练习：

1. An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of $300,000 is risky because most student leaders

A) are lazy.B) are stupid.C) are not rich enough.D) wilt not take an interest in it.

2. American students join campus organizations mostly for

A) making a difference.B) gaining experience.C) building friendship.D) improving their resumes.

3. Who is Katie Rowley?

A) She's a senior professor.B) She's a senior student.C) She's a senior official.

D) She's a senior citizen

to carry an activity through to a successful end?

5. The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by

A) invent.B) rewrite.C) polish.D) complete.答案与题解：

1.D 问题问的是：像募集30万美元的的课外活动有点冒险是为什么?答案可以从第二段的第一句话中找到。第一句话是这么说的：大多数学生头头并不想在它们不感兴趣的事上花大量的时间。

2.C 问题问的是：美国学生参加校园组织的主要目的是什么?答案可以从第三段找到。第三段是这么说的：威斯康星大学学生组织办公室主任Yvonne Fangmeyer在二月组织了一次学生参加校园组织的调查。她说，寻求友谊是最经常列举的理由。

3.B问题问的是：Katie Rowley是谁?文章提到了好几个人，Katie Rowley是其中的一个。第五段讲到了Katie Rowley。―a Wisconsin senior‖是―威斯康星四年级学生‖。

4.A 问题问的是：为了把一项活动顺利地贯彻到底学生头头需要什么?答案可以从倒数第二段找到。第一句话是这么说的：但是，如果没有激情(passion)，学生头头试图经受急风暴雨的考验是会有困难的。

5.C 问题问的是：哪个词替换第6段中的―fatten up‖最合适?―fatten up‖原义是―使

人或动物变肥‖，在这里可以解释为使一个人的履历更充实一些，因此也好看一些。因此意思上最接近的是―polish‖(润色)。

译文：

远古火山喷发

古代的火山更具杀伤力，不是因为它们更大，而是因为它们释放出来的二氧化碳更容易把人杀死。

来自里兹大学的Paul Wignall正在调查火山爆发和大规模物种灭绝之间的联系。不是所有的火山都会造成大量动物死亡。但在过去的三亿年间，巨大的火山岩石的形成都伴随着大规模种族灭绝。让他惊奇的是，远古的火山造成的破坏更大。他通过比较火山释放出的熔岩的体积与杀死生命的比例计算这些火山的杀伤效力。他发现，体积相同的情况下，老远古火山要比近期火山的杀伤力大十倍。

例如，发生在两亿五千年前的二叠纪物种灭绝就与西伯利亚的火山爆发发生在同一时期。当时的火山岩大约覆盖了西欧那么大的面积。当时火山释放出了大约100亿吨梯恩梯的二氧化碳，随之而来的全球变暖杀死了80％的海洋生物。500万年以后，地球才恢复到原来的状态。然而，6000年前，火山大规模爆发，以及而后的全球变暖并没有带来种族灭绝。一些动物确实消失了，但几万年以后，地球又恢复到以前的水平。―最近的一次火山爆发基本上没带来什么影响。‖Wignall称。他并没有将650万年前的恐龙灭绝计算在内，因为大部分的科学家认为那是有小行星撞击地球所引起的。他认为，远古火山之所以杀伤力大是因为近期的生物能够更好的适应二氧化碳含量上升。

法国巴黎地理研究所的所长Vincent Courtillot称Wignall的观点很具争议性，并且很难做出这样的计算。他指出火山爆发的杀伤力是由其持续长度所决定的。并且很难知道是否大规模爆发会持续上百万年。他补充道，很难计算远古火山灰喷发多少火山岩，并且火山岩的数量也不一定和二氧化碳释放数量相一致。Finding Enlightenment in Scotland

In the 1740s, the famous French philosophy V oltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization." That's not a bad advertisement for any country, especially when it comes to attracting people in search of a first class education.

Yet some people go even further than that. According to the American author Arthur Herman, the Scots invented the modem world itself. He argues that Scottish thinkers and intellectuals worked out many of the most important ideas on which modem life depends - everything from the scientific method to market economics. Their ideas did not just spread amongst intellectuals, but to those people in business, government and the sciences who actually shaped the Western world.

It all started during the period that historians call the Scottish Enlightenment, which is usually seen as taking place between the years 1740 and 1800, At this time, Scotland was home to a number of thinkers who made an important shift in the course of Western philosophy. Before that, philosophy was mainly concerned with religion. For the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment, the proper study of humanity was mankind itself.

Their reasoning was practical. For the philosopher David Hume, humanity was the right subject for

from that we can make judgments about the societies we live in and make concrete suggestions about how they can be improved, for universal benefit.

Hume was not a scientist himself, but his enquiry into the nature of knowledge laid the foundations for the scientific method - the pursuit of truth through experiment. His friend and fellow resident of Edinburgh, Adam Smith, famously applied the study of mankind to the ways in which mankind does business. Trade, he argued, was a form of information. Money is the way in which people tell each other what they want, and how much people pay is the best way we have of knowing how much somebody wants something. In pursuing our own interests through trading in markets, we all come to benefit each other.

Smith's idea of "enlightened self-interest" has come to dominate modem views of economics. It also has wider applications. He was one of the first major philosophers to point out that nations can become rich, free and powerful more efficiently through peace, trade and invention than by means of war and plunder.

The original Scottish Enlightenment is thought to have ended with the lives of Smith, Hume anti the other thinkers who lived in Scotland at that time. But a wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen. It exists in the way that the ideas evolved at that time still underpin our theories. It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with practical orientation.

The Institute for System Level Integration (ISLI) is a good example. Founded in 1998 by a group of four Scottish universities, ISLI draws on the academic expertise of the university departments of computer science, electronic and electrical engineering and informatics. But though it works at the cutting edge1 of science, ISLI's ultimate aims are rooted in the needs of the real world2: to produce highly skilled design engineers and researchers to meet the needs of the rapidly changing global semiconductor industry.

Though only one amongst many educational institutions in Scotland, ISLI's existence shows that the principles of the Scottish Enlightenment still live on. It's a country that's still inventing, still modernizing, and still doing its best to spread enlightenment.

词汇：

enlightenment /in'laitnmsnt/ w.启蒙plunder /plAnds/ n.掠夺

underpin /Andipin/ v.作为的基础

semiconductor /isemikan'dAkto/ n.半导体

L fitting edge;(科钱发展的)itr沿

2. rodted in the needs of the real world??基于现实世界够需要

练习：

[1] Scotland is thought to have made important contributions to the civilization of the Western world because of

the great thinkers who were born there

the methods introduced by its distinguished scholars

the first-class education it provides

the ideas proposed by some famous thinkers and intellectuals

[2] Which of the following is the ultimate aim of Hume's huittamty-oriented studies?

To observe and investigate humaii behaviour.

To find ways to improve human society as a whole.:

To find out how people think aiid feel.

To judge the societies humans live iii.

[3] Smith's idea of "enlightened self-interest" has great significance for ?

the pursuit of personal interest

the prosperity of all nations 丨 1

the improvement of international trade

[4] Which of the following statements is true of the Scottish Enlightenment?

It ended with the death of such thinkers as Hume and Adam Smith.

It is embodied only in the way Scottish universities are run.

Its influence is found only in economics.

It is still alive in a broad sense.

[5] The Institute for System Level Integration is used as an example to illustrate .

the practical orientation of Scottish higher edueation

the tradition of Scottish higher education

Smith's application of Hume's philosophical ideas to ecoiiomics ?

the high level of education Scottish universities have attiiiied

答案与题解：

D这道k的答案在第二段里可以找到。根据Arthur Herman,苏格兰的思想家和知识分子提出了很多现代生活引以为据的思想，这些思想不仅对知识分子来说具有学术意义,而且还流传到商业、政府和科学等领域。

B文章的第四段解释了Hume的研究是如何以人为本的。人的行为、人的思维方式等都是他所要研究的，但他研究的最终目的是这段的最后一句话，g卩make concrete suggestions/for universal benefit.

B答案见第六段。Smith的这个想法对现代经济学固然有重要意义,但如文中所说，It also has wider applications.即下文所说的世界各国可以通过和平、贸易和创造轰明而不是通过战争和掠夺来变得富裕、自由、强大。

D 答案的依据在第七段：A wider Scottish Enlightenment can still be seen.

B文章的倒数第二段介绍了这个被用作例子的学校，这个例乎要说明什么可以看再前一段。最后一句说：It also exists in Scotland itself in an educational tradition that combines academic excellence with practical orientation.

译文：

苏格兰启蒙运动

18世纪40年代法国著名哲学家伏尔泰曾经说过：―苏格兰汇集了我们所要寻找的所有文明‖。这对一个国家来说无疑是不错的广告，尤其可以吸引那些正在寻求一流教育的人。

然而有些人认为还不仅如此。据美国作家阿瑟·赫尔曼所说，是苏格兰人创造了现代社会的一切。他认为苏格兰思想家和知识分子提出了很多现代生活弓[以为据的思想，涵盖科学理论到市场经济等多个领域。他们的思想不仅在学术界广为流传，那些构建西方世界的商人，政府官员及科学家等也深受他们的影响。

各种思潮的蓬勃开始于1740年到1800年之间发生的苏格兰启蒙运动。当时苏格兰聚集了一大批使西方哲学产生巨大转变的思想家。在这之前，哲学以宗教作为它的主要研究对象。而苏格兰启蒙思想家则认为人类应以人本身作为研究对象。

启蒙思想家们主张分析的实用性。哲学家大卫·休谟认为哲学应把人类作为研究对象，因为这样我们可以审视人的行为从而求证人类究竟是如何思考和感知的。在此基础上我们就可以对我们居住的社会作出评价，进而提出具体的改进意见，造福全人类。

休谟本身不是科学家，但他对知识性质的研究为从经验中寻求真理的科学理论奠定了思想基础。他的好友也是他在爱丁堡时的室友，亚当·斯密以将人类学研究应用于经济学而著称。亚当斯密曾经说过贸易是一种信息。金钱是人们相互告知自己需求的一种方式，而人们的消费金额使我们了解一个人对某种商品的需求程度的最好途径。人们在市场贸易中寻求自身利益的过程是互利互惠的。

亚当斯密的启蒙性的―自身利益‖的观点不仅已成为现代经济学的主流，它在其他方面还有更广的应用。他是第一个提出世界各国可以通过和平、贸易和创造发明而不是通过战争和掠夺来变得富裕、自由、强大的哲学家。

最初的苏格兰启蒙运动随着亚当斯密，休谟等在苏格兰居住的思想家们的去世而衰落了。但是我们仍可以看到启蒙运动的痕迹，那时产生的思想仍是我们当今很多理论的基础。在今天的苏格兰，其教育传统

系统水平整合研究所就是一个很好的例子。该所1998年由四所苏格兰大学创建，以计算机科学，电子工程和信息学为学术专长。虽然他的许多学科都走在科学前沿，其最终教学目的还是基于现实社会的需求，即为当今全球多变的半导体工业培养高水平的设计工程师和研究者。

虽然这只是苏格兰众多教育机构中的一个，但是该研究所的教育理念证实了苏格兰启蒙运动思想在今天仍有体现。苏格兰仍然在创造，发展，并努力地传播着它的启蒙思想。

Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed

Judith S. Weis, a biology professor who serves as2 president of the American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS) is leading a nationwide effort to ―defend，，the theory of evolution. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference from school boards and government entities3.

The Institute believes that the teaching of evolution in America is being diminished by the teaching of creationism as well as by an overall lack of teaching Darwin's4 theory in high school. "There's nothing that requires schools to teach evolution. Sometimes teachers in high schools just leave it out . However, from the point of view of biologists, evolution is the central theory of biology upon which everything is based," said Weis. "Unfortunately, teaching evolution has become a political issue in many parts of the country and AIBS, as a representative of biologists, wanted to be a major force speaking out in favor of its teaching."6

Weis said the institute is working together with the American Geological Institute and the National Association of Biology Teachers and its 80-plus member organizations7 to address8 the political and legislative threats to teaching evolution. In states challenging its teaching, the institute responds by sending letters to school boards and state legislatures, by providing testimony at public meetings and by notifying members and affiliated organizations. AIBS, with more than 80 member societies and 250,000 members, has established an e-mail system enabling scientists and teachers in each state, and member societies, to keep each other informed about threats to the teaching of evolution.

Darwin's theory of evolution holds that living things change and adapt to their environment and that present-day species (including human beings) are descended from earlier species through modification by natural selection. The theory has been accepted by scientists for nearly 100 years, Weis said, and has been refined, extended and strengthened over the years by findings in paleontology and developmental biology.

Discoveries in genetics, molecular biology9 and genomics — all of which provide significant benefits for human health —would not be possible without the underlying10 knowledge of evolution. And, Weis adds, "modern molecular biology and genomics have increased our understanding of how evolution works." Nonetheless, evolution remains a politically, if not scientifically, controversial issue.

Weis said that this year alone, seven states have had either local or statewide efforts to water down11 the teaching of evolution, or "balance" it with the teaching of creationism 一a religious belief that different species were cr eated separately by a higher power, such as God. "Rarely does anyone now use the word ?creationism，，because that's too obvious," Weis said. "The current terminology is ?intelligent design.，，，

词汇：

creationism /krii'eijenizam/ n.神仓1J 论legislature /'ledgisleitja/ n.立法机关affiliated organization 附属机构refine/n'fain/v.精炼，提纯?‘ 改进

paleontology ^paeliDn'tDladgi/n.古生物学genetics /dji'netiks/ n.遗传genomics M31 丨rrnmiks/ n.基因学terminology / 丨t3:mi 丨nt)led3i/ n.术语

注释：

1 ? the theory of evolution：进化论

！2. serve as：担任

3. Weis leads the effort in the face of what the institute views as opposition and indifference

from school boards and government entities.：研究所看到了来自学校董事会和政府部门的反对和冷漠管如

entity：实体。如，business entity：企业单位，营业单位

4. Darwin：达尔文（1809—1882),英国博物学家，进化论创始人

5. leave it out：忽略，遗漏

6. speak out in favor of its teaching：为进化论教育而疾呼

speak out：大胆地说，大声地说in favor of：in support of 支持；赞同

7. 80- plus member organizations：80 多个成员组织。plus:超过的，略大的，如：

All the children here are 10plus.这些孩子年龄都在10岁或者10岁以上。Her mark was B plus。她■勺分数是B+。

8. address：意为―to deal with‖（处理，解决，对付）。如： . to address the issue of terrorist attack：对付恐怖袭击的问题

9. molecular biology：分子生物学

10. underlying：意痴―basic; fundamental‖（基础的；基本的）。

11. water down：冲淡，掺水，打折扣

练习：

1. According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory of evolution is true?

A) Government entities support AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.

B) School boards oppose AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.

C) AIBS and school boards advocate the teaching of the theory of evolution.

D) The theory of evolution and that of creationism co-exist peacefully in schools.

2. Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin's theory?

A) Teaching of creationism diminishes teaching of evolution.

B) Teachers are not required to teach Darwin's theory.

C) Teachers often leave out the teaching of evolution.

D) Darwin's theory is denied as the central theory of biology.

3. AIBS is composed of ?

A) more than 80 societies and 250,000 members.

B) 250,000 biologists.

C) 80 member organizations.

D) more than 250,000 members and 80 member societies.

4. According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution

A) is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular biology and genomics.

B) is a political issue.

C) is based on genetics, molecular biology and genomics.

D) has increased our understanding of human health.

E) Because "intelligent design" represents the modified theory of evolution. 1

F) Because they believe God created different species.

G) Because the term creationism is unscientific.

H) Because the term creationism is too direct.

答案与题解：

1. B 选项A与原意不符。C和D第一段没有涉及。只有B是正确的答案。

2. D 根据文章第二段的内容，除了D以外，A、B、C明显都是学校缺少达尔文进化论教育的原因。

3. A 第三段的最后一个句子提供了答案。

4. A 该段第一句告诉我们，没有进化论作为基础知识不可能有遗传学、分子生物学和基因学上的发现。所以A是正确选项。

5. D 人们使用―intelligent design‖不仅因为这个词语更带有科学性，而且因为creationism带有过于明

译文：

捍卫进化论仍必要

美国生物科学研究所主席JudithS. Weis正发动全国的力量来―捍卫‖进化论。研究所看到了来自学校董事会和政府部门的反对和冷漠,尽管如此，Weis仍带领大家为捍卫进化论而努力。

研究^f认为美国的进化论教育由于神创论教育和高中完全缺少达尔文理论的讲授而减少。―没有命令要求学校教授进化论。高中老师有肘就忽略了它。然而，从生物学家的角度来看，进化论是生物学的中心理论，是万物存在的基础，‖ Weis说。―不幸的是，在美国许多地方和美国生物科学院，讲授进化论成了一个政治事件，作为生物学家的代表，我想为进化论教育而疾呼。‖

Weis说生物学院正和美国的地质研究所和国家生物教师联合会及其80多个成员组织合作来对抗来自政治上和法律上的关于教授进化论的威胁。在国内，面对进化论教育的挑战，生物科学院寄信给学校董事会和国家立法机关，在公众会议上展示证据，通知其成员及联合组织。生物科学院拥有80多个成员社团和250000个成员，它建立了一个电子邮件系统使各州的科学家和成员社团能相互联合，告知进化论教育面临的威胁。

达尔文的进化论主张生物变化以适应它们的环境，并且现有物种（包括人类）是由早期物种经过自然选择的改造遗传下来的。这个理论已经被科学家接受了近100年，Weis说，并且由于古生物学的发现和生物学的发展而被完善、拓展、加强。

基因、分子生物学和整组遗传因子方面的发现——这些都对人类健康大有好处——如果离开进化论是不可能实现的。而且，Weis补充说，―现代分子生物学和基因学加深了我们对进化论的认识。‖然而，进化论仍是政治性而非科学性的争议问题。

Weis说仅今天，七个州的地方性或全州性地减少了进化论教育或使其处于和神创论教育同等的地位。神创论是指从宗教上相信物种是由一种更高级的力量，例如上帝分别创造。―极少有人使用?神创论‘这个词，因为它太明显了，‖ Weis说：―目前使用的术语是?天才的设计‖

Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer

British women are happy nowadays to wear mini-skirts up until the age of 40, according to research by Debenhams.

Just 20 years ago, few women would dare to wear a mini-skirt after the age of 33, the store said. ―It shows that women now have an increasing confidence in their bodies and are happy to dress accordingly,‖ it added in a statement. ―If this trend continues, there‘s no doubt that, within the next decade, women in their mid 40s and early 50s will rightly regard a mini-skirt as an essential pan of their everyday wardrobe.‖

The figures emerged when the store examined the latest age profile of women buying short, 36-cm skirts over the past six months. Their results show that it has jumped from an average age of 36-years-old at the start of millennium to 40 today. Figures from 1980 showed that on average women stopped buying minis when they reached 33 years old -- a figure unchanged from the mid-1960s.

The store noted that experts believe that the popularity of intensive gym culture, providing women with well toned bodies for longer may be the reason The increasing number of British women living on their own may also be a factor.

The Debenhams‘ study showed that a modern woman‘s love affair with a mini-skin begins at the age of 14 but that she doesn‘t buy her first one until the age of 16 Instead, she flouts school roles by rolling up the waistband of the school uniform to give the impression of wearing a mini skirt.

Skirts get shorter between the ages of 16 and 19, reducing in size from 46 to 36 cm before reaching their shortest, a mere 32 cm, at the age of 23. Skirt .length increases slightly between the ages of 23 and 27, rising to 37 cm, possibly due to girls being in their first stable relationship, with no desire to attract attention, the store said. However, it found short skirt suddenly zoom in popularity between the ages of 27 and 34, as those early relationships break down, and new relationships are formed. The move into longer skins begins irreversibly at 40

dramatically, falling below the knee for the very first time since school days at the age of 42.

词汇：

millennium /mi'lenism/ n.千禱年 gym Id^iml n.健身房

注释：

这里指公元2000年。

gym culture:指英国现在流行的去健身房健身的趋势。

well toned bodies:指结实而线条良好的体形。

练习：

1. Debenhams could most possibly be ?

a fashion magazine

a lifestyle association

an expert on trends

a department store

2. According to the passage, British women are happy to wear mini-skirts up until an older age because of the following reasons EXCEPT ：

Women are more and more confident in their bodies.

Women nowadays pay much more attention to body building, and this provides them with well toned bodies to wear mini-skirts.

The Climate of Great Britain are getting warmer in recent years, thus women can wear minis for a longer time.

More and more women are now living on their own.

3. We can infer from the second and third paragraph that in 1970s

a lot of women dared to wear mini-skirts at the age of 40

most women between 33 and 36 were still happy to wear mini-skirts

even women in their early 50s rightly regarded a mini-skirt as an essential part of their everyday wardrobe most women no longer wore mini-skirts when they reach the age of 33

4. Which of the following statements about the length of the mini-skirts is true?

At the age of 14,girls often wear mini-skirts which are about 46cm in size.

Girls at the age of 19 wear the shortest mini-skirts.

At the age of 23，most girls wear mini-skirts which are 37cm long.

From the age of 23,skirt length increases because girls are in their first stable relationship.

5. The word ―zoom‖ in the first sentence of the last paragraph can be best replaced by?

soar

decrease

hold steady

drop

答案与题解：

D从第k段的第一句话可知Debenhams是一个百货公司的名称。

C英国女性愿意穿超短裙人群的年龄有上升的趋势，主要是因为人们越来越自信，注意健身保持体形，以及女性生活更加独立。气候变暖不是文中所说的原因之一。

D第三段说从20世纪60年代开始一直到80年代，调査都显示女性到33岁之后普遍不再购买超短裙。

D从倒数第二段可知,从23岁开始，女性所穿着的超短裙长度从32 cm渐增至37 cm,主要是因为这个阶段她们普遍有了稳定的恋爱关系。

A ―zoom‖意为迅速增长，故A是最佳答案。

女性在迷你裙上逗留的时间更长

根据Debenhams公司的调查，英国女性在40岁之前钟情于穿超短裙。

可就在20年前，只有很少数的女性在33岁以后还敢穿超短裙。Debenhams公司透露，这些表明现代女性对自己身材的信心与日俱增，并在一份声明中补充到现代女性也很喜欢穿衣打扮，如果这个趋势继续下去的话，那么在下个十年的时间里40岁到50岁的英国女性的衣橱无疑将被超短裙占据。

商店调查在过去6个月购买超短的，36厘米长的裙子的妇女的最新年龄分布时，出现了新的数字。他们的研究结果表明，在新千年开始之际，平均年龄已由36岁上升到40岁。从1980年的数字显示，平均起来，当达到33岁时妇女就停止购买迷你裙了——这一数字从60年代中期一直没有改变。

商店注意到，专家相信高密度的健身文化的流行，给女性更加长时间的保持身体健康提供了理据。英国生活独立的妇女越来越多也是其中一个因素。

16岁到19岁之间裙子变得越来越短，从46厘米减少到36厘米，23岁时达到32厘米，达到最短。23岁到27岁迷你裙长度又逐渐增长，增加到37厘米，可能是由于女孩感情第一次稳定下来，没有再去吸引人的必要。商店报道说。

然而，由于女孩的第一次感情的破裂，新的关系正在形成，从27岁到34岁迷你裙又突然流行起来。40岁时迷你裙又开始变长，46厘米，稍稍在膝盖上面是标准的流行模式。从那时起，迷你裙的长度急剧增长，在42岁时又达到膝盖以下，这是自从离开校门后首次达到膝盖以下。

Americans Get Touchy1

The New York Times recently reported that American teens are hugging practically everyone they see. Say goodbye to the greetings of the past, from the hands-off "What's up!" to the handshake or high-five2. For young people across the country, hugging is the new "Hello".

Girls are hugging girls. Boys are hugging boys. Girls and boys are hugging each other. And, like every major trend, there are lots of variations on the form. There's the classic, full-body, arms-around-the-person bear hug, the casual one-armed side hug, the group hug and the hug from behind. There's the handshake that turns into a hug and the hug that turns into a pat on the back.

As trends go, this one seems pretty innocent. But some parents, teachers and school administrators are worried nonetheless. Will young people who aren't as comfortable with physical contact feel peer pressured into hugging? Willkids who don't receive hugs feel left Out3? Could an extra-long hug slide into the more ominous territory of sexual harassment?

In response to some of these concerns, some schools have set up new rules to limit or eliminate hugging. One school head has created a three-second limitation4 for hugs at her school. A few schools have taken even more drastic measures, placing a ban on all forms of touching between students.

A few important points are being left out of the discussion. While the US has traditionally been reserved about touching - saving hugs and kisses for relatives, romantic partners and very close friends - people in many other parts of the world have been greeting each other this way for ages.

In Latin America or Western Europe, in countries like Spain, France, and Italy, a kiss on the cheek is common among women, as well as among women and men who are not romantically involved. The cheek-kiss varies by region.

Sometimes it is just an air kiss blown past the face. In other places, the proper way of greeting is to deliver a kiss upon both cheeks, or sometimes even a triplet of kisses performed by kissing one cheek, then the other, then back to the first.

Latin American men are more likely to shake hands when greeting other men,but in some countries like Turkey, it's not unusual for men who know each other well to exchange kisses on the cheek. Meanwhile, for the Maori people of New Zealand, a traditional greeting called the "hongi" involves pressing nosestogether.

So, from a global perspective, the new trend of teen hugging in America is not so "new" after all. People all around the world move in close to say hello,and Americans are just now joining in.

touchy adj. 易怒的；敏感的

harassment n. 骚扰

triplet n. 三个一组；三件一套

注释：

1. touchy 的本意为―易怒的‖、―敏感的‖，这里用来指―喜欢肢体接触的‖，标题意味美国人越来越喜欢肢体接触了。

2. High-five：是美国文化手势的一种，并没有正式的中文名称，一般代表了―庆祝成功的击掌‖，有时也写成―Give me five‖。

3. feel left out：感到被排斥

4. three-second limitation：指学校制定的将拥抱限制在三秒钟之内的规定。

5. Maori people：毛利人（新西兰的土著）。

练习：

1. The word "practically" in the first paragraph could be best replaced by

A) certainly

B) nearly

C) actively

D) voluntarily

2. Which of the following is NOT among the typical ways of greetings in the past?

A) hands off "What's up"

B) handshake

C) high-five

D) embrace

3. Some parents, teachers and school administrators concern the new trend of hugging for the following reasons EXCEPT:

A) Some young people get involved into the trend due to peer pressure.

B) Those who don't receive hugs feel left out.

C) There's the danger that hugging slide into the more ominous territory of sexual harassment.

D) Diseases could be transmitted more easily through the extra-long body contact.

4. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A) Teenagers across the US hug everyone they see in nearly the same way.

B) Although some adults worry about the trend, few measures have been taken to ban on it.

C) Traditionally, the US people have been reserved about hugging between anybody.

D) In some countries, it's usual for men to kiss each other on the cheek.

5. We can infer that the author holds a attitude toward the new trend of hugging.

A) positive

B) negative

C) indifferent

D) conservative

答案与题解：

1．B 文章开篇第一句话意为―《纽约时报》最近报道美国的青少年现在几乎见到每一个人都会拥抱‖。―practically‖常来表达―nearly‖、―almost‖的意思。

2．D 第一段中列举了过去美国人见面打招呼的常见方式，不包括―拥抱‖。

3．D 第三段谈及成年人对青少年越来越多地以拥抱的方式打招呼这一趋势所表达的关切，包括担心有一些人纯粹因为来自同伴的压力而不得不接受这样一种方式，担心那些不接受拥抱这种打招呼方式的人有被边缘化的感觉，甚至担心见面拥抱会成为性骚扰的保护外衣。但没有提及对拥抱可能更容易传播疾病

4．D 倒数第二段中，作者谈到在一些国家，比如土耳其，男人见面时互相亲吻脸颊很正常。

5．A 从整篇文章的内容来看，作者对拥抱成为美国年轻人间打招呼的方式这一趋势持一个比较积极的态度。他认为其他文化中这样一种方式已经存在了很长的时间，从全球范围来看，美国不过是加入了其他国家的行列而已。

译文：

越来越爱肢体接触的美国人

《纽约时报》最近报道，美国的青少年现在几乎见到每一个人都会拥抱。与过去见面时的握手问候到分别时的击掌再见不同的是，如今的青少年选择拥抱为他们最新的问候方式。

女孩子和男孩子之间都互相相拥抱。并且，最新的潮流是，拥抱的形式有了多种多样的变化。

有古典式的、全身式的、手臂的拥抱或是随意的搭肩，群体拥抱和后身拥抱。握手逐渐转变成拥抱，而拥抱又将简化为背后的轻轻一拍。

表面看起来这股流行思潮很简单。然而，一些父母，老师和学校管理人员对青少年越来举多地以拥抱的方式打招呼这一趋势表示关切。包括担心有一些人纯粹因为来自同伴的压力而不得不接受这样一种方式，担心那些不接受拥抱这种打招呼方式的人有被边缘化的感觉，甚至担心见面拥抱会成为性骚扰的保护外衣。为了回应社会的这些质疑，一些学校已经建立了一些新的规章来限制和减少拥抱。一位学校的领导提出了将拥抱限制在三秒钟之内的倡议。一些学校甚至在此方面实施了更为严格的规定，甚至严禁任何形式的学生之间的拥抱。

这场社会大讨论忽视掉了一些重要的方面。比如，美国从传统来讲在拥抱和亲戚间、恋人间、朋友间、互相拥吻方面就很保守，然而，在世界的一些其他国家，人们世世代代都这样互相问候。

在拉丁美洲或西欧，如西班牙、法国、意大利，男女之间甚至不很熟悉的人们互相亲吻面面颊都是很常见的。面颊亲吻有着地域的不同。有时仅仅是擦过脸颊的一吻。在其他地方，最正确的问候是在脸颊两侧各吻一下，甚至有时会再重复亲吻第一次吻过的面颊。

拉丁美洲的人们更倾向于问候时候互相握手。但是在一些其他国家，如土耳其，熟人之间互相亲吻面颊是非常正常的。而新西兰的毛利人一种名为‖洪基‖的问候方式是互相碰触鼻子。

所以，从全球角度来讲，美国青少年的互相拥抱毕竟不算是什么新鲜事。全世界的人们都拉近了问候的距离，美国人仅仅是才加入而已。

Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack

In the aftermath of1 the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, structural engineers are trying hard to solve a question that a month ago would have been completely unthinkable ：Can

building be designed to withstand catastrophic blasts inflicted by terrorists?

Ten days after the terrorist attacks on the twin towers，structural engineers from the University at Buffalo and the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) headquartered at UB traveled to ground zero2 as part of a project funded by the National Science Foundation. Visiting the site as part of an MCEER reconnaissance visit, they spent two days beginning the task of formulating ideas about how to design such structures and searching for clues on how to do so in buildings that were damaged,but still are standing3.

―Our objective in vis iting ground zero was to go and look at the buildings surrounding the World Trade Center,those buildings that are still standing,but that sustained damage4," said M. Bruneau,Ph. D. ― Our immediate hope is that we can develop a better understanding as to why those buildings remain standing, while our long-term goal is to see whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies5 to achieve enhanced performance of buildings6 in the event of terrorist attacks. ‖ he added.

Photographs taken by the investigators demonstrate in startling detail7 the monumental damage inflicted on the World Trade Center towers and buildings in the vicinity. One building a block away from the towers remains standing,but was badly damaged. "This building is many meters away from the World Trade Center and yet we see a column there that used to be part of that building ‖，explained A. Whittaker,Ph. D. "The column became a missile that shot across the road,through the window and through the floor. ‖

systems in one of the adjacent buildings was quite rugged,allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debris to remain intact9. ―Highly redundan t ductile framing systems may provide a simple, but robust strategy for blast resistance. ‖ he added. Other strategies may include providing alternate paths for gravity loads in the event that a load-bearing column fails. ― We also need a better understand ing of the mechanism of collapse"，said A. Whittaker. "We need to find out what causes a building to collapse and how you can predict it. ‖

A. Reinhorn,Ph. D. noted that ―earthquake shaking has led to the collapse of many buildings in the past. It induces dynamic response and extremely high stresses and deformations in structural components. Solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may be directly applicable to blast engineering and terrorist-resistant design. Part of our mission now at UB is to t ransfer these solutions and to develop new ones where none exist at present. ‖

词汇：

aftermath /'aiftomaeB/ n.后果，结果withstand /wifi'staend/ v.绿受住inflict /in'fikt/ v.使遭受，施加reconnaissance /ri'kDnisQns/ 队勘察；侦察in the vicinity 附近

debris /'deibri:/ n?碎片

intact /m'taekt/ a办未受损伤的，完整无缺的

ductile /'dAktail/ adj.可伸展的，易变形的

注释：

in the af termath of…：在……（灾难性的事件发生)后的一段时间内。例如：in the aftermath of the Second World War:第二次世界大战结束后的时期

ground zero：世界贸易中心（双子塔)被毁现场

buildings that were damaged,but still are standing:那些已损坏但未倒塌的建筑

but that sustained damage:但遭到了损坏。sustain:蒙受，遭受(伤害或损失）。

whether earthquake engineering technologies can be married to existing technologies:抗震技术能否与现有的建筑技术相结合。be married to:与……相结合。

to achieve enhanced performance of buildings:以提高建筑的性倉旨

in startling detail:以令人吃惊的细节

the floor framing:楼板骨架

allowing floors that were pierced by tons of falling debris to remain intact:那些被成吨的残片击

穿的楼板得以完整无缺

练习：

1. The question raised in the first paragraph is one ?

that was asked by structural engineers a month ago

that is too difficult for structural engineers to answer even now

that was never thought of before the terrorist attack

that terrorists are eager to find a solution to

2. The project funded by the National Science Foundation ?

was first proposed by some engineers at UB

took about two days to complete

was to investigate the damage caused by the terrorist attack

was to find out why some buildings could survive the blasts

3. The column mentioned by Dr. Whittaker .

was part of the building close to the World Trade Center

was part of the World Trade Center、

was shot through the window and the floor of the World Trade Center

damaged many buildings in the vicinity of the World Trade Center

4. A surprising discovery made by the investigators during their visit to ground zero is that

some floor framing systems demonstrate resistance to explosion

simple floor framing systems are more blast resistant

floors in one of the adjacent buildings were pierced by tons of debris

5. What Dr. Reinhorn said in the last paragraph may imply all the following EXCEPT that

blast engineers should develop new solutions for terror -resistant design

blast engineering can borrow technologies developed for terror -resistant design

solutions developed for earthquake-resistant design may apply to terrorist-resistant design

blast engineering emerges as a new branch of science

答案与题解：

c建筑i受计是否能使建筑具有抵御恐怖袭击的性能，是在一个月前世界贸易中心受到袭击之前人们从未想过的一个问题。这是第一段的主要内容。所以，只有c是正确答案。

D A不是正确选项，因为文章没有提及谁首先提出这个项目。B或C都不是文章所述的内容。答案可以在第三段中找到。

A we see a column there that used to be part of that building ...这里的that building 指的是the building many meters away from the World Trade Center.

B 选项A 不是正确答案，因为文章说，the floor framing systems in one of the adjacent buildings ... remain intact。C不是文章表述的内容。D在文中提到，但不悬a surprising discovery。只有B是正确答案。

D选项A的内容是正确的，根据是本段最后一句（―...develop new ones‖）。选项B和C 的内容也是正确的，根据是本段最后两句（关键词是applicable和transfer)。只有D是答案，因为Reinhorn 没有说：Blast engineering emerges as a new branch of science.

译文：

建筑设计能使建筑抵御恐怖袭击吗

在世贸中心遭受恐怖袭击后一段时间内，建筑工程师们试图解决一个在一个月前人们从未想过的问题：建筑设计能使建筑具有抵御恐怖袭击的性能吗？

恐怖分子袭击双子塔10天后，布法罗大学的建筑工程师和总部设在布法罗大学多学科中心的地震工程研究所作为国家科学基金出资的一个项目的一部分来到了世贸中心被毁现场。参观了地震研究所_分人员考察的地点，他们用了2天时间开始将如何设计抵抗袭击的建筑的想法系统化并且在那些已损坏但未倒塌的建筑中寻找如何设计的线索。

―我们考察被毁现场的目的是去看看世贸中心周围的建筑，那些被损坏但没倒塌的建筑。‖ M. Brunean博士说。―我们当ff的愿望是能对那些建筑没倒塌的原因有更好的认识，：而我们的长远目标是看能否将抗震技术与现有建筑技术结合以提高在恐怖袭击事件中建筑的性能。‖他补充说o

研i者拍摄的照片以惊人的细节展示了恐怖袭击对世贸中心及其附近建筑造成的严重损坏。一幢离世贸中心一街区远的建筑虽被严重损坏但未倒塌Q ―这幢建筑离世贸中心数英米远，然而我们在被毁现场还看到过去曾是其一部分的一个圆柱‖，A. Whittaker博士说，―这个圆柱充当了一枚发射物，跨过了道路，穿过了窗户和楼层。‖

据工程师们说，在被毁现场的考察也发现了一些令人惊奇的事。例如，附近一幢建筑的楼板骨架系统非常坚固，这使那些被成吨的残片击穿的楼板得以完整无缺。―高度充分的伸展的骨架系统可以为具有抗爆炸性能提供简单而有效的方法。‖他补充说。其他方法可以包括在承重部分失去作用时为重力的下落提供多种途径。―我们也需要更好地认识倒塌的过程‖，A. Whittaker说，―我们需要找到是什么引起建筑倒塌和如何对其进行预测。‖

A. Reinhorn博士特别提到―在过去，地震造成的震动使许多建筑物倒塌。它！引起动力的反应、极强的压力和建筑结构部分变形。抗震性能设计的发展也许可直接适用于爆炸工程和抗袭击性能的设计，我们在布法罗大学任务的一部分是吸收这些解决方法并找到未知的新方法。‖

Sauna

Ceremonial bathing1 has existed for thousands of years and has many forms,one of which is the sauna. The Finns

hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese,Greeks,Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans2 used sweat

lodges. ^

The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit3 would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say th at the smoke sauna, ―savusauna"，is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood- burning stoves are available.

Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving4. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time5. The body' s core temperature usually rises a 1 - 2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating6 a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying "feed a cold,starve a fever7". The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.

Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body, s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.

A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor' s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas,particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.

词汇：

sauna /'soinQ/ n.(芬兰式)蒸汽洛，桑拿浴odor/bucte/n?气味，味道arthritis /ai'Graitis/ n.关节炎inflammation /iinflp'meijsn/ n.炎(症) asthma / 'aesms/ n.气喷congestion /kan'dgestjon/ n.阻塞；拥塞grime /graim/w?污塘；尘塘cardiovascular /ikaidiau'vaeskjub/ adj. 血,的?

diabetes /1daia'biitiiz/ n.糖尿病

注释：

ceiremonial bathing:仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。

pre-Columbian Americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian是Columbus的形容词形式，意思是―哥伦布的‖ ；pre-是前缀，意思是：在? ? ? ?―前。pre-Columbian Americans，其完整的意思是：哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。

fire-pk：火槽

relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。

alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，力口快康复的速度。

imitate：to appear like;resemt)le:像；类似

feed a cold,starve a fever:[谚1伤风时宜吃,发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。

lb:pound(磅)的壞写形式。

cardiovascular system ：心血管系统

a work out:做名词用，意为―运动，锻炼‖。

练习：

1. Ceremotrial bathing, .

A) is called the sauna by Finns

B ) is equivalent to the steam bath

C ) has various forms

D) is held in an enclosed room

2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?

Saunas in underground caves.

Saunas with smoke.

Saunas using 'wood burning stoves.

Saunas using electric stoves.

3. According to the third paragraph,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .

reducing the chance of getting cold

speeding recovery

relieving stress

curing asthma

4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because .

pores are cleaned by sweat

water is lost by sweating

blood moves to the surface for heat exchange

the heart pumps harder and faster

5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?

Elderly people. 1

Pregnant women.

People with heart trouble.

All of the above.

答案与题解：

C第一i的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有C是正确的选项。

B根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中a background odor也是指烟熏的气味。

D 该段最后一句说The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold；第四句说they may help to ... speed recovery time;第一句说Saunas are ... stress relieving0 所以，A、B、C ffe是桑拿可以做的。第三句说Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing，这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择D项。

A该段第三句提供了答案。 ;

D文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴,包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以D 是正确的选项。

译文：

桑拿浴

仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古

最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，―烟熏桑拿‖，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电炉。

桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1?2度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：―伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。‖定期蒸桑

拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。

蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 ~ 150下。

健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样地，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。

New US Plan for Disease Prevention

Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health1 , Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a$15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease，cancer and diabetes.

The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases2 - the leading causes of death in the United States——and outlines ways that people Can prevent them，including better diet and increased exercise.

―In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness，disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases, "the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.

The causes are often behavioral——smoking，poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.

―I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future，‖Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.

―Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices."

Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003.

―These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable，yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for US to lead healthier, longer lives，‖he said.

The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention，pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.