外研版英语第三单元单词,课文,短语,句型,语法精讲

必修二Module3

单词

1．lose(lost，lost) vt.丢失；失去；错过；迷路；使沉溺于，专心致志于归纳拓展

lose face丢面子；丢脸 lose heart灰心；泄气

lose one’s heart to...爱上/喜欢上…… lose one’s way＝get/be lost迷路 lose weight 减肥

be lost in＝lose oneself in沉迷于；专心致志于(be) lost in thought陷入沉思

注意：lose一般用作及物动词，因此如果后面不跟宾语时，应用被动形式，特别是以非谓语动词形式出现时，要注意losing和lost的区别。

例句：He sat there，lost in thought.losing himself in thought.

他坐在那，沉浸在思考中。

It was darker，what's worse，he was lost in the forest. 天越来越黑了，更糟的是，他在森林中迷路了。同类辨析

lost，missing与gone

三者都有“失去”之意，但又略有不同。

(1)lost失去的，指无法再找到的，另外还有“迷路的，困惑的”等含义，可作定语、表语。

(2)missing丢失的，指暂时不在或找不到的，另外还有“被损毁的，缺少的，失踪的”等意思，可作定语、表语。

(3)gone失去的，强调时间、情况等一去不复返，只可作表语。【链接训练】

________ inthe mountains for a week，the two students were finally saved by the local police. A．Having lost

B．Lost

C．Being lost D．Losing

【解析】句意为：在山里迷路一周了，这两个学生最后被当地警察救了出来。be lost in意为“在……中迷路，迷失在……，陷入(沉思等)”，作状语时要用lost。【答案】 B

2．influence n．[U，C]影响(力)，感化；势力，权威；[C]给予影响的事物，有影响力的事物 vt.对……有影响，感化归纳拓展

have an influence on/upon...对……有影响

have influence over有左右……的力量，对……有影响 under the influence of受……的影响

例句：His parents no longer have any influence over/on him.他的父母对他不再有任何约束力。

Under the influence of his deskmate，he has made great progress since last week.

在同桌的影响下，从上周他已经取得了很大的进步。 Don't let me influence your decision. 别让我影响你的决定。【链接训练】Overheating development might have a bad ________ on the national economy. A．cause B．influence C．result D．factor 【解析】考查固定短语have an influence on，意为“对……有影响”。句意为：发展过热可能会给国家经济

带来不利的影响。【答案】 B

3．record n．纪录，记载，录音，档案；履历 vt.记录下来，录音vi.录音，被记录归纳拓展

keep a record of...把……记录下来 break/beat/cut a/the record打破纪录 set/make/create a record创造纪录 hold the record保持纪录 make a record制作唱片 play a record播放唱片 in record有记录在案 It is recorded that...据记录……【链接训练】

Asstudents，you must listen to the teacher attentively and keep a record ________ what the teac her asks you to remember. A．for B．of C．In D．on

【解析】句意为：作为学生，你必须集中精力听老师讲课并把老师要求你记住的记录下来。keep a record of...是固定短语，意为“把……记录下来”。【答案】 B 4．mix vt.&vi.混合，结合；配制；混淆；融合归纳拓展

(1)mix up混合，掺和；混淆；弄混 mix with sb./sth.(指人或物)相处，有交往 mix...and...(together)把……与……混合到一块儿

mix...with...把……与……混合/结合/调和 (2)mixer n．混合者，搅拌器 mixture n．混合物

mixed adj.混合的，男女混合的

例句：Don’t mix the fruit with the rest of the mixture. 不要把水果和别的混合物拌在一起。 We can sometimes mix business with pleasure. 我们有时可以把工作和娱乐结合在一起。 The teacher always mixes me up with another student. 老师总是把我与另一位学生搞混。【链接训练】

To make a cake，we ______ flour，eggs，

sugar and milk together. A．mix B．combine C．unite D．join 【解析】句意为：我们把面粉、鸡蛋、糖和牛奶混合在一起做蛋糕。mix指把两种或多种东西“混合在一起”，成为难以区分的状态，常有“乱”的意味。combine...and/with...“把……和……结合起来”；unite“联合；团结”；join“加入某个组织或团体”。【答

案】 A

课文

Joseph Haydn 约瑟夫·海顿（人名）（1732-1809）was an Austrian ['?str??n] 奥地利人composer [k?m?p??z?(r)]（尤指古典音乐）作曲家; 调停人; 设计者and is known as “the father of the symphony [?s?mf?ni] 交响乐，交响曲; 序曲，插曲; 〈古〉和谐，和谐的东西”.约瑟夫?海顿(1732一1809)，奥地利作曲家，以"交响乐之父"著称。Other composers had written symphonies before Haydn,but he changed the symphony into a long piece for a large orchestra 美[??:rk?str?] 管弦乐队; 管弦乐队的全

部乐器。在他之前，也有作曲家写过交响乐，但是他把交响乐曲改成了适合交响乐团演奏的长乐曲。

He was born in a village in Austria 美['?:str?r] 奥地利,the son of a peasant 英[?peznt] 农民; 农夫; 佃农; 粗俗的人.海顿出生在奥地利一个村庄，是一个农民的儿子。He had a beautiful singing voice.他有着优美的嗓音。After studying music in Vienna [vi?en?] 维也纳（奥地利首都）,Haydn went to work at the court 英[k?:t] n.法院，法庭; 院子，天井; 宫廷; 网球场;vt.招致; 设法获得; 向…献殷勤; 追求;vi.求爱，求婚; 寻求; of a prince [pr?ns] 王子; 巨头; （某些欧洲国家的）贵族; 小国的君主; in eastern 英[?i:st?n] adj.东方的，东部（地方）的; 朝东的; 来自东方的n.东方人; （美国）东部地区的人; 东正教信徒;Austria,where he became 英[b??ke?m] 变为，成为（become的过去式）;director 美[d??r?kt?, da?-] n.主管，主任; 董事，理事; 负责人，监督者; 导演; of music.在维也纳学习音乐之后，海顿去奥地利东部一个王子的宫廷工作，在那他成了音乐指挥家。Having worked there for 30 years,Haydn moved to London,where he was very successful.在那儿工作了30年后，海顿移居伦敦。在伦敦，他非常成功。

Wolfgang [?wulfɡ??] n.沃尔夫冈(m.); Amadeus [a'madi?s] [男子名] 阿马迪厄斯来源于拉丁语，[电影]莫扎特传;Mozart 美['mo?tsɑ:rt] n.莫扎特;(1756-1791)was a composer,possibly the greatest musical genius 英[?d?i:ni?s] 天才; 天赋; 天才人物; （特别的）才能;of all time.沃尔夫冈?阿马迪厄斯?莫扎特(1756---1791)，是一位作曲家，或许也是历史上最伟大的音乐天才。He only lived 35 years and he composed英

[k?m?p??zd]adj.镇静的，沉着的;v.组成( compose的过去式和过去分词); 调解; [印刷]排（字）; 使安定;more than 600 pieces of music.莫扎特只活了35岁，却创作了600多首乐曲。

Mozart was born in Salzburg Salzburg英[?s?ltsb?:ɡ] 萨尔茨保（奥地利城市）,Austria.莫扎特出生在奥地利的萨尔茨堡。His father Leopold 英[?li:?p?uld] n.利奥波德(m.); was a musician and orchestra英[??:k?str?] 管弦乐队; 管弦乐队的全部乐器; conductor 英[k?n?d?kt?(r)] n.<电>导体; 售票员; （乐队）指挥; 导管（套管的一种）.他的父亲莱波尔德是一位音乐家和乐队指挥。Wolfgang had musical talent from a very early age.莫扎特年幼时就己经有音乐天赋。He learned to play the harpsichord英[?hɑ:ps?k?:d] n.有键竖琴，羽管键琴，大键琴;in a concert 美[?kɑ:ns?rt] n.音乐会; 一致，和谐;vt.通过双方协议来计划或安排; 调整，解决;vi.协调一致行动;for the Empress [地名] [加拿大] 恩普里斯; of Austria.他四岁时会弹拨弦键琴;五岁时开始作曲;六岁时就在一场音乐会上为奥地利皇后演奏钢琴。

By the time he was 14,Mozart had composed many pieces for the harpsichord[?hɑ:ps?k?:d] ,piano 英[pi??n??] 钢琴; <美俚>囚犯工作席; 轻奏乐段; and violin 英[?va???l?n] 小提琴; 小提琴手;,as well as adv.也，又;既…又…; 除…之外（也）; 此外; for orchestras [??:kistr?z]管弦乐队( orchestra的名词复数);.While he was still a teenager,Mozart was already a big star and toured vt.到…旅游（tour的过去式与过去分词形式）; Europe giving concerts 音乐会; 演唱会; （音）协奏曲(concert 的复数); 合奏（曲）; 音乐会.莫扎特到14岁的时候，不仅己经谱写了很

多管弦乐曲，还谱写了许多拨弦键琴曲、钢琴曲、小提琴曲。Haydn met Mozart in 1781 and was very impressed with 印象很深刻him.“海顿在1781年与莫扎特相遇，莫扎特给他留下了深刻的印象。He is the greatest 美['gre?t?st] adj.最好的，最伟大的; 大的( great的最高级); 伟大的; 重要的; （数量）极大的;composer the world has known,” he said.他说:"他是世界上最伟大的作曲家The two were friends until Mozart’s death in 1791.直到1791年莫扎特去世，他们俩人一直是好朋友。

Ludwig [?l?dwiɡ] n.路德维格; van 美[v?n] n.先锋; 厢式货车; 增值网; 先驱，前驱，领袖，领导人;vt.用车搬运;prep.〈外〉同“from”;Beethoven 美['be??to?v?n] n.贝多芬(1770-1827，德国作曲家); [电影]无敌当家;(1770-1827)was born in Bonn 英[b?n, b?:n] 波恩（德国城市）;,Germany 英['d??:m?n?] 德国（欧洲国家）.路德维格?范?贝多芬(1770---1827)出生于德国波恩。He showed musical talent when he was very young,and learned to play the violin and piano from his father,who was a singer.他年少时就显示出音乐才华。他父亲是位歌唱家，贝多芬从他那里学会了拉小提琴以及弹钢琴。Mozart met Beethoven and was impressed by him.“He will give something wonderful to the world,” h e said.莫扎特遇见贝多芬时，对他很钦佩，说道:"他一定会给世人带来美妙的音乐。"Beethoven met Haydn in 1791,but was not impressed by the older man.1791年，贝多芬见到了海顿，却未有很深印象。After they had known each other for many years,Beethoven said,“He is a good composer,but he has taught 英[t?:t] v.教( teach的过去式和过去分词); 教书; 训练; 教育;me nothing.” 相识多年后，贝多芬说:"他是位优秀的作曲家，却没有教会

我什么。However,it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.然而，是海顿鼓励贝多芬移居维也纳的。

Beethoven became very popular in the Austrian capital and stayed there for the rest of his life.贝多芬在奥地利首都很受欢迎，并在那里度过了余生。As he grew英[gru:] v.种植( grow的过去式); 扩大; 扩展; 增加; older,he began to go deaf 英[def] adj.聋的; 不愿听的.随着年龄的增长，他的耳朵变聋了。He became completely 美[k?m?pli?tli] adv.完全地; 完整地; 完全，彻底，全部，一干二净; 很，非常，充分，十分，万分; deaf during the last years of his life,but he continued composing [k?m'p??z??] .在生命的最后几年，他完全丧失了听觉，但是继续从事音乐创作。.

短语

1．go deaf变聋

go deaf其中go为系动词，意为“变得”，后多跟表示贬义色彩的形容词作表语。go bad/mad/blind变质/变疯/变瞎 go wrong/wild出毛病/变疯狂 go pale/red/grey 变得苍白/变红/变灰白 go hungry挨饿

go wild with excitement兴奋地发狂

例句：With days passing on，my father's hair is going grey.随着时间的流逝，爸爸的头发变灰白了。 Her often went hungry when he was young. 他小时候经常挨饿。Her face went pale at the bad news. 听到那个坏消息，她的脸色变得苍白。同类辨析

go，become (get)，grow与turn

(1)go指由好变坏，由正常状况变成特殊情况，或变为某种颜色。 (2)become (get)可指由好变坏，也可指由坏变好，强调变化过程的完成。

例如：become better (worse)更好(糟) get richer and richer变得越来越富 (3)grow 指逐渐变成新状态，强调过程。例如：grow tall长高

(4)turn成为完全不同的事物，强调变化的结果。turn后跟名词时，名词前不加冠词。例如：turn yellow (grey)变黄(灰) 【链接训练】

①On hearing the news of the accident in the coal mine，she ________ pale.

A．got B．changed C．went D．appeared

【解析】 go作连系动词，意思是“变得”，往往指向坏的方面转变。句意为：当听说矿难的消息后，她的脸变得苍白。get作连系动词的意思是“渐渐……起来”，强调逐渐变化；change“改变”；appear“出现，显现”。【答案】 C

②Happy birthday，Alice！So you have ________ twentyone already!

A．become B．turned C．grown D．passed

【解析】 turn此处意为“到达”，后接年龄的意思是“到……

岁”。【答案】 B

2．make (take) a note of记录，把……记下来归纳拓展

(1)make/take notes做笔记 take note of注意；留意

leave a note for sb.给某人留张便条 compare notes对笔记，交换意见 (2)note sth.down把某事记下来

It should be noted that...应该注意的是…… (3)noted adj.闻名的，著名的 be noted for 因……而出名 be noted as作为……出名

例句：The secretary made a note (notes) of what her boss asked her to do.

秘书把老板要她做的事记下来了。 Take note of what he's going to say. 注意他将要说的话。

The policeman noted down every word he said. 警察已把他说的每一句话都记下来了。 Chengde is noted as a healthy resort. 承德作为疗养胜地而闻名。

【链接训练】 The teacher asked us to ________ in the lesson.

A．make a note B．take a note C．keep notes of D．make notes

【解析】 make/take notes意为“做笔记”。句意为：老师让我们上课做笔记。故符合题意的只有D项。make/take a note“记录；记下来”。【答案】 D 3．change...into...把……变成……；把……换成……

(1)change...into...＝turn...into...把……变成…… change sth. with sb.与某人交换某物 change sth. for sth.将某物换成另一物 get changed换装

(2)change可用于货币交换，不同种货币交换，常用into；大钞票换零时常用for。例句：I need to change these pounds into dollars. 我需要把这些英镑兑换成美元。Heat can change solids into liquids and liquids into vapors. 热量可以使固体变成液体，使液体变成气体。 I won’t change my seat with you. 我不愿意和你换座位。Hurry up！No time to get changed! 快点！没时间换服装了！

【链接训练】用适当的介词填空

①I'll change this old car for a new one.

②The hall has been changed into a meetingroom.

③What kind of insects can change into butterflies?

句型

1. Other composers had written symphonies before Haydn, but he changed the symphony into a long piece for a large orchestra.

在海顿之前,其他的作曲家也已经写过交响乐曲,但是他把交响乐演绎成管弦乐协奏曲.

辨析: other , the other, others, the others 与another

1>other + C（可数名词复数）= others.

some…others 一些…. 另一些….

2>The other + C（可数名词复数）= the others

3>One…the other….(两者) 一个…..另一个….

4>One….another….三者以上中的另一个

eg : 1>. I have many other things to do.

2>. I don’t like this tie; show me some others, please.

3>. Some of the boys went swimming, while the others sat on the beach for

sunbathing.日光浴

4>. He has two sons. One is thin and the other is fat.

5>. Mary is cleverer than any girl in the class.

6>. Can you swim to the other side of the lake?

7>. There’s a crack裂缝in this glass镜子，玻璃. Bring me another one, please 2. Having worked there for 30 years, Haydn moved to London, where he was very successful. 在那里工作了30年之后,海顿搬到了伦敦,在那里他获得了巨大的成功.

辨析: doing ; having done

(1)现在分词的完成形式作状语,表示动作发生在主句谓语动词之前.

(2)现在分词的一般形式做状语，表示动作与谓语动词同时发生.

eg:1>. Arriving at the village, he could not find his home.

= When he arrived at the village, he could not find his home.

2>. Being blind, how could they see the elephant 英[?el?f?nt] 。

3>. Having put up the tent, they started to cook the supper.

=After they had put up the tent, they started to cook the supper.

4>.Not having finished her homework, the girl was still doing it in the

classroom.

3.He only lived 35 years and he composed more than 600 pieces of music. More than 的用法:

1>more than +数词, 意思是“超过…..以上” “多于”

Her report lasted ['lɑ:st?d] 继续存在( last的过去式和过去分词); 延续; more than three hours.

2>more than + one +n. =many a +n.

More than one student has read the novels written by David.

__________________________________________

3>more than +形容词或动词, 意思为“非常”.

She is more than pleased with the result.

What he did more than surprised me.

4>more than +n. 意思是“不仅仅是……”

China Daily is more than a newspaper; it also helps me learn English.

5> more than +从句, 意思是“超出某人力量，知识等的范围”

That’s more than I can do.

The beauty of the girl is more than I can describe..

4. By the time he was 14, Mozart had composed many pieces for the

harpsichord, piano and violin, as well as for orchestras. 到他14岁的时候,莫扎特就不仅为管弦乐队,还为大键琴,钢琴和小提琴创作了许多首曲子.

by the time 的用法:

by the time意为“到……时为止”，相当于连词，引导时间状语从句。

by the time＋一般过去时，主句一般用过去完成时

by the time＋一般现在时，主句一般用将来时或将来完成时主将从现

by the end of＋过去时间，谓语部分用过去完成时

by the end of＋将来时间，谓语部分用将来完成时

例句：By the time she was 15，she had written three long novels.到她十五岁时，她已经创作了三部长篇小说。

By the time we graduate from this school，we’ll have learned English for 6 years. 到我们从这所学校毕业时，我们就已经学了六年英语了。

By the end of next term，I will have learned 5,000 English words. 到下学期期末，我将会学习5 000个英语单词。

【链接训练】

①

This January will be very precious for us by which time we______reviewing Senior Bo ok I.

A．will finish B．will have finished C．have finished D．will be finished

【解析】考查by the time在定语从句中的应用。by the time＋一般现在时，主句一般用将来完成时。句意为：这个一月份对我们而言非常宝贵，到那时我们就已经完成必修一的复习了。【答案】 B

②By the time he was 14，Edison ______ his own small lab. 实验室

A．built B．would build C．had built D．would have built

【解析】 by the time引导的从句中使用的是一般过去时，主句应为过去完成时，故答案为C。【答案】 C

as well as 的用法:

作为固定短语, 意思是“除……以外还……”, “和…..一样也……”

eg. a. English, as well as maths and Chinese, is of great importance.

as well as 之后连接动词，则要用动名词.

eg. As well as being a pop star, John teaches at a well-known university.

除了一名歌星外，约翰还在一所知名大学任教.

5.While he was still a teenager, Mozart was already a big star and toured

Europe giving concerts.

giving concerts 作伴随状语,表示“ give” 伴随着主句动作“tour” 发生.

eg. a. The children walked, singing. 孩子们边走边唱.

b. She stayed up late熬夜, preparing her speech.

6.Haydn met Mozart in 1781 and was very impressed with him.

1781年,海顿遇到莫扎特，并对他留下了深刻的印象.

eg. The book did not impress me at all.

The headmaster impressed me with his kindness.

常用搭配: impress sb (with sth ) 给予某人深刻印象

impress sth on /upon sb 使某人铭记某物

be impressed with/ by 给……留下印象

eg. My father impressed me with the importance of work.

= My father impressed on me the importance of work.

He was deeply impressed by what he had seen in China.

7.However, it was Haydn who encouraged Beethoven to move to Vienna.

然而,正是海顿鼓励贝多芬搬到维也纳去的.

i.It was John who wore 穿着his best suit to the party yesterday.(主语)

ii.It was his best suit that John wore to the party.(宾语)

iii.It was yesterday that John wore his best suit to the party.(时间状语) 使用强调句应注意的几点:

a.强调句结构中的时态主句和从句一致.

eg. It was my two brothers who knew him best.

b.强调主语时,从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上应与强调部分一致.

eg. It is I who am hungry.

c.如果强调一般疑问句中的成分时,要用一般疑问式:

即:Is/Was + it + 被强调部分+that/who +句子剩余部分

eg: Was it my brother who told you this?

d.强调特殊疑问句中的成分时,要用其特殊疑问式,

既:特殊疑问词+ is/was + it + that + 句子剩余成分

eg. Why is it that they don’t like me ?

8.As he grew older, he began to go deaf.

go 为系动词, 表示变得, 变成(某中状态). 常表示由好变坏的情况.

eg. Fish goes bad in hot weather.

The well has gone dry.井

辨析: get, grow, turn, become, be.

1>get 指变的结果，通常接形容词.

eg. I got tired for hard work.

2>grow表示渐次成为新的状态，后接形容词或动词不定式.

eg. It’s growing warm

3>turn表示“突变”，接单数可数名词时不加冠词

eg. My face turned red.

4>become是最普通的用语，后接名词或形容词。

eg. He became an artist.

5>表示将来时常用be

eg. He will be a teacher.

常用的系动词有：

语法

1．时间状语从句

(1)时间状语从句常用以下连词引导：

when，as，while，before，after，since，till/until，as soon as，the moment，hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，whenever，by the time等。

例句：After he had finished his homework，he watched TV. 他做完作业才看电视。He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看见我。

I cut my finger as I was peeling the apple. 我在削苹果时削到了手指。

(2)when，while，as都可表示“当……的时候”，但它们在用法上有区别：

①when强调“特定时间”，从句谓语动词可以是延续性或瞬时性的。

②while表示一段时间，从句谓语动词必须是延续性的，有时含有对比含义，意为“而，然而”(表对比时为并列连词)。 I cut my finger as I was peeling the apple. 我在削苹果时削到了手指。

(3)as soon as与once的区别：

as soon as和once都有“刚……就……”或“一……就……”之意，只是as soon as多侧重动作的连续，而once还含有条件的含义。

例句：I’ll tell him the news as soon as I see him. 一见到他，我就把这一消息告诉他。 Once you show any fear，he’ll attack you. 一旦示弱，他就会攻击你。(4)时间状语从句一般不用将来时，因此，主句若为将来时，时间状语从句用一般现在时：

例句：I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.明天回来时我将继续这项工作。

(5)时间状语从句中的省略：

时间状语从句中的主语与主句的主语一致或者是it，谓语部分又含有be动词时，可以省略从句中的主语和be。例句：Ice melts when heated.(when之后省略了it is) 冰受热会融化。 Complete your work as soon as possible. (as soon as之后省略

了it is) 尽可能快地完成你的工作。

【链接训练】

①It was nearly midnight ________ Henry began to feel terrible.

A．until B．that C．when D．while

【解析】考查when引导的时间状语从句，意为“当……时候”。句意为：将近午夜时亨利开始感到不舒服。【答案】 C

②There were some chairs left over ________ everyone had sat down.

A．when B．until C．that D．where

【解析】考查when(当……的时候)引导的时间状语从句。句意为：当大家坐好后，还剩下几把椅子。如选B项，则表示“剩下椅子”发生在“坐下”之前，显然不合逻辑；如把C项看成关系词，从语法和意义上都是错误的；如把D项where 看成关系词或连接副词，从句时态不对，意思上也讲不通，故答案为A。【答案】 A ③The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months；it will be a long time ________ we meet them again.

A．after B．before C．since D．when

【解析】 before意为“在……之前”，引导时间状语从句。根据所提供的情景“The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months”可判断出表示“要过很长时间我们才能跟他们再见面”。It will be long before＋从句，意为“要过很久才……”，符合题意。after意为“在……之后”；since引导时间状语从句，意为“自从”，表示动作从过去的某个时候开始一直延续到现在，常与现在完成时连用；when意为“当……的时候”。【答案】 B

④—Are you ready for Spain?

—Yes，I want the girls to experience that ________ they are young.

A．while B．until C．if D．before

【解析】句意为：——你们准备好去西班牙了吗？——是的。我想让这些女孩子趁着还年轻的时候去体验一下。while意为“趁着……，当……的时候”。until意为“直到……时候”；if意为“如果，是否”；before表示“在……之前”，均不符合题意。【答案】 A

2．过去完成时

过去的两个动作如果一个动作发生在另一个动作之前，那么发生在前的就用过去完成时，即“过去的过去”。

结构为：助动词had (通用于各种人称和数)＋过去分词。用法如下：

(1)在by，by the end of，by the time后接某一时间时，常用过去完成时。

例句：He had copied the report three times by ten last night.到昨晚十点，他已把报告抄了三遍。

(2)表示原计划或打算做某事而没有办成，常用过去完成时。此类常用词有want，mean，plan，hope，think，suppose，expect等，常译为“原以为/希望”等。例句：We had hoped to catch the 8：00 bus，but found it gone. 我们原希望赶上8点的公交车，但车已开走了。

此时也可以把此类词用过去时，而将后面的不定式变成完成时态。

例句：We hoped to have caught the 8：00 bus，but found it gone.

(3)过去完成时还表示在过去某一时间之后已经开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。

例句：We hadn’t met each other since we graduated from university.

自从大学毕业后，我们彼此就再也没有见过面。

(4)在时间和条件状语从句中代替过去将来完成时。

The doctor said the patient would sleep deeply for about twelve hours until the poiso n had stopped doing its harm. 医生说病人将昏睡大约12个小时，直到毒药毒性不再起作用为止。

(5)在no sooner...than，hardly (scarcely)．..when句式中，前面用过去完成时，意为“刚……就……；一……就……”。例句：They had hardly been seated when the bus started.他们刚坐下，公交车就开了。

I had no sooner finished the work than the light went out. ＝No sooner had I finished the work than the light went out.我刚完成工作，灯就灭了。

(6)在有after，before引导的时间状语从句中，因为有了明确的前后区别，主句可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。

例句：The train left before he got there. 他到那里之前火车就开了。

I played computer games after I (had) finished my homework.我做完作业就玩电脑游戏。

(7)在It was the first/second/third...time that句型结构中，that从句的动词常用过去完成时。

例句：It was the first time that he had ever spoken to a foreigner.这是他第一次跟外国人讲话。

人教版初中英语各单元必备单词、短语、句型

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