JSP简介 计算机专业文献翻译

JSP简介

JSP(JavaServer Pages)是由Sun Microsystems公司倡导、

许多公司参与一起建立的一种动态网页技术标准。JSP技术有点类似ASP技术，它是在传统的网页HTML文件(*.htm,*.html)中插入Java程序段(Scriptlet)和JSP标记(tag)，从而形成JSP文件(*.jsp)。

用JSP开发的Web应用是跨平台的，即能在Linux下运行，也能在其他操作系统上运行。

JSP技术使用Java编程语言编写类XML的tags和scriptlets，来封装产生动态网页的处理逻辑。网页还能通过tags和scriptlets访问存在于服务端的资源的应用逻辑。JSP将网页逻辑与网页设计和显示分离，支持可重用的基于组件的设计，使基于Web的应用程序的开发变得迅速和容易。

Web服务器在遇到访问JSP网页的请求时，首先执行其中的程序段，然后将执行结果连同JSP文件中的HTML代码一起返回给客户。插入的Java程序段可以操作数据库、重新定向网页等，以实现建立动态网页所需要的功能。

JSP与Java Servlet一样，是在服务器端执行的，通常返回该客户端的就是一个HTML文本，因此客户端只要有浏览器就能浏览。

JSP的1.0规范的最后版本是1999年9月推出的，12月又推出了1.1规范。目前较新的是JSP1.2规范，JSP2.0规范的征求意见稿也已出台。

JSP页面由HTML代码和嵌入其中的Java代码所组成。服务器在页面被客户端请求以后对这些Java代码进行处理，然后将生成的HTML页面返回给客户端的浏览器。Java Servlet 是JSP的技术基础，而且大型的Web应用程序的开发需要Java Servlet和JSP配合才能完成。JSP具备了Java技术的简单易用，完全的面向对象，具有平台无关性且安全可靠，主要面向因特网的所有特点。

JSP技术的强势

（1）一次编写，到处运行。在这一点上Java比PHP更出色，除了系统之外，代码不用做任何更改。

（2）系统的多平台支持。基本上可以在所有平台上的任意环境中开发，在任意环境中进行系统部署，在任意环境中扩展。相比ASP/PHP的局限性是显而易见的。

（3）强大的可伸缩性。从只有一个小的Jar文件就可以运行Servlet/JSP，到由多台服务器进行集群和负载均衡，到多台Application进行事务处理，消息处理，一台服务器到无数台服务器，Java显示了一个巨大的生命力。

（4）多样化和功能强大的开发工具支持。这一点与ASP很像，Java已经有了许多非常优秀的开发工具，而且许多可以免费得到，并且其中许多已经可以顺利的运行于多种平台之下。

JSP技术的弱势

（1）与ASP一样，Java的一些优势正是它致命的问题所在。正是由于为了跨平台的功能，为了极度的伸缩能力，所以极大的增加了产品的复杂性。

（2）Java的运行速度是用class常驻内存来完成的，所以它在一些情况下所使用的内存比起用户数量来说确实是“最低性能价格比”了。从另一方面，它还需要硬盘空间来储存一系列的.java文件和.class文件，以及对应的版本文件。

JSP六种内置对象：

request, response, out, session, application, config, pagecontext, page, exception.

一.request对象：

该对象封装了用户提交的信息，通过调用该对象相应的方法可以获取封装的信息，即使用该对象可以获取用户提交信息。

二.response对象：

对客户的请求做出动态的响应，向客户端发送数据。

三．session对象

1.什么是session：session对象是一个JSP内置对象，它在第一个JSP页面被装载时自动创建，完成会话期管理。

从一个客户打开浏览器并连接到服务器开始，到客户关闭浏览器离开这个服务器结束，被称为一个会话。当一个客户访问一个服务器时，可能会在这个服务器的几个页面之间反复连接，反复刷新一个页面，服务器应当通过某种办法知道这是同一个客户，这就需要session 对象。

2．session对象的ID：当一个客户首次访问服务器上的一个JSP页面时，JSP引擎产生一个session对象，同时分配一个String类型的ID号，JSP引擎同时将这个ID号发送到客户端，存放在Cookie中，这样session对象和客户之间就建立了一一对应的关系。当客户再访问连接该服务器的其他页面时，不再分配给客户新的session对象，直到客户关闭浏览器后，服务器端该客户的session对象才取消，并且和客户的会话对应关系消失。当客户重新打开浏览器再连接到该服务器时，服务器为该客户再创建一个新的session对象。

四．aplication对象

1．什么是application:

服务器启动后就产生了这个application对象，当客户再所访问的网站的各个页面之间浏览时，这个application对象都是同一个，直到服务器关闭。但是与session不同的是，所有客户的application对象都是同一个，即所有客户共享这个内置的application对象。

2．application对象常用方法:

(1)public void setAttribute(String key,Object obj): 将参数Object指定的对象obj添加到application对象中，并为添加的对象指定一个索引关键字。

(2)public Object getAttribute(String key): 获取application对象中含有关键字的对象。五．out对象

out对象是一个输出流，用来向客户端输出数据。out对象用于各种数据的输出。六．Cookie

1.什么是Cookie：

Cookie是Web服务器保存在用户硬盘上的一段文本。Cookie允许一个Web站点在用户的电脑上保存信息并且随后再取回它。

举例来说，一个Web站点可能会为每一个访问者产生一个唯一的ID，然后以Cookie文件的形式保存在每个用户的机器上。

如果您使用IE浏览器访问Web，您会看到所有保存在您的硬盘上的Cookie。它们最常存放的地方是：c:\windows\cookies(在Window2000中则是C:\Documents and Settings\您的用户名\Cookies )

Cookie是以“关键字key=值value“的格式来保存纪录的.

2．创建一个Cookie对象，调用Cookie对象的构造函数可以创建Cookie。Cookie对象的构造函数有两个字符串参数：Cookie名字和Cookie值。

Cookie c=new Cookie(“username”,”john”);

3．JSP中如果要将封装好的Cookie对象传送到客户端，使用response的addCookie()方法。

格式：response.addCookie(c)

4．读取保存到客户端的Cookie,使用request对象的getCookies()方法，执行时将所有客户端传来的Cookie对象以数组的形式排列，如果要取出符合需要的Cookie对象，就需要循环比较数组内每个对象的关键字。

JSP

Open Category: WEB, JAVA, dynamic pages, the Knowledge Network

Contents

? JSP Profile

? JSP technology strength

? JSP technology vulnerable

? JSP six built-in objects:

? JSP dynamic web site development and technology

JSP Profile

JSP (JavaServer Pages) is initiated by Sun Microsystems, Inc., with many companies to participate in the establishment of a dynamic web page technical standards. JSP technology somewhat similar to ASP technology, it is in the traditional HTML web page document (*. htm, *. html) to insert the Java programming paragraph (Scriptlet) and JSP tag (tag), thus JSP documents (*. jsp).

Using JSP development of the Web application is cross-platform that can run on Linux, is also available for other operating systems.

JSP technology to use the Java programming language prepared by the category of XML tags and scriptlets, to produce dynamic pages package processing logic. Page also visit by tags and scriptlets exist in the services side of the resources of logic. JSP page logic and web page design and display separation, support reusable component-based design, Web-based application development is rapid and easy.

Web server in the face of visits JSP page request, the first implementation of the procedures of, and then together with the results of the implementation of JSP documents in HTML code with the return to the customer. Insert the Java programming operation of the database can be re-oriented websites, in order to achieve the establishment of dynamic pages needed to function.

JSP and Java Servlet, is in the implementation of the server, usually returned to the client is an HTML text, as long as the client browser will be able to visit.

JSP 1.0 specification of the final version is launched in September 1999, December has introduced 1.1 specifications. At present relatively new is JSP1.2 norms, JSP2.0 norms of the draft has also been introduced.

JSP pages from HTML code and Java code embedded in one of the components. The server was in the pages of client requests after the Java code and then will generate the HTML pages to return to the client browser. Java Servlet JSP is the technical foundation and large-scale Web application development needs of Java Servlet and JSP support to complete. JSP with the Java technology easy to use, fully object-oriented, and a platform-independent and secure, mainly for all the characteristics of the Internet.

JSP technology strength

(1) time to prepare, run everywhere. At this point Java better than PHP, in addition to systems, the code not to make any changes.

(2) the multi-platform support. Basically on all platforms of any development environment, in any environment for deployment in any environment in the expansion. Compared ASP / PHP limitations are obvious.

(3) a strong scalability. From only a small Jar documents can run Servlet / JSP, to the multiple servers clustering and load balancing, to multiple Application for transaction processing, information processing, a server to numerous servers, Java shows a tremendous Vitality.

(4) diversification and powerful development tools support. This is similar to the ASP, Java already have many very good development tools, and many can be free, and many of them have been able to run on a variety of platforms under.

JSP technology vulnerable

(1) and the same ASP, Java is the advantage of some of its fatal problem. It is precisely because in order to cross-platform functionality, in order to extreme stretching capacity, greatly increasing the complexity of the product.

(2) Java's speed is class to complete the permanent memory, so in some cases by the use of memory compared to the number of users is indeed a "minimum cost performance." On the other hand, it also needs disk space to store a series of. Java documents and. Class, as well as the corresponding versions of documents.

JSP six built-in objects:

request, response, out, session, application, config, pagecontext, page, exception.

1. Request for:

The object of the package of information submitted by users, by calling the object corresponding way to access the information package, namely the use of the target users can access the information.

2. Response object:

The customer's request dynamic response to the client sent the data.

三. session object

1. What is the session: session object is a built-in objects JSP, it in the first JSP pages loaded automatically create, complete the conversation of management.

From a customer to open a browser and connect to the server, to close the browser, leaving the end of this server, known as a conversation. When a customer visits a server, the server may be a few pages link between repeatedly, repeatedly refresh a page, the server should be through some kind of way to know this is the same client, which requires session object.

2. session object ID: When a customer's first visit to a server on the JSP pages, JSP engines produce a session object, and assigned a String type of ID number, JSP engine at the same time, the ID number sent to the client, stored in Cookie, this session objects, and customers on the establishment of a one-to-one relationship. When a customer to connect to the server of the other pages, customers no longer allocated to the new session object, until, close your browser, the client-server object to cancel the session, and the conversation, and customer relationship disappeared. When a customer re-open the browser to connect to the server, the server for the customer to create a new session object.

四. aplication target

1. What is the application:

Servers have launched after the application object, when a customer to visit the site between the various pages here, this application objects are the same, until the server is down. But with the session difference is that all customers of the application objects are the same, that is, all customers share this built-in application objects.

2. application objects commonly used methods:

(1) public void setAttribute (String key, Object obj): Object specified parameters will be the object obj added to the application object, and to add the subject of the designation of a keyword index.

(2) public Object getAttribute (String key): access to application objects containing keywords for.

五. out targets

out as a target output flow, used to client output data. out targets for the output data.

六. Cookie

1. What is Cookie:

Cookie is stored in Web server on the user's hard drive section of the text. Cookie allow a Web site on the user's computer to store information on and then get back to it.

For example, a Web site may be generated for each visitor a unique ID, and then to Cookie in the form of documents stored in each user's machine.

If you use IE browser to visit Web, you will see all stored on your hard drive on the Cookie. They are most often stored in places: c: \ windows \ cookies (in Window2000 is in the C: \ Documents and Settings \ your user name \ Cookies)

Cookie is "keyword key = value value" to preserve the format of the record.

2. Targets the creation of a Cookie, Cookie object called the constructor can create a Cookie. Cookie object constructor has two string parameters: Cookie Cookie name and value.

Cookie c = new Cookie ( "username", "john");

3. If the JSP in the package good Cookie object to send to the client, the use of the response addCookie () method.

Format: response.addCookie (c)

4. Save to read the client's Cookie, the use of the object request getCookies () method will be implemented in all client came to an array of Cookie objects in the form of order, to meet the need to remove the Cookie object, it is necessary to compare an array cycle Each target keywords.

SQLserver 2000英文和中文翻译

问题为：高分聘请SQLserver高手谁帮我找一份关于 SQL Server 2000的中文以及英文翻译，字数最少3000字

该文章最后表明原文，英文翻译一定要准确，该文章一定要介绍关于SQL 技术＝＝的文献

答案：

一、SQL Server关系数据库简介

1、SQL Server是由Microsoft开发和推广的关系数据库系统（DBMS)，它最初是由Microsoft、Sybase和Ashton-Tate三家公司共同开发的，并于1988年推出了第一个OS/2版本。

2、关系数据库（RDBMS)管理系统功能：

》维护数据库数据之间的关系；

》保证数据存储的正确性；

》当出现系统故障的时候，将所有数据恢复到能够保证一致行的某种状态

3、RDBMS:SQL Server，Oracle，DB/2,Sybase，Informix

4、Non-RDBMS(File-based）：Foxpro，Access

二、SQL Server 2000的版本

1、SQL Server 2000常见版本有：

》企业版（Enterprise Edition）

支持所有SQL Server 2000的功能。该版本多用于大中型产品数据库服务器，并且可以支持大型网站，企业OLTP（联机事务处理）和大型数据仓库系统OLAP(联机分析处理）所要求的性能。

》标准版（Standard Edition）

实用范围是小型的工作组或部门。它支持大多数的SQL Server2000功能。但是，不具有支持大型数据库，数据仓库和网站的功能。而且，不支持所有的关系数据库引擎的功能。

》个人版（Personal Edition）

主要适用于移动用户，因为他们经常从网络上断开，而运行的应用程序却仍然需要SQL Server 2000的支持。除了事务处理复制功能以外，能够支持所有SQL Server 2000标准版支持的特性。》开发者版（Developer Edition）

适用于应用程序开发的版本，支持除图形化语言设置以外的SQL Server2000的所有其它功能。该版本主要适用于程序员在开发应用程序时，将SQL Server 2000作为其数据存储区。虽然开发版的功能齐备，但是只被授权为一个开发和测试系统，而不是一个产品服务器。

1.1 SQL Server特点

》与因特网的集成：

SQL Server 2000的数据库引擎全面支持XML（Extensive Markup Language，扩展标记语言），能使用户很容易地将数据库中的数据发布到Web页面上。

》可伸缩性与可用性：

可跨越从运行Windows 95/98的膝上型电脑到运行Windows 2000的大型多处理器等多种平台使用。另外，对联合服务器，索引视图等的支持，使得SQL Server 2000企业版可以升级到最大Web站点所需的性能级别。

》企业级数据库功能：

SQL Server 2000分布式查询可以引用来自不同数据库的数据，而且这些对于用户来说是完全透明的；分布式数据库将保证任何分布式数据更新时的完整性；复制可以使我们能够维护多个数据复本，这些用户能够自主地进行工作，然后再将所做的修改合并到发布数据库；SQL Server 2000关系数据库引擎能够充分保护数据完整性，还可以将管理并发修改数据库开销到最小。

》易于安装，部署和使用：

SQL Server 2000由一系列的管理和开发工具组成，这些工具使得在多个站点上进行SQL Server 的安装，部署，管理和使用变得更加容易。开发人员可以更加快速地交付SQL Server应用程序，而且只需要进行最少的安装和管理就可以实现这些应用程序。

》数据仓库：

数据仓库是SQL Server 2000中包含的用于分析取和分析汇总数据以进行联机分析处理的工具。这个功能只在Oracle和其他更昂贵的DBMS中才有。

1.1.1 SQL Server 2000新特性

全面扩展了SQL Server 7.0的性能，可靠性和易用性。增加了一系列的功能，具体如下：

》在关系数据库方面的增强

》图形管理增强

》增强的联合数据库服务器

1.2 SQL Server 2000工具和实用程序

1、企业管理器

2、服务管理器

3、查询分析器

4、事件探查器

5、导入和导出数据

6、服务器网络使用工具

7、客户端网络使用工具

8、联机帮助文档

1.2.1 企业管理器

企业管理器是基于一种新的被称为微软管理控制台（Microsoft Management Console)的公共服务器管理环境，它是SQL Server 2000中最重要的一个管理工具。

企业管理器不仅能够配置系统环境和管理SQL Server，而且由于它能够以层叠列表的形式来显示所有的SQL Server对象，因而所有SQL Server对象的建立与管理都可以通过它来完成。

用企业管理可以完成的操作

》管理SQL Server服务器；建立与管理数据库；建立与管理表、视图、存储过程、触发程序、角色、规则、默认值等数据库对象，以及用户定义的数据类型；备份数据库和事务日志、

恢复数据库；复制数据库；设置任务调度；设置警报；提供跨服务器的拖放控制操作；管理用户账户；建立Transact-SQL命令语句以及管理和控制SQL Mail。

》在企业管理器中包含两个窗口，左侧的窗口是以“树状目录”显示的活动窗口，右侧是显示内容的窗口。

》单击左侧窗口中的加号，可以展开各个项目包含的子项目。

》通过选中的某个项目的节点，可以在右侧的窗口中看到该项目包含的内容。

1.2.2服务管理器（Service Manager）

1、SQL Server服务管理器是在服务器端实际工作时最有用的实用程序，服务管理器用来启动、暂停、继续和停止数据库服务器的实时服务，其提供的服务类型包括：SQL Server、SQL Server 代理、Microsoft搜索和分布式事务协调器等。

A relational database, SQL Server

1, by Microsoft SQL Server is the development and popularization of relational database system (DBMS), which was originally by Microsoft, and Ashton Sybase Tate - three companies and joint development, launched in 1988, the first OS / 2 version.

2 and relational database management system (RDBMS) function:

"Maintaining the relationship between database data,

"Ensure the correctness of the data storage,

"When a system fault, all data recovery to ensure consistent done some condition 3, RDBMS: SQL Server, Oracle, DB / 2, Sybase Informix,

4 and amplified RDBMS (File - based) : Foxpro, Access

Second, SQL Server 2000 version

1 and SQL Server 2000 common version:

"Enterprise Edition (Enterprise Edition),

Support all SQL Server 2000 function. This version for large and medium-sized products, and can support the database server, large web companies OLTP (online transaction processing) and large data warehouse system (on-line analytical processing (OLAP) required performance.

"Standard version (Standard Edition),

A small range of practical working or departments. It supports most SQL Server2000 function. But, do not have support large database, data warehouse and t he functionality of the site. And don't support all the relations of the database engine.

"Personal Edition (Personal Edition),

Mainly used in mobile users, because they often disconnected, and from the network of applications running still need SQL Server 2000 support. Besides the transaction copy, able to support all functions of SQL Server 2000 standard version of the support. "Edition) Developer Edition (Developer

Suitable application development version, support except graphical Server2000 SQL language setting beyond all the other functions. This version is mainly used in the programmer development application, will SQL Server 2000 as data storage area. Although development version of the function, but only authorized for a development and testing system, not a product server.

1.1 SQL Server features

With the integration of the Internet:

SQL Server 2000 database engine comprehensive support XML Language, creating take (extensible Markup Language), that the user can easily be database data released to the Web page.

"Scalability and usability:

Can span from running Windows 95, 98 / the laptop to run Windows 2000 large-scale multiple processors etc. Various platforms. In addition, to jointly Server, etc, the support index view that SQL Server 2000 enterprise edition can upgrade to the largest Web site desired performance level.

"Enterprise databases functions:

SQL Server 2000 distributed query can quote from different database data, and these are completely transparent to users, Distributed database will ensu re that any distributed data update integrity, Copy can enable us to maintain multiple data available, the user can work independently, and then will be done by modified merged into the database, SQL Server 2000 relational database engine can fully protect data integrity, still can be modified database management concurrent cost to a minimum.

"Easy to install, deployment and use:

SQL Server 2000 by a series of management and development tools, these tools at multiple sites on SQL Server installation, deploy, manage and use more easily. Developers can more quickly deliver SQL Server applications and requires only the least installation and management can achieve these applications.

"Data warehouse:

The data warehouse is SQL Server 2000 contains for analysis and summary data analysis on on-line analytical processing tools. This function only in Oracle and other more expensive DBMS.

1.1.1 SQL Server 2000 new features

Fully expanded the SQL Server 7.0 performance, reliability and usability. Increases the range of functions, specific as follows:

In the aspect of relational database

"Graphics management enhancement

The combination of enhanced database server

1.2 SQL Server 2000 tools, and utilities

1, enterprise management, service management 3, 4, event detection query parsers

5 and 6, the input and output data network, server client to use tools, tools Internet use online documentation

1.2.1 enterprise management

Enterprise Management is based on a new called Microsoft Management Console (r) of public Management Microsoft Server Management environment, it is the SQL Server 2000 in one of the most important Management tools.

Enterprise management can not only configuration system environment and management, but also because it SQL Server can cascade form to list all the SQL Server object, so all the SQL Server object of establishment and management can be accomplished by it.

In enterprise management can finish operation

"Management SQL Server Server. Establish and manage database, Establish and manage, view, storage process, triggering role, rules, procedures, by default, such as user defined object database of data types, Backup database and transaction log,

Restore database, Copy database, Set task scheduling, Set alarm, Provide cross-server drag-and-drop controls operating, Manage the user accounts, Establish Transact - SQL commands and the management and control of the SQL statement E-mail.

"In the enterprise management in the window contains two on" the window "directory tree right is the active window, showing the contents of the window.

"The window, click on various projects can deploy plus committee&apos contains. "Through a project of the selected node in the window, can see on this project contains the content.

1.2.2 Service Manager (up) Service

1 and SQL Server service manager is in practical work when the Server is most practical program, service management is to start, stop, and continue to suspend the real-time database Server service, the service provided types include: SQL Server, SQL Server proxy, Microsoft search and distributed coordination, etc.

Struts

====

Apache Struts is an open-source web application framework for developing Java EE web applications. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt a model-view-controller (MVC) architecture. It was originally created by Craig McClanahan and donated to the Apache Foundation in May, 2000. Formerly located under the Apache Jakarta Project and known as Jakarta Struts, it became a top level Apache project in 2005.

Design goals and overview

In a standard Java EE web application, the client will typically submit information to the server via a web form. The information is then either handed over to a Java Servlet which processes it, interacts with a database and produces an HTML-formatted response, or it is given to a JavaServer Pages (JSP) document which intermingles HTML and Java code to achieve the same result. Both approaches are often considered inadequate for large projects because they mix application logic with presentation and make maintenance difficult.

The goal of Struts is to cleanly separate the model (application logic that interacts with a database) from the view (HTML pages presented to the client) and the controller (instance that passes information between view and model). Struts provides the controller (a servlet known as ActionServlet) and facilitates the writing of templates for the view or presentation layer (typically in JSP, but XML/XSLT and Velocity are also supported). The web application programmer is responsible for writing the model code, and for creating a central configuration file struts-config.xml which binds together model, view and controller.

Requests from the client are sent to the controller in the form of "Actions" defined in the configuration file; if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class which interacts with the application specific model code. The model code returns an "ActionForward", a string telling the controller which output page to send to the client.

Information is passed between model and view in the form of special JavaBeans. A powerful custom tag library allows it to read and write the content of these beans from the presentation layer without the need for any embedded Java code.

Struts also supports i18n (internationalization), provides facilities for the validation of data submitted by web forms, and includes a template mechanism called "Tiles" which (for instance) allows the presentation layer to be composed from independent header, footer, and content components.

Competing MVC frameworks

Although Struts is a well documented, mature and popular framework for building front ends to Java applications, it is facing new challenges from newer "light weight" MVC frameworks such as Spring MVC, Stripes and Tapestry. The new XForms standards and frameworks may also be another option to building complex web Form validations with Struts in the future.

The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts several years ago, aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2005 that Struts would re-merge with WebWork. WebWork 2.2 has been adopted as Apache Struts 2, which reached its first full release in February 2007.

Sun recently brought out a new addition to the Java platform, called JavaServer Faces (JSF). Aside from the original framework, the Apache Struts project also offers a

JSF-based framework called Shale.

Other MVC frameworks that are not J2EE based include Ruby on Rails, WebObjects, Django, Catalyst, TurboGears, CakePHP, Symfony (for PHP), Zend, Achievo ATK, and CodeIgniter (for PHP). Struts4php is a version of the Struts framework for the PHP web scripting language. Girders is a port of the Struts framework in C# for Microsoft .NET.

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中文

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Struts 是Apache软件基金会（ASF）赞助的一个开源项目。它最初是Jakarta项目中的一个子项目，并在2004年3月成为ASF的顶级项目。它通过采用Java Servlet/JSP 技术，实现了基于Java EE Web应用的Model-View-Controller〔MVC〕设计模式的应用框架〔Web Framework〕，是MVC 经典设计模式中的一个经典产品。

MVC结构

在Struts 中，已经由一个名为ActionServlet 的Servlet 充当控制器(Controller)的角色，根据描述模型、视图、控制器对应关系的struts-config.xml 的配置文件，转发视图(View)的请求，组装响应数据模型（Model）。在MVC 的模型（Model）部分，经常划分为两个主要子系统（系统的内部数据状态与改变数据状态的逻辑动作），这两个概念子系统分别具体对应Struts 里的ActionForm 与Action 两个需要继承实现超类。在这里，Struts 可以与各种标准的数据访问技术结合在一起，包括Enterprise Java Beans（EJB）, JDBC 与JNDI。在Struts 的视图（View）端，除了使用标准的JavaServer Pages（JSP）以外，还提供了大量的标签库使用，同时也可以与其他表现层组件技术（产品）进行整合，比如Velocity Templates，XSLT 等。通过应用Struts 的框架，最终用户可以把大部分的关注点放在自己的业务逻辑（Action）与映射关系的配置文件（struts-config.xml）中。

发展历程

在Java EE 的Web应用发展的初期，除了使用Servlet 技术以外，普遍是在JavaServer Pages (JSP)的源代码中，采用HTML 与Java 代码混合的方式进行开发。因为这两种方式不可避免的要把表现与业务逻辑代码混合在一起，都给前期开发与后期维护带来巨大的复杂度。为了摆脱上述的约束与局限，把业务逻辑代码从表现层中清晰的分离出来，2000年，Craig McClanahan 采用了MVC 的设计模式开发Struts。后来该框架产品一度被认为是最广泛、最流行JAVA 的WEB 应用框架。

2006年，WebWork 与Struts 这两个优秀的Java EE Web框架(Web Framework〕的团体，决定合作共同开发一个新的，整合了WebWork 与Struts 优点，并且更加优雅、扩展性更强的框架，命名为“Struts 2”，原Struts的1.x 版本产品称为“Struts 1”。

至此，Struts项目并行提供与维护两个主要版本的框架产品——Struts 1 与Struts 2。