英语语法提纲

英语语法复习提纲

一、冠词

１.hour,honest, honor中h不发音：

an h our and a half; an h onest man; an h onored teacher. an 8-metre-high building.

２. a second time(再次）; the second time（第二次）.

３.a u seful word（useful, university, usual, united, European, one-eyed, one-way）; an unknown man; an“l” ( f,h,m,n,s,x ).

４.in prison（坐牢）；in the prison（在牢中）; by river（由水路）; by the river（在河边）; play the piano; play erhu(中国乐器）；play football.

５.in the1980’s（在二十世纪八十年代）；in his eighties（在他八十几岁时）in one’s teens (在某人十几岁时)

６.by the dozen/gallon/ ton/yard/ year/month/day/hour“按/以……(卖/租/付款)”，常与buy, sell, rent, charge等动词连用。

７.用于“动词+人+介词+the+人体部位或衣着”中：用于该句型的动词常常是表示“打、抓、牵、拉、拍、踢”等之类的动词。

A bullet hit the soldier and he was wounded in ____ leg.

解析：表示一棵子弹打在这个士兵的腿上，表示人体部位的名词前用the。答案是the

８.nature, man（人类）；space,room（空间）；word（消息）；学科名称，球类，棋类等前。不用冠词！注意：become a teacher/ turn teacher;

９.“the＋姓氏复数”：表示“某某夫妇”或“姓某的一家人”。The Mikes

１０.抽象名词具体化后，前面要加不定冠词。如a surprise一件预料之外的事，a pity /shame (一件令人遗憾的事), a success(一件成功的事或一个成功的人)，a pleasure(一件快乐的事)，a time(一段时间)。不定冠词可在coffee, tea, beer, drink 等物质名词前表示“一杯/罐/瓶”; a coffee（一杯咖啡）

１１.The more...the more... 结构

The more we do for the people, the happier we’ll be.

12.注意这一结构：“零冠词+单数名词+as/though +句子”--“虽然/尽管....但是...”

Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.

二、名词

１.s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加–es（没有th--month s）;以辅音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将y 变成i，再加-es.

potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes; hero--heroes

foot---feet ;tooth---teeth ;mouse---mice

２.以 f 或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: 加s的：belief---beliefs , roof---roof s,chief（首长）--- chiefs,gulf（海湾））---gulfs。

去f, fe 加ves的：half---halves；knife---knives；leaf（叶子）---leaves；thief （小偷）---thieves

３.单复数同形的词：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss，works（作品）, means（方式）。注意：German – German s

４.记住这几个不可数名词：information; news; advice; progress（进步）; fun ;weather; equipment（设备）; furniture（家具）；housework; change(零钱)。

space; word(消息);luggage(行李)

５. a knowledge of …表示“对……有所了解”

６. a three-hour journey； a ten-mile walk(连字符中名词一般不加s）

７. women doctors, gentlemen officials (man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定).

８.“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size of; the weight of; the length of ...

９.固定短语：have no choice but to do...（除..没有选择）; a sense of ( direction)...（方向）感, keep in touch with...（与…保持联系）free of charge(免费); out of one’s reach（够不着）等。

１０.合成名词中主体名词变复数：sons-in-law(女婿）; passers-by; grown-ups

三、代词

１.My friend(my 是形容词性的：我的+名词）；a friend of mine(mine 是名词性的：我的东西－人或物）。They--themselves(反身代词）

２.表示两者“都”用both；表示两者“都不”用neither；表示两者中的“任一”用either。

If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow, why don’t you take __? I won’t read them this week.

A. all

B. any

C. either

D. both

You may drop in or just give me a call. _ will do．

A. Either

B. Each

C. Neither

D. All

--Which driver was to blame?

--Why, __! It was the child’s fault. He suddenly came out between two parked cars.

A.both

B. each

C. either

D. Neither

答案：DAC

3.that是指同句中前面提到的“同类”事物: climate in Chengdu is better than that of Beijing.

I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than _____ in the city.

A.ones

B. one

C. that

D. Those

答案：Ｃ

４.these-those(复数）；one-ones(复数）；the one, 相当于that。

５.The other student(两个中的另一个学生）；the other students (剩余其它所有学生）；other students （其它一些学生）；another student（另一个学生），the other (两个中的另一个）; the others (剩余其它所有的）；others(其它人或物－表示泛指）。

用one/another/the other /others/ other填空：

a.I don’t like this one, can you show me _______?

b.You should think of ________.

c.I’m busy now, ask me about it ________time.

d.Some like basketball, _______ prefer football.

e.I want to drink _________glass of milk

f.Five students in our class are boys, __________ are girls.

g.She has two bags, one is white, ______ is black.

h.There are ______ ways of solving this problem.

i.I want to stay here for ________ four weeks.I want to stay here for_________weeks. 答案：a-another；b-others；c-another；d-others；e-another；f-the others；g-the other；h-other；i-another;more\other

6. He is anything but a scholar.--决不

He is something of a scholar.--有几分(像)

四、it 的用法

1.It +be +段时间+ before/since...

2.It +be +(无介词）+点时间+when... (有介词一般用that)

3.It +be +n/adj/p.p..+that... (it是形式主语）

4. like/hate/enjoy/appreciate..+it+从句

think/find/consider/make/...+it +n/adj+to do..(it作形式宾语）

5.It +表“命令，建议，要求”的词+that..(should)...

6.It +强调部分+that/who...

7.It 作代词的用法。

① It has been 3 years since he left this company.(翻译)

② It is 3 years since he worked in this company.（翻译）

③It will be 3 years before he leave this company.(翻译)

④It was 3 years since he _________ his home town.

A. left

B. has left

C. had left

D. has been leaving

⑤It was the third time that she __________.

A.has praised

B. had praised

C. has been praised

D. had been praised

答案：①他没在这家公司工作已三年了。②他没在这家公司工作已三年了。(短暂性动词直接翻译；延续性动词反过来翻译；短--直；延--反）

③三年后他会离开这家公司。④Ｃ⑤Ｄ

8.固定搭配

①when it comes to...当涉及.... ②make it 成功⑶as it is 事实上

④ get it 明白了

⑤It happens/occurs to sb / strikes (to) sb that... 某人突然想起...

⑥It remains to be seen +whether/what/how... 仍然要看...

五、形容词和副词

１.the+adj.表一类人（复数）

We should help the old and the disabled.

２.hard 努力地－－hardly 几乎不；late 晚－－lately 近来；most 非常－－mostly 主要地；near 邻近－－nearly 几乎

３.too+adj./adv.+to do 太...而不能做某事

can not…too/ can never …too无论怎样...也不过分...

The boy is too young to go to school.

One can never be too careful to study.

４.more …than与其说（后面）倒不如说（前面）

She was more frightened than hurt.

５.比较等级的常见句型：

1）as+原级＋as (as+adj.+a/an+单数名词＋as)

Tom can’t pay as high a price as I asked.

It’s not so/as difficult as I expected.

2）比较级＋than+比较对象（less+原级）

He is taller than I/me.

Mary is less clever than Tom.

3）the＋比较级＋of the two

He is the taller of the two.

4）the+比较级...，the+比较级...(越...,越...)

The more harder you work,the better your your grade is.

5) 比较的对象不能相互包容

比较级＋than+any other+单数名词/all(the) other+pl./any one else/any of other+pl(复数).

The Mississippi River is longer than any other river in the United States.

China is larger than any other country in Asia/any country in Africa.

6)修饰比较级的修饰语有：

much,even,still; any, rather, a lot; far, by far a great deal ...

六、介词

热点1 on, at, in的区别：

三个介词如果指时间概念，on用在具体的某一天前面，Ｏｎthe first Sunday ; at用在具体的时刻前面，in用在时间段的前面；三个介词如果表示地点，on表示在物体的表面，at表示一个小的地点，in表示在物体内部；三个介词还可以表示“在……方面”，主要是从语境的角度去区别。热点2 with, by, in表示“用”: with通常指“用”具体的或有形的工具、器官等。有时也表示“用”某种手段、音调等。

by表示“用”方式、手段等，后面常接动名词，后接名词时，该名词前一般不加修饰语。

in指“用”语言、字体、墨水、体裁、方式、风格、现金、顺序等。

热点3 besides, except, except for, but, 表示“除……之外”

（1）besides表示“除……之外（还有）”，其宾语包括在内。

（2）except表示“除了”。其宾语不包括在内。

（3）except for强调整体中的细节，意思是“只是”，前后的事物不属于同类。（4）but常可与except互换，强调“不在其中”，通常与all, every, everybody, nobody, nothing等不定代词连用。

I know nothing about the accident ____ what I read in the newspaper.(ｅｘｃｅｐｔ) 注意：despite(尽管); beyond(在...那一边；超出); beneath(在...下面); against等。

七、连词

１.了解各连词含义：

A)either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, both…and, (as well as)

B)that，whether, if, unless, while / when, until, because, so that, so…that, though/ although, even if, as…as等.

2.He worked hard, ______ he failed at last.

He worked hard. _________, he failed at last.

区别: but 后没有逗号，直接连接分句；however 后有逗号相隔，可放句末。

3.although/ though 和but这两个关联词不能同时用:

Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.

改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.

4.because 和so 等关联词都不能同时使用:

Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.(X)

5.A) be doing...when.. 正在做...这时.../ be about to do...when... 即将做...这时... Mr. White was taking a shower _____ the UFO landed on the street.(when)

B) not…until/ till 直到……才

I won’t g o to bed until/ till you come back.

C) so that：①为了；②所以，结果

①He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.(表目的）

②He got up early so that he caught the early bus.（表结果）

八、基数词和序数词

１.特殊:twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty

特殊: fifth，eighth，ninth, twelfth twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth ２.1)基数词表示确切的数时，不用复数形式.

2)表示不确切数，如成百、成千上万，则用复数。

There are hundreds of people in the hall．

3.时间：几点过几分：five past seven 七点过五分；几点差几分：ten to eight 差十分八点。1628年5月2日读作: the second of May, sixteen twenty eight；一个半小时（读作one and a half hours / one hour and a half）

五点半：half past five

4. 分数表示法

分数. 分数由基数词和序数词构成：分子用基数词，分母用序数词，当分子超过“1”时，分母用复数。如：t wo third s=2/3 three fifths=3/5

注：1/2 通常读作 a [one] half，一般不读作a second；1/4 可读作a [one] fourth，也.可读作a [one] quarter。

5、百分数表示法

百分数用基数＋percent表示

50％fifty percent百分之五十percent不用复数形式。

九、动词

Ａ．这些词后直接跟动词用:Ｖ－ing (其余的多接to do)

Finish, enjoy, consider, practise, avoid. imagine, allow., forbid , mind, escape...

I consider learning English better.

B.这些词后既可接V-ing, 也可接to do. 但意思不同：

Forget,regret. remember,mean,try,stop, go on

Forget,/regret./remember to do...---忘记，遗憾，记得去做...;

Forget,/regret./remember doing...---忘记，遗憾，记得曾经做过...

Mean to do...打算做...; /mean doing...意味着...;

try to do...尽力做..; /try dong...试着做...

Stop to do...停下来做另外的事...;

stop doing...停止做正在做的事..;(go on 与其类同）

Ｃ．记住不规则动词及其短语：（refer--referred; prefer--preferred; destroy--destroyed－－需注意！）

Ｄ）注意非谓语动词用法（重难点）：to do; doing; P.P.(过去分词）

１.______from space , the earth looks blue .

2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue .

A. Seen

B. Seeing

C. To see

D. See

解析：句1. “地球”被“看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。

句2. 我们"主动看......"即表主动，故选B。

十、有用句式

Ａ．感叹句式

1. What +a/an +adj + [c] +主谓

2. What +adj +[u]/名复(pl.) +主谓

3. How+ adj/adv. +主谓

4. How + adj+ a/an +[c]+主谓

解题关键：看主语前是否有名词，确定what/how.(4例外）。

① ________ fine weather it is today!

A. What

B. What a

C. How

D. How a

② ________hard the exercise we did is!

A.What

B. What a

C. How

D. How a 答案：Ａ，Ｃ

B.祈使句式

1. 祈使句，+and/or…

2. 名词词组，+and/or…

3. 祈使句反意疑问句多用: will …?

①Start out right away ,________you’ll miss the first train.

A. and

B. but

C. or

D.. while

② ________down the radio ---the baby’s asleep in the next room.

A. Turning

B. To turn

C. Turned

D. Turn

③ ________and I’ll get the work finished.

A. How one more hour

B. one more hour

C. Given one more hour

D. If I have one more hour答案：Ｃ，Ｄ，ＢＣ．“So+ be/助动词/情态动词+主谓”句式

1. So+ be/助动词/情态动词+主谓

2. Neither+ be/助动词/情态动词+主谓

解题关键：前后是不同的人或物—倒装。

前后是相同的人或物—不倒装。可译成：…的确如此。

注意：时间状语从句中“主将从现”规则。

① ---David has made great progress recently.

---________, and________.

A.. So he has; so you have

B. So he has; so have you

C. So has he ; so have you

D. So has he; so you have

② We were invited to attend her birthday party.

If she doesn’t go today, ______.

A. Nor do I

B. Neither do I

C. Nor shall I

D. Neither I shall答案：Ｂ，Ｃ

Ｄ．“So….that; Such…that/as”句式

1. so + adj/adv +that …

2. so + adj+a/an +[c]+that…

3. such+ a/an+adj +[c]+that…

4.such+ adj+[u]/pl. +that…

5. many,much,few,little(少)前用so

6. s uch/so…that/as区别是：看从句后是否缺成分（主/宾/表）。缺用as. 反之用that.

7. so/such放句首部分倒装(so后句倒).

8. so ,as, how, that, too+形容词+a(n)+可单。

9. no such后的名词无冠词: no such book

① The great wall is________ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.

A. so a well-known

B. a so well-known

C. such well-known a

D. such a well-known

②Miss Gao asked a question, but it was_____ that nobody could answer it.

A. very difficult

B. too difficult

C. difficult enough

D. so difficult

③Mr Smith is _____a good teacher____ we all respect.

Mr smith is_____ a good teacher _____we all respect him.

A. such…that

B. such…as

C. so…that

D. so …as

④In my opinion, such stories________ he read was too difficult to beginners.

A. as

B. that

C. when

D. where

⑤There were _________in his farm yard that they ate up all the flowers in the garden.

A. such many goats

B. so many goats

C. goats so many

D. goats such many

⑥ ________ that no fish can swim in it.

A. So the lake is shallow

B. So shallow the lake is

C. So shallow is the lake

D. So is the lake shallow

⑦There was ________ little information about him that we had ________ much diffi culty in finding him.

A. such; so

B. so; such

C. such; such

D. so; so

答案：1Ｄ，2Ｄ，3Ａ/B, 4A, 5B, 6C, 7 D

E. With 结构（with+ n+ v）句式

①John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work_____, he gladly accepted it.

A.Finished

B. finishing

C. having finished

D. was finished

② --come on, please give me some ideas about the project.

--Sorry. With so much work_______ my mind, I almost break down.

A. filled

B. filling

C. to fill

D. being filled

③With a lot of difficult problems______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

A.settled

B. settling

C. to settle

D. being settled

答案：Ａ，Ｂ，Ｃ

Ｆ．see…+宾语+宾语补足语结构

这类动词有：see/notice/hear/watch/observe/feel/have/let/make...+宾语+宾语补足语如果宾语补足语是动词，用非谓语形式：(to)do; doing; P.P.

I saw him cross the street.

He was seen to cross the street.

I saw him crossing the street.

I heard him bitten by a dog yesterday.

Ｅ．Have 句式

1,have sth. done

2,have sb. do

3,have sb. doing

前1,2,3,结构中的have 是使役动词,意思是"使某人/某事怎么样".

1,中done 的动作反作用到宾语上,是被动的意念.

2,和3,中的do / doing 的动作都是由宾语发出来的,是主动的意念.不同的是do 表示一次性的动作,而doing 表示持续性的动作.

Last year we had the house rebuilt.去年我们把这房子翻修了一下。

Last year we rebuilt the house.去年我们将这房子翻修了一下。

注意：第一句是我们请人翻修；第二句是我们自己动手翻修。如：

They had a picture taken with the Japanese friends.

She planned to have her daughter educated in China.

There is something wrong with the radio. I must have it repaired.

F.倍数句式

1.倍数+as+adj/adv原形+as...

2.倍数+adj/adv比较级+than...

3.倍数+the size/weight/length/width/height...+of

解题关键：倍数在最前。

① Ten years ago, the population of our village was______ that of theirs.

A. as twice large as

B. twice as large as

C. twice as much as

D. as twice much as

② The car runs _____ than that truck.

A. faster twice

B. twice faster

C. twice fast

D. fast twice

③ The city of Nanchang h as grown so fast that it’s at least _____what it used to be .

A. five times the size of

B. five times larger

C. five times larger

D. five times size of

答案：Ｂ,B,A

G.every +基/序数词+名词句式

1.every+基数词+名词复数...

2.every+序数词+名词单数...

3.every+other+名词单数...每隔/第....

① --________ do you visit your parents?

---Every_______ days.

A. How much; a few

B. How soon; fews

C. How long; third

D. How often; five or six

② We have physics on Tuesday; Thursday; Saturday; that is, we have it_______.

A. every other days

B. every three days

C. every other day C. every two days

③–- How often do you go to visit your uncle?

-- _________.

A. For four weeks

B. Four weeks ago

C. Every four week

D. Every fourth week

④The writer goes to the library every_____ days and he’ll finish the novel within______ days.

A.a few; a few

B. few; few

C. few; a few

D. a few; few

答案：Ｄ，Ｃ，Ｄ，Ａ

十一、时态

1.一般现在时：动词用原形/第三人称加s/es: 时间状语:every …, sometimes,at…, on Sunday等

2.一般过去时动词用过去式：时间状语:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等

３.一般将来时will/shall/be going to+v: ：时间状语:next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等

4.现在完成时have/has+P.P.: 时间状语:for, since, since then, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past/last ...years, always, recently等

5.过去完成时had+P.P. :时间状语:before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once 等(过去的过去）

６was/were+doing : 时间状语:this morning, the whole morning, all day, from nine to ten yesterday evening… when, while等

7.现在进行时am/is are+dong (现在正在做..) 时间状语:now等

８.现在完成进行时have/has +been +doing 表示从过去“一直”做...（到现在还在

做...）

I has been learning English for 5 years.(一直学英语５年，现在甚至将来还在学）I has learned English for 5 years.(到现在止已学了英语５年）

十二、定语从句回忆练习题

用适当的关系词填空（which, that, who, whom, whose, as,when.where,wh y等）：

1. A plane is a machine _______can fly.(先行词指物)

2. Who is the student __________was late for school today?（避免重复）

3. I'll never forget the day________ we met each other last week.（指时间，作状语）

4. I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.（指时间，作宾语）

5. It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.（固定结构）

I could hardly remember how many times _______I have failed.（表次数）

6. It was at midnight ______I went home from my campus.（强调结构）

7. Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?（指地点，作状语）

8. Do you still remember the place__________ we visited last week?（虽指地点，但作宾语）

9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou, ________is famous for the West Lake?（指地点，作主语）

10. It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.（强调结构）

11. He lives in the room _______window faces to the south.（作定语，表...的）

12. This is the reason ______I was late.（表原因，作状语）

13. This is the reason ______I was late for.（表原因，作for的宾语）

14. The reason______ I was late is ________ I got up late.（固定结构）

15. The reason ______he explained to me is ______he got up late.（表原因，作状语）

16. This is the way _________he did it.

17. The way _______he referred to is incredible.（从句中缺宾语）

The way __________he explained to us was quite simple.（从句中缺宾语）

18. There was little _______I could do for you.（little作先行词）

19. This is the best film _____I have ever seen.（最高级修饰）

20. This is the very dictionary _______I want to buy.（very,just等修饰）

21. Do you know the persons and the things _______they are talking about?(先行词既指人又物）

22. He is such a good man _______we all respect.（缺宾语）

23. They are such lovely children _______we love them now.（不缺成分）

24. I want to use the same tool ________you used just now.（同一和同样区别）

25. He works very hard, ________all the teachers like.（代整个事）

答案：1.that/which;2.that;3.when;4.which/that/--;5.that/that;6.that;

7.where ;8.that/which/-- ;9.which;10.that;11.whose;12.why;13.that/which/--;

14.why---that;15.(that/which/--)---(that);16.(that/in which/--);

17(that/which/--)---(that/which/--);

18.that;19.that;20that;21.that;22.as;23.that;24.that25.as

十三、其它从句（略）