2013六级考试复习材料-新试卷解读+新题型练习

关于2013年12月大学英语四、六级考试

相关材料及说明

1．试卷构成

四级和六级的试卷构成相同，由写作、听力理解、阅读理解和翻译四个部分组成，分值比例为：写作15%，听力35%，阅读35%，翻译15%。考试时间为130分钟。四级和六级的试卷结构、测试内容、测试题型、分值比例和考试时间如下表所示：

试卷结构测试内容测试题型分值比例

考试时

间

写作写作短文写作15%30分钟

听力理解听力对

话

短对话选择题（单选题)8%

30分钟长对话选择题（单选题)7%

听力短

文

短文理解选择题（单选题)10%

短文听写单词及词组听写10%

阅读理解词汇理解选词填空5%

40分钟长篇阅读匹配10%

仔细阅读选择题（单选题)20%

翻译汉译英段落翻译15%30分钟总计100%130分钟

2．题型描述

1)写作

写作部分测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。写作测试选用考生所熟悉的题材，要求考生根据所提供的信息及提示（如：提纲、情景、图片或图表等）写出一篇短文，四级120-180词，六级150-200词。

2)听力理解

听力理解部分测试学生获取口头信息的能力。录音材料用标准的英式或美式英语朗读，语速四级约每分钟130词，六级约每分钟150词。听力部分分值比例为35%，其中对话占15%，短文占20%。考试时间30分钟。

对话部分包括短对话和长对话，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。短对话有8段，每段提一个问题；长对话有2段，每段提3-4个问题；对话部分共15题。每段对话均朗读一遍，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间。

短文部分包括短文理解及单词和词组听写。短文理解有3篇，采用多项选择题的形式进行考核。四级每篇长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。每篇短文朗读一遍，提3-4个问题，每个问题后留有13-15秒的答题时间，共10题。单词及词组听写采用1篇短文，四级的长度为220-250词，六级为240-270词。要求考生在听懂短文的基础上用所听到的原文填写空缺的单词或词组，共10题。短文播放三遍。

3)阅读理解

阅读理解部分包括1篇长篇阅读和3篇仔细阅读，测试学生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解篇章或段落的主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等能力。该部分所占分值比例为35%，其中长篇阅读占10%，仔细阅读占25%。考试时间40分钟。

长篇阅读部分采用1篇较长篇幅的文章，总长度四级约1000词，六级约1200词。阅读速度四级约每分钟100词；六级约每分钟120词。篇章后附有10个句子，每句一题。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句所含信息相匹配的段落。有的段落可能对应两题，有的段落可能不对应任何一题。

仔细阅读部分要求考生阅读3篇短文。2篇为多项选择题型的短文理解测试，每篇长度四级为300-350词，六级为400-450词；1篇为选词填空，篇章长度四级为200-250词，六级为250-300词。短文理解每篇后有若干个问题，要求考生根据对文章的理解，从每题的四个选项中选择最佳答案。选词填空要求考生阅读一篇删去若干词汇的短文，然后从所给的选项中选择正确的词汇填空，使短文复原。

4)翻译

翻译部分测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间30分钟。翻译题型为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等（编者注：如样卷中翻译的是中国新年的相关内容）。四级长度为140-160个汉字，六级长度为180-200个汉字。

3．分数解释

大学英语四、六级考试是标准相关-常模参照的标准化考试。标准相关体现在：1）试卷各部分的设计和命题参照大学英语的教学要求规定的技能和标准；2）

写作和翻译部分的阅卷依据评分标准。常模参照体现在考后各部分的原始分转换成报道分时，分别参照各部分的常模。因此，考试既是标准相关又具有常模参照的性质。

大学英语四、六级考试不设及格线。经过等值处理后的原始总分参照总分常模转换成常模正态分，均值为500、标准差为70，报道总分在220分至710分之间。在将原始分转换成报道分时，各部分采用不同的分数量表，从而使各部分报道分的简单相加之和等于报道总分。

采用常模参照旨在保证考试分数解释的稳定性。考生的任何一次四、六级考试成绩均可在四级或六级常模中找到其百分位位置，即考生成绩在相应级别的常模群体中所处的相对位置。考试委员会网站上（https://www.360docs.net/doc/f216315248.html,）已公布了总分和各部分的百分位对照表，以供考试成绩使用者了解考生的相对能力水平。

4．成绩报道

成绩报道分为总分和单项分。单项分包括：1）听力，2）阅读，3）翻译和写作。每次考试后，考试委员会向总分在220分及以上的考生发放成绩报告单，报告其总分和各部分的单项分。考试委员会同时向参加考试的各个院校提供该校考生的成绩（总分和各部分单项分）和有关该校的各种统计数据。

5．评分标准

1)作文评分标准

本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：

2)翻译评分标准

本题满分为15分，成绩分为六个档次：13-15分、10-12分、7-9分、4-6分、

1-3分和0分。各档次的评分标准见下表：

关于2013年12月大学英语六级考试

选词填空解题技巧与练习

针对选词填空的解题方法分为三步

1.预览选项，了解词义并把选项分为四大类词性：名词n，动词v，形容词a，副词ad，在每个选项后作词性的简要标记；

2.精读全文开头，把握文章主题，并以三个空或一个段落为一个单位，利用前后文判

断每空的词性；

3.把对应词性的选项逐一带回原文，含义通顺，时态、主谓搭配一致的为正确选项。

四级考试的常用后缀在判断选项词性时可以有一定帮助作用。在根据前后文判断每空的词性时，一些经常考察的形式如下：

名词：通常来说，冠词(如a，an，the)、形容词、介词后面搭配名词，即“a/an/the/adj./prep.+n。”，

举例说明：Education soon became a_____.冠词a后面加可数名词的单数形式，正确答案是nightmare，这句话的意思是“教育很快成了一种噩梦。”

As the trade winds lessen in_____,the ocean temperatures rise causing the Peru current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as5degrees.(06-6)

介词in后面加名词，正确答案是strength，这句话的意思是“当信风强度减弱的时候，海洋温度上升，导致从东部流入的秘鲁洋流上升了5摄氏度之多。”较难的一个例子：Husbands and children now do some of these jobs,a____that has changed the target market for many products.(06-12)这里可以用两种判断方法来判断横线处所填词的词性。第一种方法，用句子结构来判断，前面一句话，husbands and children now do some of these jobs，这是一个完整的句子，主语husbands and children，谓语动词do，宾语some of these jobs；后面的that引导的

是一个同位语从句，它所修饰的中心词就是a后面需要填的词，而定语从句的中心词是名词，所以横线处应填一个名词。第二种方法，根据刚才所说的“a+名词”的语法规则来判断，横线处应该填一个名词，而且是一个可数名词的单数形式。正确答案是situation。这句话的意思是“丈夫和孩子现在也做一些这样的工作了，这种情况就改变了许多产品的目标市场。”

动词：动词的考点很多，我们来看其中三种：

1.主语后缺谓语动词。举例说明：He____from his teachers,came home in tears and thought about dropping out.在这句话里，主语是he，本来后面应该有一个动词作谓语，但是这里没有动词，而是在横线后面出现了一个介词短语from his teachers，这样这句话就缺少谓语动词，所以横线上应该填一个动词。正确答案是hid，这句话的意思是“他不愿见老师，哭着回家，想要退学。”That’s why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who___in pain medicine.(07-6)在这句话里，who___in pain medicine是physicians的定语从句，这个定语从句的主语是who，后面也没有跟动词作谓语，而是直接出现了一个介词短语in pain medicine，因此横线上应该填一个动词，而physicians是复数，这就决定了who也是复数，这样横线所填的动词应该与主语性数搭配一致。正确答案是specialize，这句话的意思是“这就是为什么，越来越多的医院现在都依赖上了止痛药配给专家。”

2.当出现“一个完整的句子+，____+名词/介词”的结构时，逗号后边的部分是伴随状语，表示伴随状态或者表示原因，应当填动词加ing形式或动词加ed形式。当这个动词与句子主语是主动关系，填动词加ing形式，当两者是被动关系，填动词加ed形式。举例说明：The rainfall is increased across South America,___floods to Peru.(06-6)根据独立主格结构原则，应该填动词ing或动词ed，选项中只有bringing符合要求。从意思来看，bring“带来”与rainfall“降雨”之间是主动关系，即“the rainfall brings floods”，所以用bringing无论从意思上还是结构上都符合要求。

3.横线处如果填谓语动词，往往与上下半句的谓语动词时态一致。举例说明：In particular,when older patients___of pain,they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it.(07-6)上半句when的从句里有主语patients但没有谓语，因此横线处填谓语动词。下半句的谓语动词为were和would都是一般过去时，因此横线里填一个一般过去时的谓语动词。正确答案是complained。

形容词：当出现“a/the/the most/more+___+名词”的结构时，横线处通常填形容词。举例说明：The1982-83EI Nino brought the most_____weather in modern history.(06-6)the most后面加形容词，表示形容词的最高级。正确答案是destructive。

副词：1.当一句话完整的时候，句尾的空往往是副词。举例说明：Today, we take pain_____.(07-6)这句话有主语we，谓语lake，宾语pain，表达完整的意思，句尾判断应该填副词。正确答案是seriously。

2.当一句话出现“主语+___+谓语”的情况时，横线处通常填副词。

举例说明：In Arizona and Texas,bilingual students____outperform their peers in monolingual programs。主语是students，谓语是outperform，两者之间通常填副词。正确答案是consistently。

仔细阅读题（选词填空)解题技巧

一、题型揭秘

考生需要对该部分的测试重点有所了解，只有了解了测试重点复习才有针对性。该部分测试重点在于把握文章的结构，主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性、逻辑联系等语篇、语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构和具体细化到每个单词的微观理解。本题型和原来的词汇题相比，更注重实际运用，从单一的一句话考查上升到篇章的理解。这一题型要求我们对上下文有很好的理解，尤其是对上文的理解，要求比较高。本题型考查的对象皆为实义词，主要包括名词、动词、形容词、副词，所以要求我们熟知大学英语四级的积极词汇，熟知单词的词类和不同意思。由于考试的形式是选词填空，所以我们必须熟悉一些基本的语法知识，例如：词性的归纳（4种词性，名词、动词、形容词、副词)、基于语法的判断（单复数、ing形式等)、常用搭配的掌握等。

选词填空对我们来说是难度较大的一道试题，具有较强的区分度，因此本节会详细讲解其答题方法和技巧。解答这一题型要做到三点：

1.把握全文中心和作者态度；

2.掌握段落之间联系；

3.明确句子前后及内部逻辑关系。

二、解题步骤

第一步，跳读全文，抓住中心

由于本题型考查我们对篇章的理解，因此拿到题目后首先应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的问题。文章大概在220~250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。

第二步，阅读选项，按词性分类

选项中的15个单词是考查的关键，我们应该仔细理解这15个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。

第三步，瞻前顾后，灵活选择

词性分类之后，回到原文中，根据原文中空格前后的单词或者前后语句确定所要填的词性，然后从分类好的单词中选择出词性、意思、语法都符合要求的最佳选项。

第四步，复读全文，谨慎调整

填空完成后，再次复读全文，检查上下文是否通顺、内在逻辑关系是否连贯。如有问题，也需要谨慎地微调。选词填空解题技巧选词填空对于众多考生而言，有一定的难度。命题人选择一篇长度在230个单词左右的文章，从中挖去10个单词，文章后面提供15个备选项，要求考生选择合适的选项填入文章，使整篇文章能够通顺、流畅.选词填空要求考生既要看懂文章的大意，又要认识并了解所列单词的词性和基本搭配。该部分测试重点在于把握文章的结构，主要考查考生对诸如：连贯性、一致性、逻辑关系等语篇、语段整体特征以及单词在实际语境中运用的理解，即要求考生在理解全文的基础上弄清文章的宏观结构并具体细化到对每个单词的微观理解上面。其目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力，考查学生对文章的理解能力以及运用词汇和语法结构的能力。

根据其题型特点，考生要做到

1.掌握词汇、语法、阅读等基础知识，并具有较强的语言综合运用能力。

2.具备一定的词汇运用能力。大学英语教学要求学生具有识别生词和辨析词义的能力，要求学生能够辨析意义相近的词、用法相近的词。所以该题的干扰项

往往会以同义词、近义词、反义词或形近异义词的形式出现。固定搭配以动词、

形容词、副词、介词构成的居多，在选词填空中，主要以副词和介词为考点。这

要求考生在平时的英语学习中，掌握主要的固定搭配和习惯用法，重视对结构和

语法的掌握。

3.具备语境逻辑判断能力。选词填空的一个主要方面是考查学生对某一段落

或者某几个句子之间的逻辑关系的判断和把握，尤其是对句与句之间的逻辑关系

的理解。这要求考生熟记表示列举、原因、结果、让步、递进、转折、对照、补

充、时间、目的、条件等不同逻辑关系的连接词。

练习

2013年12月英语六级选词填空习题及答案(1)

A novel way of making computer memories,using bacteria FOR half a century,the(1)__________of progress in the computer industry has been to do more with less.Moore's law famously observes that the number of transistors which can be crammed into a given space(2)__________every18months.The amount of data that can be stored has grown at a similar rate.Yet as(3)__________get smaller,making them gets harder and more expensive.On May10th Paul Otellini,the boss of Intel,a big American chipmaker,put the price of a new chip factory at around$10billion.Happily for those that lack Intel's resources,there may be a cheaper option—namely to mimic Mother Nature,who has been building tiny(4)__________,in the form of living cells and their components,for billions of years,and has thus got rather good at it.

A paper published in Small,a nanotechnology journal,sets out the latest example of the(5)__________.In it,a group of researchers led by Sarah Staniland at the University of Leeds,in Britain,describe using naturally occurring proteins to make arrays of tiny magnets,similar to those employed to store information in disk drives.The researchers took their

(6)__________from Magnetospirillum magneticum,a bacterium that is sensitive to the Earth's magnetic field thanks to the presence within its cells of flecks of magnetite,a form of iron oxide.Previous work has isolated the protein that makes these miniature https://www.360docs.net/doc/f216315248.html,ing genetic engineering,the team managed to persuade a different bacterium—Escherichia coli,a ubiquitous critter that is a workhorse of biotechnology—to(7)__________this protein in bulk.Next,they imprinted a block of gold with a microscopic chessboard pattern of chemicals.Half the squares contained anchoring points for the protein.The other half were left untreated as controls.They then dipped the gold into a solution containing the protein, allowing it to bind to the treated squares,and dunked the whole lot into a heated(8)__________of iron salts.After that, they examined the results with an electron microscope.Sure enough,groups of magnetite grains had materialised on the treated squares,shepherded into place by the bacterial protein.In principle,each of these magnetic domains could store the one or the zero of a bit of information,according to how it was polarised.Getting from there to a real computer memory would be a long road.For a start,the grains of magnetite are not strong enough magnets to make a useful memory,and the size of each domain is huge by modern computing(9)__________.But Dr Staniland reckons that,with enough tweaking, both of these objections could be dealt with.The(10)__________of this approach is that it might not be so

capital-intensive as building a fab.Growing things does not need as much kit as making them.If the tweaking could be done,therefore,the result might give the word biotechnology a whole new meaning.

A)components

B)advantage

C)standards

D)compliments

E)essence

F)inspiration

G)disadvantage

H)doubles

I)solution

J)resolution

K)devices

L)manufacture

M)spirit

N)product

O)technique 2013年12月英语六级选词填空习题及答案(2)

Nice juicy Apple ALTHOUGH he is still(1)__________things up at Dell,an ailing computer-maker,Carl Icahn has found time to tilt at another tech titan.On August13th the veteran shareholder activist(2)__________that he had built up a stake in Apple, though he stayed mum about exactly how many shares he had bought.Mr Icahn’s intentions,however,are crystal clear:he wants the consumer-electronics behemoth to expand plans to return some of its whopping$147billion of cash and marketable securities to shareholders.Mr Icahn is also after more money at Dell,where he has been lobbying with allies against a(3)__________buy-out plan put forward by Michael Dell,the firm’s founder,and Silver Lake,a private-equity firm.His pressing has already forced the

buy-out group to raise its initial offer by over$350m,to$24.8billion and he has taken his(4)__________to the courts in a bid to extract an even higher price.Other tech firms have been attracting the attention of activist investors too.Earlier this year ValueAct Capital,an investment fund,said it had built up a$2billion stake in Microsoft.Jaguar Financial,a Canadian bank,has been (5)__________fresh thinking at troubled BlackBerry,which announced on August12th that it is exploring various(6)

__________options,including alliances and a possible sale.And Elliott Management,a hedge fund,has been lobbying for change at NetApp,a data-storage firm that it thinks could do more to improve returns to(7)__________.One reason tech firms have found themselves in activists’crosshairs is that,like Apple,some built up big cash piles during the economic downturn and have been slow to use the money.Financiers hope to get them to loosen their purse-strings faster and to pocket some of the cash.Mr Icahn wants Apple to increase and(8)__________a share buy-back programme that is currently set to return$60billion to shareholders by the end of2015.Another reason that tech firms make tempting targets for shareholder activists is that swift changes in technologies can trip up even the mightiest.Witness the case of Microsoft,which ruled the roost during the personal-computer era but has struggled to adapt to a world in which tablets and smartphones are all the rage.Investors hope to mint money by pushing companies to change more rapidly in response to such upheavals in their markets.The rewards can be substantial.Egged on by Third Point,an activist hedge fund,Yahoo(9)__________Marissa Mayer as its new chief executive in July2012.By the time she celebrated a year in the job last month,the troubled web giant’s share price had risen by over70%.In July the hedge fund sold a big chunk of shares back to Yahoo.Mr Icahn thinks Apple’s share price,which closed at$499on August14th,could soar too if the firm follows his advice on

buy-backs.He tweeted this week that he had had a“nice(10)__________”with Tim Cook,Apple’s boss,about his idea,though he did not say what Mr Cook thought of it.If Apple drags its feet,expect things to turn nasty.

A)shareholders

B)strategic

C)communication

D)battle

E)conversation

F)encouraging

G)exciting H)stirring

I)appointed J)race

K)revealed L)method M)accelerate N)proposed O)

It isn't just the beer that(1)__________to beer bellies.It could also be the extra calories,fat and unhealthy eating choices that may come with(2)__________drinking.A recent study found that men consume an(3)__________433calories(equivalent to a McDonald's double cheeseburger)on days they drink a moderate amount of alcohol.About61%of the caloric increase comes from the alcohol itself.Men also report eating higher amounts of saturated fats and meat,and less fruit and milk,on those days than on days when they aren't drinking,the study showed.Women fared a bit better,taking in an extra300calories on moderate-drinking days,from the alcohol and eating fattier foods.But women's increase in calories from additional eating wasn't statistically significant,the study said. 'Men and women ate less healthily on days they drank alcohol,'said Rosalind Breslow,an epidemiologist with the federal National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and lead author of the study.'Poorer food choices on drinking days have public-health

(4)__________,'she said.The findings dovetail with controlled lab studies in which(5)__________generally eat more food after consuming alcohol.Researchers suggest that alcohol may enhance'the short-term rewarding effects'of consuming food,according to a 2010report in the journal Physiology&Behavior that reviewed previous studies on alcohol,appetite and obesity.But other studies have pointed to a different trend.Moderate drinkers gain less weight over time than either heavy drinkers or people who abstain from alcohol,particularly women,this research has shown.Moderate drinking is(6)__________having about two drinks a day for men and one for women.'People who gain the least weight are moderate drinkers,regardless of[alcoholic]beverage choice,'said Eric Rimm,an associate professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard Medical School and chairman of the2010review of alcohol in the federal dietary(7)__________.The weight-gain difference is modest,and'starting to drink is not a weight-loss diet,'he said.

The various research efforts form part of a long-standing(8)__________about how alcohol affects people's appetites,weight and overall health.Researchers say there aren't simple answers,and suggest that individuals'metabolism,drinking patterns and gender may play a role.Alcohol is'a real wild card when it comes to weight management,'said Karen Miller-Kovach,chief scientific officer of Weight Watchers International.At seven calories per gram,alcohol is closer to fat than to carbohydrate or protein in caloric content,she said.Alcohol tends to lower restraint,she notes,causing a person to become more(9)__________with what they're eating.

Research bolstering the role of moderate drinking in helping to control weight gain was published in2004in the journal Obesity Research.That study followed nearly50,000women over eight years.An earlier study,published in the American Journal of

Epidemiology in1994,followed more than7,000people for10years and found that moderate drinkers gained less weight than nondrinkers.Studies comparing changes in waist circumference among different groups have yielded similar results.Dr.Rimm said it isn't clear why moderate drinking may be(10)__________against typical weight gain,but it could have to do with metabolic adjustments.After people drink alcohol,their heart rate increases so they burn more calories in the following hour.'It's a modest amount,'he said.'But if you take an individual that eats100calories instead of a glass of wine,the person drinking the glass of wine will have a slight increase in the amount of calories burned.'

A indulgent

B participants

C debate

D considered

E contributes

F contest

G guidelines

H protective

I moderate

J index

K implications

L considerate

M:additional

N experienced

O owes

2013年12月英语六级选词填空习题及答案(4)

Nearly half the(1)__________believes UFOs could be a(2)__________of extraterrestrial visitation.A

HuffPost/YouGov poll reveals that48percent of adults in the United States are open to the idea that alien spacecraft are observing our planet--and just35percent outright(3)__________the idea.The poll was seen as vindication from the community of UFO researchers who often feel they are laughed off by government officials."It's always been intriguing to me how we act as though only kooks and quacks and little old ladies in tennis shoes believe in flying saucers.And it's never been true,at least for30or40 years,"said former nuclear physicist Stanton Friedman,who was the original civilian investigator of the events surrounding the(4)

__________Roswell,NM,UFO crash of1947.Friedman is very outspoken on the idea that some UFOs are(5)__________ controlled extraterrestrial vehicles."The believers are far more quiet,but far more on the side of reality,"Friedman told The Huffington Post."When you look at the polls,it's clear.And I see the benefit of that,(6)__________,because I've only had11 hecklers in over700lectures.I've been out there,all over the place,in every state,18other countries,and I know that my(7)

__________is more than tolerant--they're accepting.It's been one of the things that really has kept me going."In the

HuffPost/YouGov poll,conducted between Sept.6-7,1,000adults were asked if they either believed or didn't believe that some people have(8)__________UFOs that have an extraterrestrial origin.When YouGov offered(9)__________the choice between "slightly disagree,""disagree"and"strongly disagree,"those numbers added up to35percent who are skeptical of the notion that any UFOs may be alien-related.However,nearly half of the adults surveyed(48percent)resounded in the affirmative,leaving16 percent who(10)__________that they weren't sure on either side of the ET issue.

A:legendary B:accept C:reject

D:respondents E:personally

F:implied

G:population H:responsibility

I:intelligently J:indicated K:sign

L:signal M:witnessed N:story

O:audience

2013年12月英语六级选词填空习题及答案(5)

The typical pre-industrial family not only had a good many children,but numerous other dependents as well---grandparents,uncles,aunts and cousions.Such"extended"families were suited for survival in slow paced__1__societies.But such families are hard to__2__.They are immobile.Industrialism demanded masses of workers ready and able to move off the land in pursuit of jobs,and to move again whenever necessary.Thus the extended family__3__shed its excess weight and the so-called"nuclear"family emerged---a stripped-down,portable family unit __4__only of parents and a small set of children.This new style family,far more__5__than the traditional extended family,became the standard model in all the industrial counties. Super-industrialism,however,the next stage of eco-technological development,__6__even higher mobility.Thus we may expect many among the people of the future to carry the streamlinling process,a stePfurther by remaining children,cutting the family down to its more __7__components,aman and a woman.Two people,perhaps with matched careers,will prove more efficient at navigating through education and social status,through job changes and geographic relocations,than teh ordinarily child-cluttered family.A__8__may be the postponement of children,rather than childlessness.Men and women today are often torn in __9__between a commitment to career and a commitment to children.In the future,many__10__ will sidestePthis problem by deferring the entire task of raising children until after retirement.

A)transplant

B)solution

C)gadually

D)transport

E)elemental

F)conflict

G)continually

H)mobile I)couples

J)agricultural K)including L)compromise M)requires

N)primary O)consisting

1.答案：

1.E)essence

2.H)doubles

3.A)components

4.K)devices

5.O)technique

6.F)inspiration

7.L)manufacture

8.I)solution

9.C)standards

10.B)advantage

2.答案

1.H)stirring

2.K)revealed

3.N)proposed

4.D)battle

5.F)encouraging

6.B)strategic

7.A)shareholders

8.M)accelerate

9.I)appointed

10.E)conversation 3.答案

1.E:contributes

2.I:moderate

3.M:additional

4.K:implications

5.B:participants

6.D:considered

7.G:guidelines

8.C:debate

9.A:indulgent

10.H:protective

4.答案

1.G:population

2.K:sign

3.C:reject

4.A:legendary

5.I:intelligently

6.E:personally

7.O:audience

8.M:witnessed

9.D:respondents

10.J:indicated

5.答案

1.选J）。此处应填形容词，修饰名次societies。文章第一句就说The typical pre-industrial family...“工业化之前的典型家庭模式......”，即“extended"family存在于工业化之前的社会，即agricultural society。故J）正确。选项中的primary”最初的，原始的“不符合原文意思。

2.选A）。由be hard to do sth.可知，此处应填动词原形。They are immobile“这样的家庭很难流动”，这说明这样的家庭are hard to...，选项中由transplant和transport两个动词原形，前者指的是“迁居，迁移”，后者指的是运输，不难推断前者符合原文意思，故A）transplant 正确。

3.选C）。因为这句话的句子结构完整，固此处应填副词。选项中的副词有gradually 和continually,原文中...and the so-called"nuclear"family emerged.所谓的“核心家庭”便出现了“，emerge的意思是“浮现"，强调经过一个过程后出现的。由此可以判断，这句话坏死说明核心家庭从无到有逐渐出现，而不是连续不断地出现，故选择C)gradually>

4.选O）。该句可拆分理解，即a family unit...of parents and a smell set of children"一个家庭单元......父母和不多的孩子“，由此可以推出这里要填的词是表示”包含，由......组成“的。选项中的including和consisting均可以表示此意，但由原文中的of可排除including,consist of 为固定刺诸，故O）为正确答案。

5.选H）。从原文中的more...than可知，此处应填形容词，构成形容词的比较级结构。由第一段最后一句可知the traditional extended family是immobile,那么新型的家庭模式比旧的因该是更有流动性，故应选H）mobile，说明新型的家庭模式的优点。

6.选M）。此处应填动词，作这句话的谓语。Super-industrialism“(更发达的)超级工业化”......更具流动性的家庭。可推知空格处应填表示“需要，需求”的词。requires表示出自一种迫切的需要而提出的要求，很明显选择M)requires。

7.选E）。此处应填形容词，用来修饰名词components。文中说明家庭被减缩到最......的成员，即由男人和女人组成，男人和女人是一个家庭最基本的成员。选项中的E）elemental“基本的，本质的”，而N）primary“主要的，最早的”，原文强调的是男人和女人是一个家庭最basic的组成部分，故E）更符合原文意思。

8.选l）。此处应填名词。上段说两人家庭的优点，本句中提到rather than childlessness“而不是不要孩子”，说明晚要孩子是解决工作和孩子的折中的办法，故选项中的L）compromise“妥协，折中”符合文意。而solution虽然也表示解决办法，但不能表达夫妇们无可奈何的心情，故排除。

9.选F）。上题中已提到工作和要孩子之间存在矛盾即conflict，根据上下文意思，这个题相对容易。中华考试网

10.选I）。这段一直在说一个家庭里男人和女人因为工作和要孩子的事情发生争吵，那么将来要解决这个问题的仍然是家庭中的夫妻两人，故这里应填I）couples。

十套题

Excercise1

There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling.No school I have taught in has ever_____spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill.There are,however,vastly different ideas about how to teach it,or how much_____it must be given

over general language development and writing ability.The problem is,how to encourage a child to express himself freely and_____in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?If spelling become the only focal point of his teacher’s interest,clearly a__4__child will be likely to“play safe”.He will tend to write only words within his spelling range,choosing to avoid__5__language.That’s why teachers often__6__the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability.I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience：“This work is__7__!There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible(难以辨认的).”It may have been a sharp__8__of the pupil’s technical abilities in writing,but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay,which__9__some beautiful expressions of the child’s deep feelings.The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors,but if his priorities had cent redon the child’s ideas,an expression of his disappointment with the presentation would have given the pupil more__10__to seek improvement.

A)priority B)criticism C)contained D)clearly E)adventurous F）discourage G)motivation H)terrible I)ignored J)difficult K)encourage

L)expressed M)confidently N)bright O)motive L)expressed

Excercise2

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards,from warm praise to cold cash,affect motivation and creativity.Behaviorists,who study the relation between actions and their consequences,argue that rewards can__1__performance at work and school.Cognitive(认识派的)researchers,who study various aspects of mental life,maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on__2__and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters,__3__among educators.But the careful use of small__4__rewards speaks creativity in grade school children,suggesting that properly presented inducements(刺激)indeed__5__inventiveness,according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively__6__task,they show the most creativity,”says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark.“But it’s easy to__7__creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for __8__achievement ends up with uninspired students,Eisenberger holds.As an example of the latter point,he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and__9__ failing grades.

In early grades,the use of so-called token economies,in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points to ward valued rewards,shows__10__in raising efforts and creativity,the Delaware psychologist claims.

A)mental B)promise C)kill D)avoid

E)hope F)especially G)aid H)ordinary

I)approval J)monetary K)generally L)improve

M)challenging N)restore O)excellent

Excercise3

Britain is not just one country and one people;even if some of its inhabitants think so.Britain is, in fact,a nation which can be divided into several__1__parts,each part being an individual country with its own language,character and cultural__2__.Thus Scotland,Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to__3__to"England"because their inhabitants are not__4__"English".They are Scottish,Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue,which in turn is__5__to the others.

These cultural minorities(少数民族)have been Britain’s original inhabitants.In varying degrees they have managed to__6__their national characteristics,and their particular customs and way of life.This is probably even more true of the__7__areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the__8__of industrialism as the border areas have been.The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English.An Irish temper is legendary.The Scots could rather__9__about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances,while the Welsh are famous for their singing.The Celtic__10__as a whole produces humorous writers and artists,such as the Irish Bernard Shaw,the Scottish Robert Burns, and the Welsh Dylan Thomas,to mention but a few.

[A]incomprehensible[B]temper[C]remote[D]separate[E]understandable [F]forget[G]generally[H]temperament[I]preserve[J]strictly

[K]traditional[L]reserve M]growth N]apply O]belong

Excercise4

As is known to all,the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking,the Accounts Department is__1__for calculations of pay,while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.

If a firm wants to__2__a new wage and salary structure,it is essential that the firm should decide on a__3__of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees.In order to be__4__,that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers.In job evaluation,all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description.Each of those requirements is given a value,usually in"points",which are__5__ together to give a total value for the job.For middle and higher management,a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job,their responsibility,and their__6__to solve problems.Because of the difficulty in measuring management work,however,job grades for managers are often decided without__7__to an evaluation system based on points.

In attempting to design a pay system,the Personnel Department should__8__the value of each job with these in the job market.__9__,payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed.Where it is simple to measure the work done,as in the works done with hands,monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen,for__10__workers,where measurement is difficult,methods of additional payments are employed.

[A]compare[B]responsible[C]useful[D]added[E]find[F]reference

[G]indirect[H]method[I]successful[J]combined[K]Necessarily[

L]capacity[M]ability[N]Basically[O]adopt

Excercise5

Nowadays,is it possible to tell a person’s class just by looking at him?Physical details__1__tell us about health,diet and type of work done.A hundred years ago the working class very often looked unhealthy,small and were either too thin or too fat.The upper classes were often__2__, sporting types who were used to a good diet and looked healthy.Today living and working conditions have improved,and such__3__would no longer be so true.The clothes people choose to wear,however,do provide information about their__4__.The most obvious way in which is for the amount of money spent on them.Expensive clothes look expensive and show their wearer had money.Clothes can provide other__5__as well.The upper classes__6__to be less interested in fashion and wear good quality clothes in non-bright colors,made of natural material like wool, leather or cotton.Lower working class people often choose clothes in bright colors,made of man-made material.A sociological explanation for this would be that color and interest are missing from their lives,and therefore any opportunity to introduce this is__7__.Clothes are __8__at a price within most people’s reach.New clothes make the wearer feel good,and show some__9__of wealth to the outside world.Today some new fashions are started by the lower working class people who want to look__10__and feel important.They want people to look at them

A)Available B)background C)different D)tall E)totally

B)F)taken G)descriptions H)degree I)clues J)alone

C)K)appear L)consider M)full N)hobby O)fetched

Excercise6

The typical pre-industrial family not only had a good many children,but numerous other dependents as well---grandparents,uncles,aunts and cousins.Such"extended"families were suited for survival in slow paced__1__societies.But such families are hard to__2__.They are immobile.Industrialism demanded masses of workers ready and able to move off the land in pursuit of jobs,and to move again whenever necessary.Thus the extended family__3__shed its excess weight and the so-called"nuclear"family emerged---a stripped-down,portable family unit __4__only of parents and a small set of children.This new style family,far more__5__than the traditional extended family,became the standard model in all the industrial counties. Super-industrialism,however,the next stage of Eco-technological development,__6__even higher mobility.Thus we may expect many among the people of the future to carry the streamlining process,a step further by remaining children,cutting the family down to its more __7__components,a man and a woman.Two people,perhaps with matched careers,will prove more efficient at navigating through education and social status,through job changes and geographic relocations,than the ordinarily child-cluttered family.A__8__may be the postponement of children,rather than childlessness.Men and women today are often torn in __9__between a commitment to career and a commitment to children.In the future,many__10__

will sidestep this problem by deferring the entire task of raising children until after retirement

.A)transplant B)solution C)gradually D)transport E)elemental F)conflict

G)continually H)mobile I)couples J)agricultural K)including L)compromise M)requires N)primary O)consisting

Excercise7

Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer.I always__1__such people,but I also explain that there’s a big difference between"being a writer"and writing.In most cases these individuals are dreaming of__2__and fame,not the long hours alone at a typewriter."You’re got to want to write,"I say to them,"not want to be a writer."The reality is that writing is a__3__, private and poor-paying affair.For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never__4__.When I left a20-year career in the US.Coast Guard to become a freelance writer(自由撰稿人),I had no__5__at all.What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building.It didn’t even matter that it was__6__and had no bathroom.I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and feltlike a__7__writer.After a year or so, however,I still hadn’t gotten a break and began to__8__myself.It was so hard to sell a storythat __9__made enough to eat.But I knew I wanted to write.I had dreamed about it for years.I wasn’t going to be one of those people who die wondering,what if?I would keep putting my dream to the test----even though it meant living with__10__and fear of failure.This is the Shadow land of hope,and anyone with a dream learn to live there.

A)barely B)genuine C)rewarded D)doubt E)lonely

B)F)poverty G)persuade H)prospects I)uncertainty J)impossibly

C)K)encourage L)awarded M)alone N)wealth O)cold

Excercise8

As the pace of life continues to increase,we are fast losing the art of relaxation.But relaxation is __1__for a healthy mind and body.

Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to__2__it.In fact,it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be.A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life.It is only when the stress gets out of__3__that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.

The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual.Some people are not afraid of stress,and such__4__are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities.Others lose heart at the first sight of__5__difficulties.When exposed to stress,in whatever form,we react both physically and__6__.In fact we make choice between"flight or fight"and in more__7__days the choices made the difference between life or death.The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme,but however little the stress,it involves the same

__8__.It is when such a reaction lasts long,through continued__9__to stress,that health becomes endangered.Since we cannot__10__stress from our lives it would be unwise to do so even if we could,we need to find ways to deal with it.

A)exposure B)characters C)answer D)chemically E)avoid

F)psychologically G)primitive H)transfer I)unusual J)control

K)remove L)escape M)response N)backward O)essential

Excercise9

The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens（雅典)in1896and only twelve nations participated.Besides the host nation man participants were tourists who__1__to be in Greece at the time.Though the whole affair was__2__and the standard was not high,the old principle of amateur sport was kept up.Since then the games had been held every four years except during the __3__of the two World War.This was__4__a departure from the old Olympic spirit when wars had to stop and make way for the games.The games have grown enormously in scale and __5__performances have now reached unprecedented heights.Unfortunately the same cannot be said about their__6__standard.Instead of Olympia,the modern games are now held in different cities ll over the world.Inevitably politics and commercialism get involved as countries vie each other for(为......而互相竞争)the__7__to hold the games because of the political prestige and commercial profit to be__8__out of them.In the11th games held in Berlin in1936,Hitler who had newly come to__9__in Germany tried to use the occasion for his Nazi propaganda.For the first time the Olympic flame was brought all the way from Olympia to the games site in relays,a marathon journey now often taking months to__10_.

A)honor B)accomplish C)had D)moral E)arrive F)occurred G)end H)power I)happened J)definitely K)Physical L)informal

M)interruption N)especially O)irregular

Excercise10

Americans are proud of their variety and individuality,yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform.Why are uniforms so__1__in the United States?

Among the arguments for uniforms,one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more__2__than civilian（百姓的）clothes.People have become conditioned to__3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to__4__more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes.Faith in the__5__of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform.What an easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber, or a waiter to__6__professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform?Uniforms also have many__7__benefits.They save on other clothes.They save on laundry bills.They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent

loss of__8__experienced by people who must wear them.Though there are many types of uniforms,the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without__9__,until retirement.When people look alike,they tend to think,speak,and act__10__,on the job at least.

A]skill[B]popular[C]get[D]change[E]similarly[F]professional [G]character[H]individuality[I]inspire[J]differently

[K]expect[L]practical[M]recall[N]lose[O]ordinary

Answers1:

1.选I）。由该句中的has可知，此处应填动词过去式，且表达的含义应和后面的consider…unimportant相近，故应排除contained和expressed而选择ignored。

2.选A）。此处应填名词，但能与后面over构成固定搭配的名词只有priority，故排除了criticism和motivation。

3.选M).由空格前面的and可知，此处应填副词和freely并列。从句意来理解，在没有拼写困难的情况下，怎样鼓励学生自由且……地表达自己，选项中只有confidently “自信地“符合题意。

4.选N）。很明显这里应填形容词，选项中terrible，difficult后接事物名词something，只有adventurous和bright可用来形容somebody（child)，再由后面的play safe“不冒险”，可排除adventurous而选择bright。

5.选E）。由前一句中的be likely to“play safe”和空格前的avoid可以推知，此处所填词的意思应与play safe表达的意思相反，故选项中只有adventurous符合题意。

6.选K）。很明显此处应填动词的一般现在时，可选项有encourage和persuade。由That’s why知本句与前一句构成因果关系，而前一句说的是学生往往会用他们拼写范围内的词写文章，从而选择避免用那些不会的词，故由此可推知此句应理解为老师鼓励学生用字典，因此排除persuade而选encourage。

7.选H）。此处应填形容词。由空格后面的too many spelling errors和illegible可知，这篇文章是写的很糟，而不是很难理解。故排除difficult而选terrible。

8.选B）。此处应填名词。由后半句中a sad reflection on the teacher可知，前半句是在指责学生，故选项中只有criticism符合题意。

9.选C）。此处填动词过去式，本句中由which引导的从句是对essay的解释，剩余选项中contained和expressed，根据句意，文章……儿童内心感受的一些好的表达，故只有contained符合题意。

10.选G）。此处应填名词。根据句意，如果老师更注重学生思想的表达的话，会给学生更大的动力去寻求提高；故排除motive“动机，原因”而选motivation。

Answers2:

1.选L第一段主要提出了行为学家和认知派研究专家对于额外奖励的不同看法，因此可以推出此处应填与destroy意思相反的动词，可选项由improve和aid，但能与performance构成动宾搭配的只有improve，故排除aid。

2.选I由空格后的and gift可知此处应填名词。认知派研究专家认为，由于奖励助长了人们期望从别人那得到……和物质奖励的心理，而往往会破坏创造力，因此，选项中只有approval“认同”符合题意。

3.选F此处应填副词。可选项有generally和especially，但从文章后面所举的例子来理解，此处是为了突出强调教育家支持认知派研究专家的看法，因此只有especially“尤其，特别”符合题意。

4.选J此处应填形容词。由But转折可知此句表明的观点与认知派研究专家who study various aspects of mental life的观点“物质奖励有害”相反，因此可以推出此处应填的形容词是表示“物质奖励”的意思的词，选项中只有monetary符合题意。

5.选G此处应填动词。由But转折可知，此举表明的观点与前者即行为学家所持的观点一致，原文为“适当地给予奖励刺激确实……创造力”，选项中只有aid“有助于（刺激）”符合题意。

6.选M此处应填形容词。从原文来看，如果孩子们知道他们在为获得奖励而努力，并能专注于相对……的任务，他们就会表现出很大的创造力，因此只有challenging符合题意。

7.选C由it its easy to do结构可知，此处应填动词。由此句中But转折与前一句中show the most creativity可以推出，此处应填的词应与show he most表达的意思相反，且与destroy意思相近，故选项中只有kill符合题意。

8.选H此处应填形容词。由此句中high grades和uninspired可以推出此处应填的词应与high形成对比，故只有ordinary符合。

9.选N由空格前的and可知，此处应填动词。可选项有avoid和restore，但由tighten可推出，既然是使平分标准严格，那么就会有高分和低分，也会有不及格，故只有restore“恢复”符合题意。avoid“避免（不及格）”不符合原文意思。

10.选B很明显此处应填名词。原文为“实行所谓象征性奖励，在努力提高学生创造力方面有……，”可选项有promise和hope，而hope是一般人主观的愿望，希望，但此处强调的是“……有实现的可能性，有前景”，故排除hope而选promise。

Answers3:

1.选D此处应填形容词，修饰名词parts。文章首句即提出观点Britain is not just one country and one people“英国不只是一个国家和一个民族”，又从后文的invided into,each part 以及Individual country可知英国被分成几个分离的部分，选项中只有separate表达了这个意思，故D）正确。

2.选K此处应填名词。选项中有四个词temper,temperament,traditions和growth,语言等是一个民族的文化传统，故这里应该填K）traditions，其他几个名词不符合上下文。

3.选O此处应填动词原形。前文中说明英国被分成独立的几部分，各自保存自己的文化传统；后文中because...说明苏格兰、北爱尔兰以及威尔士的居民不承认自己是“English”，说明他们并不承认自己属于“England”，故这里应该选择O）belong。apply也可以和to连用，但apply to表示“将...应用于”，不符合上下文意思。

4.选J此处应填形容词或副词。选项中的副词有generally和strictly，文中要表达的意思是因为这几个部分都有自己的语言和文化传统，所以严格来说，他们不是“English”，但他们都属于English。故J）strictly符合文意。generally“一般地，大体地”放在原文意义上不够严谨。三个形容词不能使语义通顺。

5.选A从前文中prefer to speak their own native tongue即苏格兰语、苏格兰语和威尔士语，那么这些语言对the others（见注释1）来说是陌生的，听不懂的。那么就不难从选项中的incomprehensible和understandable中选择前者，故A）incomprehensible“不能理解的”正确。