编译型语言和解释型语言的分析

编译型语言和解释型语言的分析
编译型语言和解释型语言的分析

语言学术语解释和举例

1. Sequential Rules [s?'kwen?(?)l] 序列规则Sequential Rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in particular language. e.g. If a word begins with a /l/ or /r/, then the next sound must be a vowel(元音). 2. Prototype ['pr??t?ta?p]原型 What members of a particular community think of as the typical instance of a lexical category. e.g. F or some English speakers “cabbage”(rather than say carrot) might be the prototypical vegetable. 3. Presuppositional Trigger 预设触发语 A presupposition trigger is a construction or item that signals the existence of a presupposition in an utterance. e.g.” Jane had another date with John.” It presupposes the fact that Jane has had one date with John before. Apparently, the use of “another” called a presupposition trigger. 4. Possessor [p?'zes?] 所有人 Refers to one who has something e.g. Jane’s doll. The first noun is the possessor. 5. Positive Face 积极面子 The positive consistent self-image or “personality”(including the desire that this self-image be appreciated and approved of)claimed by interactants. e.g.: You are excellent. 6. Phoneme ['f??ni?m] 音位The smallest unit in the sound system of a language e.g. the two words peak and speak, we are aware that the sound /p/ is pronounced differently 7. Performative Utterance 言有所为 It is a sentence which is not true or false but instead 'happy' or 'unhappy', and which is uttered in the performance of an illocutionary (语内表现行为的) act rather than used to state something. e.g. "I swear to do that", "I promise to be there" 8. Negative Face 消极面子 The basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction. i.e. to freedom of action and freedom from imposition. e.g.: You’d better not smoke here. 9. Morpheme ['m?:fi:m] 词素 The smallest meaningful unit of language. It can not be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. e.g. the English word unkindness consists of three morphemes: the S TEM1 kind, the negative prefix un-, and the noun-forming suffix -ness. 10. Metonymic Reasoning [,met?'nimik] 转喻推理 Metonymic Reasoning is a figure of speech used in rhetoric(修辞) in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately(密切地) associated with that thing or concept.

[修饰语,语序,汉语]汉语修饰语语序类型的认知解释

汉语修饰语语序类型的认知解释 20世纪上半叶语言学界主要采用了李方桂对汉藏语系的类属划分,认为汉语属汉藏语系。采用这种观点的语言学家认为语言和文化的影响是单向的,在研究汉语以及壮侗语、苗瑶语之间的关系时,将焦点放在汉语对于这些语言的影响上面,忽略了这些语言对汉语的影响。Paul K.Benedict在20世纪70年代提出了东南亚文化流这个观念。他认为,史前时代长江以南广大区域(包括现在的海南岛、云南、四川、广西、贵州、广东、福建、湖南、江西、浙江、台湾、中南半岛)长久以来居住着众多的民族群体(包括使用孟高棉语的族群、使用南岛语的族群、使用汉藏/藏缅语的族群),他们在文化上是平等的,不同的民族之间必然有着文化和语言上的相互接触,因此文化的流向不可能是单向的。以此类推,语言的影响也不可能是单向的。这种观点一定程度上解释了汉语修饰语语序的类型异质,但要搞清汉语的修饰语语序类型异质的原因还需从认知视角来考察。 一、语序类型学视角分析 从语言事实上来看,一般来说,汉语的修饰语(定语、状语)都在中心语的前面。比如: (1)关于历史的无聊的书。 (2)从昆明来的很漂亮的朋友。 (3)他常常跑步。 Greenberg对语言类型归类时,使用了基本语序类型这样的用语,他指出绝大多数语言有几种语序变体,但总有一种是占优势的语序。从逻辑上来看,有六种可能出现的语序:SVO,SOV,VSO,VOS,OSV和OVS。然而,在这六种之中,只有三种通常作为优势语序而出现。其它三种则根本不发生或极为少见,它们是VOS,OSV和OVS。其共同点是宾语处于主语之前。 [1]按照他所提出的语言共性第一条带有名词性主语和宾语的陈述句中,优势语序几乎总是主语处于宾语之前。[2]汉语采用S-V-O的语序,是采用了优势语序。Greenberg做的语言调查中不包括汉语,未对汉语属于哪种类型的语言做出明确的论述。但根据汉语S、V、O的位置,我们可以判断出汉语应属于SVO型语言。 Greenberg提出了划分语序类型的三种标准:第一是使用前置词还是后置词,分别标作Pr和Po。第二是带有名词性主语和宾语的陈述句中主语、动词和宾语的相对顺序。第三是表示性质的形容词与名词的相对位置,形容词位于名词之前的优势语序标作A,名词位于形容词之前的标作N。 I II III Po-A 0 1 6 Po-N 0 2 5 Pr-A 0 4 0

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

英语语言学名词解释

Chapter 12 : Lan guage And Brain 1. n euroli nguistics: It is the study of relati on ship betwee n brain and Ian guage. It in eludes research into how the structure of the brain in flue nces Ian guage lear ning, how and in which parts of the brain Ian guage is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use Ian guage. 2. psycholinguistics: ____ t he study of Ian guage process in g. It is concerned with the processes of Ian guage acqisiti on, comprehe nsion and product ion. 3. brain lateralizati on: The localizatio n of cog nitive and perceptive fun cti ons in a particular hemisphere of the brain. 4. dichotic listening: A technique in which stimuli either linguistic or non-linguistic are presented through headphones to the left and right ear to determine the lateralization of cog nitive fun cti on. 5. right ear advantage: ___ The phe nomenon that the right ear shows an adva ntage for the perception of linguistic signals id known as the right ear advantage. 6. split brain studies: The experiments that investigate the effects of surgically severing the corpus callosum on cog niti on are called as split brain studies. 7. aphasia: It refers to a number of acquired Ianguage disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by a tumor, an accide nt and so on. 8. non- flue nt aphasia: Damageto parts of the brain in front of the cen tral sulcus is called non-flue nt aphasia. 9. flue nt aphasia: Damage to parts of the left cortex beh ind the cen tral sulcus results in a type of aphasia called flue nt aphasia. 10. Acquired dyslexia: Damage in and around the an gular gyrus of the parietal lobe ofte n causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is referred to as acquired dyslexia. 11. phono logical dyslexia: ___ it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems to have lost the ability to use spelli ng-to-so und rules. 12. surface dyslexia: it is a type of acquired dyslexia in which the patie nt seems un able to recog nize words as whole but must process all words through a set of spell in g-to-so und rules. 13. spo on erism: a slip of ton gue in which the positi on of soun ds, syllables, or words is reversed, for example, Let' s have chish and fips instend of Let' s have fish and chips. 14. prim ing: the process that before the participa nts make a decisi on whether the stri ng of letters is a word or not, they are prese nted with an activated word. 15. freque ncy effect: Subjects take less time to make judgeme nt on freque ntly used words tha n to judge less com monly used words . This phe nomenon is called freque ncy effect.

开发一个简单的解释型编程语言

项目名称 开发一个简单的解释型编程语言 开发人员 目的 1、掌握综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力; 2、掌握灵活运用指针和指针数组解决实际问题,从中体会指针对程序设计的作用; 3、掌握编程语言的内在机理,提高对各种程序设计语言的理论认识,进而真正掌握C 语言;并为下一步学习面向对象语言打下良好的基础; 4、初步掌握编译原理的基本原理,以及编译型语言和解释型语言在执行机制上异同,特别是 为同学以后自学脚本语言打下良好的理论基础;脚本语言是非常有用的一种开发语言,特别 是在大型游戏设计是非常重要的一种编程技术; 5、在实战中提高同学的编程能力。 一、开发要求 1、 用C 或Java 开发一个简单的解释型编程语言; 2、 实现要求:解释器软件从文件或键盘上逐行接收输入的语句,一条语句是一行,所以不需要以“;” 作为语句的结束符。解释器根据语句类型执行不同的动作,遇到输入语句则从键盘接收用户输入的一个整数或一串以回车结束的字符串;遇到输出语句则在屏幕上显示指定的变量的值。 3、 该编程语言必须支持至少以下功能: ⑴ 变量声明语句: 语法:数据类型 变量名,变量名,… 数据类型要求至少支持整数和字符串,例如: 整数 学生人数,grade string 学生姓名 ⑵ 赋制值语句: 语法: 变量名=常量/变量名 变量名=常量/变量名 + 常量/变量名 变量名=常量/变量名 - 常量/变量名 变量名=常量/变量名 * 常量/变量名 变量名=常量/变量名 / 常量/变量名 要求:常量是整数或字符串,对于整数支持加、减、乘、除运算,对于字符串则只支持加法运算,必须能检查运算或赋值的两个表达式类型是否一致。 例: 学生姓名=”独孤求败” grade=grade*10 ⑶ 输入语句: 语法:input 变量名; 例: input 学生姓名 ⑷ 输出语句: 语法:print 变量名; 例: print 学生姓名 东 华 大 学 计 算 机 学 院 DongHua University 软 件 开 发 任 务 书

语言学名词解释整理

Morphology 形态学,研究词的内部结构和构造规则 如colorful,由color和-ful两部分构成,由此概括出一条规则:名词词尾加上-ful可构成形容词 Morpheme, 语素,不能再简化的有意义的语言单位。如boys,由boy和-s构成 Morph 语素的具体形态 Allomorph 语素变体 英文单词illogical,imbalance,irregular和inactive有着共同的语素in-。换句话说,im-,ir-是语素in-的变体。 Free morphemes 能单独出现,独立构词的语素称为自由语素。如work,boy Bound morphemes 不能独立出现,必须附着在其他语素后才能构词的语素。如distempered中,dis-和-ed是黏着语素,temper是自由语素 Bound roots 不能独立出现,只能被词缀附着后出现 如refer中的-fer,consist中的-sist Content morphemes 包含语义内容的语素(包含简单词和能改变词根意义的词缀),如名词、动词、形容词、副词。如work Function morphemes 通过联系一个句子中的其他词提供语法功能的语素 如介词、连词、冠词 at,for,a,but Inflectional 曲折,生成同一语素的不同形式 -s,-‘s,-ing,-en,-er,-est,-s Derivational 派生,生成新词,通常可以改变词汇意义 Cat,caty Compounding合成 如Girlfriend Reduplication 重复 Abbreviation or shortening 简写 Blending 混合 Motor+hotel=motel Breakfast+lunch=brunch Alternation Man men Suppletion不规则 Go went Syntax句法

解释性语言和编译性语言的区别

解释性语言和编译性语言的区别 计算机不能直接理解高级语言,只能直接理解机器语言,所以必须要把高级语言翻译成机器语言,计算机才能执行高级语言编写的程序。 翻译的方式有两种,一个是编译,一个是解释。两种方式只是翻译的时间不同。 编译性语言 编译型语言写的程序执行之前,需要一个专门的编译过程,把程序编译成为机器语言的文件,比如exe文件,以后要运行的话就不用重新翻译了,直接使用编译的结果就行了(exe文件),因为翻译只做了一次,运行时不需要翻译,所以编译型语言的程序执行效率高。 解释性语言 解释则不同,解释性语言的程序不需要编译,省了道工序,解释性语言在运行程序的时候才翻译,比如解释性java语言,专门有一个解释器能够直接执行java程序,每个语句都是执行的时候才翻译。这样解释性语言每执行一次就要翻译一次,效率比较低。 脚本语言 脚本语言是解释性语言。脚本语言一般都有相应的脚本引擎来解释执行。它们一般需要解释器才能运行。所以只要系统上有相应语言的解释程序就可以做到跨平台。脚本语言是一种解释性的语言,例如 vbscript,javascript,installshield script等等,它不象c\c++等可以编译成二进制代码,以可执行文件的形式存在。 JAVA语言 java语言是解释性语言。java很特殊,java程序也需要编译,但是没有直接编译称为机器语言,而是编译称为字节码,然后用解释方式执行字节码。Java 既可以被编译,也可以被解释。通过编译器,可以把Java程序翻译成一种中间代码 - 称为字节码 - 可以被Java解释器解释的独立于平台的代码。通过解释器,每条Java字节指令被分析,然后在计算机上运行。只需编译一次,程序运行时解释执行。 Java字节码使“写一次,到处运行”成为可能。可以在任何有Java编译器的平台上把Java程序编译成字节码。这个字节码可以运行在任何Java VM上。例如,同一个Java程序可以运行在WindowsNT、Solaris和Macintosh上。 编译器与解释器的区别 编译型与解释型,两者各有利弊。前者由于程序执行速度快,同等条件下对系统要求较低,因此像开发操作系统、大型应用程序、数据库系统等时都采用它,像C/C++、Pascal/Object Pascal(Delphi)等都是编译语言,而一些网页脚本、服务器脚本及辅助开发接口这样的对速度要求不高、对不同系统平台间的兼容性有一定要求的程序则通常使用解释性语言,如Java、JavaScript、

英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)

1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole. 3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say). 5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C) 6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04) 7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C) 8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. 10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.(08F/09C)linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker. 11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C) 15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users. 16. duality(double articulation): Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.

编译原理实验报告

院系:计算机科学学院 专业、年级: 07计科2大班 课程名称:编译原理 学号姓名: 指导教师: 2010 年11月17 日 组员学号姓名

实验 名称 实验一:词法分析实验室9205 实验目的或要求 通过设计一个具体的词法分析程序,加深对词法分析原理的理解。并掌握在对程序设计语言源程序进行扫描过程中将其分解为各类单词的词法分析方法。 编制一个读单词过程,从输入的源程序中,识别出各个具有独立意义的单词,即基本保留字、标识符、常数、运算符、分隔符五大类。并依次输出各个单词的内部编码及单词符号自身值。 具体要求:输入为某语言源代码,达到以下功能: 程序输入/输出示例:如源程序为C语言。输入如下一段: main() { int a,b; a=10; b=a+20; } 要求输出如下(并以文件形式输出或以界面的形式输出以下结果)。 (2,”main”) (5,”(“) (5,”)“) (5,”{“} (1,”int”) (2,”a”) (5,”,”) (2,”b”) (5,”;”) (2,”a”) (4,”=”) (3,”10”) (5,”;”) (2,”b”) (4,”=”) (2,”a”) (4,”+”) (3,”20”) (5,”;”) (5,”}“) 要求: 识别保留字:if、int、for、while、do、return、break、continue等等,单词种别码为1。 其他的标识符,单词种别码为2。常数为无符号数,单词种别码为3。 运算符包括:+、-、*、/、=、>、<等;可以考虑更复杂情况>=、<=、!= ;单词种别码为4。分隔符包括:“,”“;”“(”“)”“{”“}”等等,单词种别码为5。

语言学的名词解释(20200524012610)

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