药学英语第4版课后练习判断题翻译及答案
1.much of our present physiological knowledge has been found from the
experiments and studies on human beings. 我们目前的生理知识已经发现从实验和研究人类。F
2.the cell are grouped together to form tissues which,thus,consist of a lot of cells.
细胞被组合在一起形成的组织，因此，包括大量的细胞。F
3.living cells break down glucose and fats to provide energy for other
activities,which are called catabolism. 活细胞分解葡萄糖和脂肪提供能量等活动，被称为分解代谢。F
4.the white cells play an important role in defense against infection. 白细胞在抗
感染防御中起重要作用。Y
5.the right atria pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen
from the air. 右心房缺氧血液泵至肺部，它吸收空气中的氧气。F
6.the nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to
specific cells. 神经系统利用电信号将信息传送到特定的细胞。T
7.the level of sodium increases in the extracellular fluid, the cardiac muscle cells
become too excitable and may contract. 细胞外液中的钠水平升高，心肌细胞的兴奋性，可能成为合同。F
8.the secretions of insulin fall with the decreasing of the concentration of glucose.
胰岛素的分泌量随葡萄糖浓度的降低而下降。T
9. a negative feedback loop is a control system that acts to maintain the level of
some variable within a given range following a disturbance. 负反馈回路是一种控制系统，该控制系统在给定的范围内，在给定的范围内保持一定的变量的水平。T
10.once homeostatic conditions lose the maintenance, the body will suffer. 一旦失
去维持稳态条件，全身遭殃。T
11.the American mass media has done a good job to make antibiotics popular
among people. 美国大众媒体做了一个很好的工作，使抗生素在人们中流行。
T
12.the inadequacies and potential dangers of antibiotics are not as widely known as
their virtues. 抗生素的不足之处和潜在的危险也不普遍被称为他们的美德。T 13.an antibiotics-minded doctor is one who is often hesitant to prescribe antibiotics
for his patients. 一个有抗生素的医生是一个经常为病人开药的人。F
14.not all antibiotics are prescription drugs. 并非所有抗生素都是处方药。T
15.over-the-counter products of antibiotics often give people more troble as they
can be easily available. 抗生素处方产品往往会给人更多的烦恼，因为他们可以很容易获得。F
16.mumps,meales and common colds are all virus infections and can not be cured
by antibiotics. 流行性腮腺炎、麻疹和感冒都是病毒感染，不能用抗生素治愈。
T
17.microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs can be
divided into two types:natural and acquired. 耐抗生素和其他化学药物的微生物可以分为2种类型：天然和获得。F
18.the duration and extent of use of a certain antibiotics in a given location would
result in strains of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics. 特定部位使用抗生素的
持续时间和程度会导致抗生素耐药性的菌株。T
19.bacteriostatic drugs are more preferred than bactericidal ones in preventing the
development of resistance. 抑菌药物比防止耐药性的发展，杀菌更优先。F 20.anaphylactic reaction happens less frequently and is less when the antibiotics is
given by mouth. 过敏反应发生的那么频繁，少时是通过口服抗生素。T
21.each it is faced with a new pathogen, the immune system will generate new
proteins known as effective antibodies. 每一个都面临着一个新的病原体，免疫系统会产生新的蛋白质被称为有效抗体。F
22.when a new pathogen enters the body, the immune system will selectively
deploys the existing antibodies, and mass screen its antibody repertoire to identify the ones that work best. 当一个新的病原体进入体内，免疫系统会选择性地使用现有的抗体，其抗体库筛选和质量鉴定工作最好的。T
23.by looking for signs of a desired activity in almost anything,combinatorial
chemistry generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones with medical value. 通过寻找一个几乎所有的期望活动的迹象，组合化学产生了大量的相关化合物，然后筛选与医疗价值的集合。T 24.with the more efficient screening tests and burgeoning knowledge aboout how a
molecule's biological activities are likely to be changed , the traditional approach of discovering new drugs has been improved. 与更有效的筛选试验和新兴的知识关于如何分子的生物活性是有可能改变的，发现新药物的传统方法进行了改进。F
25.with the parallel synthesis used to identify which small segment of any given
large protein bound to an antibody , Mario Geysen generated a variety of short protein fragments by combining multiple amino acids in different permutations.
用于确定任何给定的大蛋白结合到抗体的小片段的平行合成，Mario Geysen 产生各种短蛋白片段结合在不同的排列多个氨基酸。T
26.a parallel synthesis and a spilt-and-mix synthesis are different in that in a
spilt-and-mix synthesis , all the products are assembled separately in their respective reaction vessels. 平行合成和拆分和组合合成是不同的，在一个洒了混合合成，所有的产品组合分别在各自的反应容器。F
27.in a combinatorial synthesis , with the requirements that compounds are
required to be linked to the beads and later to be detached from them, the chemical reactions actually make the synthesis process more complicated, whereas the purification easier. 在一个组合的合成，与所需的化合物的要求，以被链接到的珠子，并与它们分离后，化学反应，实际上使合成过程更复杂，而纯化更容易。F
28.in many laboratories , robots are used in the routine work of parallel synthesis to
deliver smalll amounts of reactive molecules into appropriate wells,thus making the process more accurate and less tedious. 在许多实验室，机器人用于提供小数量的活性分子在适当的威尔斯平行合成的日常工作，从而使过程更准确和更繁琐。F
29.in a parallel synthesis,each compound remains in its own container;while in a a
split-and-mix synthesis ,the related componds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel. 在一个平行的合成，每个化合物仍在自己的容器；而一一拆分与组合
合成，在同一反应容器的相关化合物混合起来。T
30.in order to solve the difficulties of identifying the compounds made in a parallel
synthesis , scientists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached. 为了解决在一个平行合成的化合物进行鉴定的困难，科学家从混合物中取出生物活性分子的混合物，并确定该化合物附着的分子结构。T
31.90% to 95% of plants on this planet have not been investigated so far. 90%到95%
的植物在这个星球上还没有被调查至今。T
32.to incorporate natural products in the modern HTS programmes , a natural
product library is not useful. 将天然产物纳入现代高温超导方案，天然产物库是不有用的。F
33.natural products have been a source of drugs and drug leads. 天然产物是药物
和药物的来源。T
34.the traditional way of discovering drug from natural product is bioassay-guided.
从天然产物中发现药物的传统方法是生物测定法。T
35.academia and some semi-academic research organizations , usually apply
modern approaches to natural product drug discovery. 学术界和一些半学术研究组织，通常采用现代方法来天然产物药物发现。F
36.cephalosporin C is an antiviral compound. 头孢菌素C是一种抗病毒化合物。F
37.most of the 877 small molecular new chemical entities introduced as drugs
during 1981-2002 were form natural product derivatives other than naural product mimic. 877大部分小分子新化学实体药物中均形成了1981-2002天然产物的衍生物比其他产品模仿自然。T
38.medern drug discovery approaches uses short time and greater amounts of
compounds. 现代药物发现方法使用时间短和更大量的化合物。F
39.discovery of the active (determined by various bioassays) natural molecule ,
which itself or its structural analogues could be an ideal drug candidate is called "lead" discovery. 对主动发现（通过各种生物检测确定）的天然分子，其本身或其结构类似物可能是一个理想的候选药物被称为“领导”的发现。T
40.dereplication is the procsee by which one can eliminate re-isolation of similar
compounds from various extracts. 表的过程，可以消除各种提取物类似化合物重新隔离。T
41.the presence of gunpowder residue on a murder defendant's hand really requires
quantitative analysis. 在一个谋杀案被告的手上火药残留的存在确实需要定量分析。F
42.the term "analytical science" ignores the role of instrument applications in this
field. “分析科学”一词，忽略了仪器在这一领域中的作用。T
43.quantitative analysis is usually base on qualitative analysis. 定量分析通常是在
定性分析的基础上。T
44.a selective reaction usually occurs only with the substances of interest. 选择性
反应通常只发生在感兴趣的物质。F
45.quantitative tests are more complicated and reliable than qualitative analysis. 定
量测试比定性分析更为复杂和可靠。T
46.quantitative measurement can also serve as qualitative measurement in modern
chemical system. 定量测量也可作为现代化工系统的定性测量。T
47.the fast-screening phase in testing banned substances requires quantitative
analysis. 检测禁用物质的快速筛选阶段需要定量分析。F
48.GC-MS is often employed in the last phase of quantification because of its
precision and sophistication. 气相色谱-质谱联用中常采用量化的最后阶段由于其精度和复杂性。F
49.many chemical reactions exhibit selectivity rather than specificity. 许多化学反应
表现出选择性，而不是特异性。T
50.the basic task for analytical chemistry is to identify and determine the quanity of
the substances. 分析化学的基本任务是识别和确定的物质的量。F
51.on December 15th,1820,the frist edition of the pharmacopoeia of the united
states was published in the senate chamber of the U.S. capitol building. 1820年12月15日，对美国药典第一版发表在美国首都大厦参议院。F
52.in 1888, the USP convention published the frist national formulary under the title
the national formulary of unofficial preparations (NF). 1888、USP大会发表第一国家处方集的标题官方准备国家处方集（NF）下。F
https://www.360docs.net/doc/f317922518.html,P's president , and other members of the board of trustees as well as the
council of experts vote to elect the members of USP convention and they are responsible for the updating of , as needed,USP's constitution and by-laws. 美国总统和其他成员的董事会以及专家委员会投票选举美国药典公约成员，他们负责更新，根据需要，USP的宪法和法律。F
54.more than 350 stakeholder forums and project teams contribute to the
standards-setting activities of the council of experts. 350多个利益相关者论坛和项目团队为专家委员会的设置活动做出贡献。F
55.in the united states, the federal food , drug and cosmetic act(FD&C Act) defines
the term "official compendium" as the official USP , the official NF , the official homeopathic pharmacopeia of the united states , but the supplement to them are not included. 在美国，联邦食品，药品和化妆品法（FD&C Act）中定义“官方纲要”作为官方USP，官方的NF，美国官方顺势疗法药典，但他们补充不包括。F
56.the FD&C Act stipulates that the article different in strength ,quality , or purity
may still have same name if the difference is stated on the ariticle's label.
FD&C法案规定，文章不同的强度、质量或纯度仍可能如果差异是对本文的标签说明有相同的名字。T
57.as specified by the dietary supplement health and edducation act of 1994,the
USP-NF general chapter is regarded as the official compendia for dietary supplements. 如按1994的膳食补充剂健康与教育法规定的国家处方集总章，作为膳食补充剂的官方标准。F
58.if a practitioner writes a prescription for a compounded preparation that is
named in a USP-NF monograph , when tested,must conform to the stipulations of the monograph so named . 如果一个医生写的一个复合制剂，在USP-NF的专著，测试时命名的处方，必须符合规定的专著，所以命名。T
59.the pharmacopeia discussion croup's harmonious work makes it possible to
reduce manufacturers's burden of performing analytical procedures in different
ways , using different acceptance criteria. 药典讨论组的协调工作就有可能减少以不同的方式执行分析程序制造商的负担，使用不同的验收标准。T
60.WHO,as an observer of PDG ,harmonizes the three important
pharmacopeias:european, japanese, and united states pharmacopeias. WHO为PDG观察员，协调三个重要药典：欧洲，日本，和美国药典。F
61.in practice , doctors only prescribe to their patients the drugs approved by FDA as
safe and effctive. 在实践中，医生只开给病人通过FDA批准的药物安全性和有效性。F
62.in the package insert ,"not to be used in children , since clinical studise have been
insufficient to establish recommendations for its use " means the drug cannot be prescribed to children. 在包装，不能用于儿童，因为临床研究已不足以建立其使用”的建议意味着药物不能用于儿童。F
63.many drugs are used by clinicians in the treatment of conditions listed in the
package insert. 许多药物被用于在包装插入物的条件的治疗中使用的医生。F 64.the FDA cannot require a pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the frug
product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem partly because of the concern for the firm's economic condotion.
FDA要求制药公司不包括在插入弗鲁克产品的新用途即使它已在临床测试，发现一个给定的问题，部分是因为对公司的经济条件的关系。T
65.now it is generally recognized that a physician's failure to use drug approved as
effecte treatment for a specific disease can be construed as a malpractice. 现在人们普遍认为，医生不使用药物批准用于治疗特定疾病的影响可以解释为一种弊端。F
66.as suggested , a physician should be informed about the availability of the drug
from the package insert and his decision to use it or not to use it will be on rational base. 如建议，医生应告知有关的药物的可用性，从包装插入和决定使用它或不使用它将是在合理的基础。T
67.the purpose of the FDA control of the package insert is to absolve the physician
from responsibility for harm resulting t his patient , so the failure is to follow the recommendations in the package insert necessarily will render him legally culpable. 对包装食品及药物管理局控制的目的是免除医生从产生T病人损害责任，所以失败是按照说明书的建议，一定会使他在法律上有罪。F
68.the package insert should be viewed as a useful guide to the physician, with its
recommendations as an equal footing with other publications and research reports , but the physician's decision on therapy should be based on cumulative knowledge derived from many sources. 该软件包应该被看作是一个有用的指南，医生，其建议与其他出版物和研究报告的平等地位，但医生的决定，治疗应根据来自许多来源的累积知识。T
69.the pediatrician's ignorance of the "orphan clause" in the insert and his judgment
that his patient requires a particular medication for optimal treatment will places him in unusual legel jeopardy. 在插入和他的判断，他的病人需要最佳治疗一个特殊的药物会使他不寻常的法律危险的“孤儿”条款的儿科医生的无知。F 70.only when the programs in pediatric clinical pharmacology developed to ensure
that all drugs used in infants and children are adequately tested for safety and
efficacy can the problem of "therapeutic orphans " be solved. 只有当在儿科临床药理学的程序开发，以确保所有的药物用于婴幼儿和儿童的安全性和有效性进行充分的测试，“治疗性的孤儿”的问题得到解决。T
71.as the principal consumer protection agency of the federal government , FDA has
the closest connection with every day living of american people. 作为联邦政府的主要消费者保护机构，食品药品管理局与美国人民的日常生活联系最为密切。
72.most people seldom doubt on the truth of the label put on the food or medicine
they buy from a grocery or drug store. 大多数人对标签的真实性很不表示怀疑，他们从食品或药品店买的食品或药品。
73.the production of lipsticks and eyeliners are beyond FDA's regulatory jurisdiction.
口红、眼线笔生产超出了FDA的监管权。
74.in a word , all products relating to eat must be regulated by FDA. 一句话，所有与
食物有关的产品必须由美国食品药品管理局规定。
75.drugs for animals are also regulated by FDA while tobacco is not . 对动物的药物
也被美国食品药品管理局规定，而烟草则不。
76.FDA's responsibilities and activities include making response to requests for
information concerned. 食品药品管理局的职责和活动包括对有关信息的要求作出回应。
77.regulatory enforcement is a must in achieving compliance. 监管执法是必须在
实现合规性。
78.to rely solely on the approach of supervision and monitoring combined with
various enforcement measures is clearly out of question. 要完全依靠监督和监督相结合的办法，各种执法措施显然是不可能的。
79.adherence to traffic regulations and payment of income taxes are achieved
mainly through voluntary compliance by the general public. 遵守交通法规和缴纳所得税主要是通过公众自愿遵守的。
80.a top person in FDA with education oriented mind would expect to adpot policies
that are persuasive toward voluntary compliance. 在FDA的教育导向上的人会采取的政策，对自愿遵守的说服力。
药学英语第五版第三单元
Biochemistry Seeks to Explain Life in Chemical Terms The molecules of which living organisms are composed conform to all the familiar laws of chemistry, but they also interact with each other in accordance with another set of principles, which we shall refer to collectively as the molecular logic of life. These principles do not involve new or yet undiscovered physical laws or forces. Instead, they are a set of relationships characterizing the nature, function, and interactions of biomolecules. If living organisms are composed of molecules that are intrinsically inanimate, how do these molecules confer the remarkable combination of characteristics we call life? How is it that a living organism appears to be more than the sum of its inanimate parts? Philosophers once answered that living organisms are endowed with a mysterious and divine life force, but this doctrine (vitalism) has been firmly rejected by modern science. The basic goal of the science of biochemistry is to determine how the collections of inanimate molecules that constitute living organisms interact with each other to maintain and perpetuate life. Although biochemistry yields important insights and practical applications in medicine, agriculture, nutrition, and industry, it is ultimately concerned with the wonder of life itself. All Macromolecules Are Constructed from a Few Simple Compounds Most of the molecular constituents of living systems are composed of carbon atoms covalently joined with other carbon atoms and with hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The special bonding properties of carbon permit the formation of a great variety of molecules. Organic compounds of molecular weight less than about 500, such as amino acids, nucleotidase, and monosaccharide, serve as monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides,
英语选修八小课文及翻译第四单元word版本
Unit4 Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET 第二幕第一场打赌 It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering are sitting deep in conversation. 第二天上午11点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。 H: Do you want to hear any more sounds? 希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？ CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish most of them. 皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24个元音来。而你发出了130个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。 H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice. 希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。 There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a teapot, some cream and two cups. 敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。 MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you. 管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。 H: A young girl! What does she want? 希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？ MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you wanted her to talk into your machines. 管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着机器讲话的呢。 H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce. 希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。 MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs) 管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去） H: This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ... 希：还真是运气，我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的。 MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following Mrs. Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.) 管：（返回来）先生，这就是那个年轻姑娘。（伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走进房来。 她穿着破旧的衣服，还脏兮兮的。进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼。 H: (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the other day. She's no use at all. Take her away. 希：（失望地）好啦，我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了。她就是那天我们见到过的那个，现在根本没有用了，带她走吧！ CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady? 皮：（温和地）年轻姑娘，你想要干什么？E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street. But they won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt. 伊：（不安地）我想在花店里当卖花姑娘，不想到街上去卖花了。但是他们不会要我，除非我讲话讲得好些，所以我来了，准备付给他钱。我并不是求他帮忙——可他把我当下贱人看待。 H: How much? 希：你给多少钱？ E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two shillings an hour
真题翻译答案
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1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you
药学英语第五版原文翻译
IntroductiontoPhysiology Introduction Physiologyisthestudyofthefunctionsoflivingmatter.Itisconcernedwithhowanorganismperformsitsv ariedactivities:howitfeeds,howitmoves,howitadaptstochangingcircumstances,howitspawnsnewgenerati ons.Thesubjectisvastandembracesthewholeoflife.Thesuccessofphysiologyinexplaininghoworganismsp erformtheirdailytasksisbasedonthenotionthattheyareintricateandexquisitemachineswhoseoperationisgo vernedbythelawsofphysicsandchemistry. Althoughsomeprocessesaresimilaracrossthewholespectrumofbiology—thereplicationofthegenetic codefororexample—manyarespecifictoparticulargroupsoforganisms.Forthisreasonitisnecessarytodivid ethesubjectintovariouspartssuchasbacterialphysiology,plantphysiology,andanimalphysiology. Tostudyhowananimalworksitisfirstnecessarytoknowhowitisbuilt.Afullappreciationofthephysiolog yofanorganismmustthereforebebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Experimentscanthenbecarriedo uttoestablishhowparticularpartsperformtheirfunctions.Althoughtherehavebeenmanyimportantphysiolo gicalinvestigationsonhumanvolunteers,theneedforprecisecontrolovertheexperimentalconditionshasmea ntthatmuchofourpresentphysiologicalknowledgehasbeenderivedfromstudiesonotheranimalssuchasfrog s,rabbits,cats,anddogs.Whenitisclearthataspecificphysiologicalprocesshasacommonbasisinawidevariet yofanimalspecies,itisreasonabletoassumethatthesameprincipleswillapplytohumans.Theknowledgegain edfromthisapproachhasgivenusagreatinsightintohumanphysiologyandendoweduswithasolidfoundation fortheeffectivetreatmentofmanydiseases. Thebuildingblocksofthebodyarethecells,whicharegroupedtogethertoformtissues.Theprincipaltype softissueareepithelial,connective,nervous,andmuscular,eachwithitsowncharacteristics.Manyconnective tissueshaverelativelyfewcellsbuthaveanextensiveextracellularmatrix.Incontrast,smoothmuscleconsists https://www.360docs.net/doc/f317922518.html,anssuchasthebrain,theh eart,thelungs,theintestines,andtheliverareformedbytheaggregationofdifferentkindsoftissues.Theorgans arethemselvespartsofdistinctphysiologicalsystems.Theheartandbloodvesselsformthecardiovascularsyst em;thelungs,trachea,andbronchitogetherwiththechestwallanddiaphragmformtherespiratorysystem;thes keletonandskeletalmusclesformthemusculoskeletalsystem;thebrain,spinalcord,autonomicnervesandgan glia,andperipheralsomaticnervesformthenervoussystem,andsoon. Cellsdifferwidelyinformandfunctionbuttheyallhavecertaincommoncharacteristics.Firstly,theyareb oundedbyalimitingmembrane,theplasmamembrane.Secondly,theyhavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemol eculestosmalleronestoliberateenergyfortheiractivities.Thirdly,atsomepointintheirlifehistory,theyposses sanucleuswhichcontainsgeneticinformationintheformofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA). Livingcellscontinuallytransformmaterials.Theybreakdownglucoseandfatstoprovideenergyforother activitiessuchasmotilityandthesynthesisofproteinsforgrowthandrepair.Thesechemicalchangesarecollect ivelycalledmetabolism.Thebreakdownoflargemoleculestosmalleronesiscalledcatabolismandthesynthes isoflargemoleculesfromsmalleronesanabolism. Inthecourseofevolution,cellsbegantodifferentiatetoservedifferentfunctions.Somedevelopedtheabil itytocontract(musclecells),otherstoconductelectricalsignals(nervecells).Afurthergroupdevelopedtheabi litytosecretedifferentsubstancessuchashormonesorenzymes.Duringembryologicaldevelopment,thispro cessofdifferentiationisre-enactedasmanydifferenttypesofcellareformedfromthefertilizedegg. Mosttissuescontainamixtureofcelltypes.Forexample,bloodconsistsofredcells,whitecells,andplatele ts.Redcellstransportoxygenaroundthebody.Thewhitecellsplayanimportantroleindefenseagainstinfection 生理学简介 介绍 生理学是研究生物体功能的科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地