Air quality in Europe - 2014 report
AS航空航天质量体系标准培训课件
应用
1.2 应用
本标准规定的所有要求是通用的，旨在适用于各种类型、不同规模 和提供不同产品的组织。
当本标准的任何要求因组织及其产品的特点而不适用时，可以考虑 对其进行删减。
除非删减仅限于本标准第7章中那些不影响组织提供满足顾客和适用 法律法规要求的产品的能力或责任的要求，否则不能声称符合本 标准。
3.术语和定义
本标准采用GB/TI9000中的术语和定义。 本标准表述供应链所使用的以下术语经过了更改，以反映当前的使用情
况： 供方——组织——顾客
本标准中的术语“组织”用以取代GB/TI9001-1994所使用的术语“供 方”，术语“供方”用以取代术语“分承包方”。
第二节 国际航空航天质量标准 产生的背景、演变和构成
2.1国际航空航天质量标准产生的背景
2.1.1 国际航空航天质量标准产生的背景
➢ 航空业界认识到ISO9001虽然提供了一个非常好的基础，但是却不 充分，不能完全满足航空业特定的需要。基于业界一系列的增值 期望而进行增补扩充，关注点提升至产品安全性、可靠性和耐飞 性;
➢ IAQG成员中的美国、欧洲共同体、日本等国家和地区依托其国家和地 区的欧洲航空业协会（AECMA），自动化工程协会（SAE）及日本航空 公司社团（SJAC）并以其名义发布了等同IAQS9100最终草案的EN9100 /AS9100 A/SJAC9100标准。并要求航空航天产品的供方贯彻和保持 IAQG规定的质量管理体系要求。
2.1国际航空航天质量标准产生的背景
2.1.2 国际航空航天质量协调组织（ IAQG）成立带来的变化 ➢ IAQG分为三大部分：欧洲（EAQG），美洲（AAQG）和亚洲（APAQG）。
CET-4模拟试题(二)
生技16-1CET-4模拟测试一、在答题前，请认真完成以下内容：1．请检查试题册背面条形码粘贴条、答题卡的印刷质量，如有问题及时向监考员反应，确认无误后完成以下两点要求。
2．请将试题册背面条形码粘贴条揭下后粘贴在答题卡1的条形码粘贴框内，并将姓名和准考证号填写在试题册背面相应位置。
3．请在答题卡1和答题卡2指定位置用黑色签字笔填写准考证号、姓名和学校名称，并用2B铅笔将对应准考证号的信息点涂黑。
二、在考试过程中，请注意以下内容：1．所有题目必须在答题卡上作答，在试题册上的作答一律无效。
2．请在规定时间内依次完成作文、听力、阅读、翻译各部分考试，作答作文期间不得翻阅该试题册。
听力录音播放完毕后，请立即停止作答，监考员将立即回收答题卡1，得到监考员指令后方可继续作答。
3．作文题内容印在试题册背面，作文题及其他主观题必须用黑色签字笔在答题卡指定区域内作答。
4．选择题均为单选题，错选、不选或多选将不得分，作答时必须使用HB-2B铅笔在答题卡上相应位置填涂，修改时须用橡皮擦净。
三、以下情况按违规处理：1. 不正确填写（涂）个人信息，错贴、不贴、毁损条形码粘贴条；2. 未按规定翻阅试题册、提前阅读试题、提前或在收答题卡期间作答；3. 未用所规定的笔作答、折叠或毁损答题卡导致无法评卷。
4. 考试期间在非听力考试时间佩戴耳机。
Part I Writing (30 minutes)（请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试）Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay. Suppose you have two options upon graduation: one is to take a job in a company and the other to go to a graduate school. You are to make a choice between the two. Write an essay to explain the reasons for your choice. You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part ⅡListening Comprehension （25 minutes）Section ADirections: In this section， you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report， you will hear two or three questions. Both the newsreport and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear aquestion， you must choose the best answer from the four choices markedA）， B）， C） and D）. Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A) Terrorists attacked Thai troops.C)Shootings occurred in Bangkok.B)Thai troops killed many people. D) Bombs blasted in Bangkok.2.A) The Muslims wanted to build up an Islamic State.B)Thai troops were sent to North.C)About 2,000 people were injured.D)There were no more bombings since 2004.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A) Give oil revenues to some of the provinces.B)Allow provinces distribute their oil revenues.C)Distribute oil revenues according to the population size.D)Distribute oil revenues according to the development of economy.4.A) To help build shopping malls.B)To help improve the country’s economy.C)To help more children to learn how to clean the streets.D)To help more young people to get back to school.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A) Spain. C) France.B)The United States. D) Italy.6.A) 77 million.C) million.B)130 million. D) 100 million.7. A) %. C) 100%.B) 30%. D) 37%.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both theconversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After youhear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on AnswerSheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8. A) The job is boring, but the pay is good. C) She likes the job butstill wants a change.B) It’s not a busy, but a hard job. D) It’s the very job she’s lookingfor.9. A) He likes fashion. C) He believes he qualifies for the job.B) He is learning fashion design. D) He likes working as a salesman.10.A) Someone who is not good at service jobs.B)Someone who is not good at mind tricks.C)Someone who is afraid of being a new one at a job.D)Someone who can start a conversation with strangers easily.11.A) Be played by mind tricks. C) Failto get perfect scores.B) Leave the school and be independent. D) Be unemployed for the timebeing.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A) Living in trees. C) Anenvironmental issue.B) Protecting the forests. D) Tasmania’s policies.13.A) She hates to live with people. C)She wants to live high.B) She likes living in a tree. D) She wants to prevent people fromlogging trees.14. A) It can benefit the environment. C) It can provide jobs.B) It can reduce costs. D) It is profitable.15.A) It is a vital industry in Tasmania.C) It boosts the cutting of trees in Tasmania.B) It will reduce employment rate in Tasmania. D) It stops local peoplefrom money in Tasmania.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage andthe questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 witha single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) New York City is turning 101 years old.B)Grand Central Station’s turning 101 years old.C)A building being named as Grand Central Terminal.D)The change of Grand Central Station.17.A) It has a small, arched window. C)The ticket windows are jeweled.B) The clocks are on four sides. D) The ceiling is a mirror image.18.A) The design of the building is for the public.B) The plan of building a huge office over it failed.C)The modern preservation movement gets more attention.D)The beauty of the building has been known worldwide.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) It contains one paragraph ofintroduction. C) It consists of two sides of the argument.B) It contains five paragraphs of evidence. D) It contains threeparagraphs of the conclusion.20.A) Correcting grammar mistakes incollege. C) Helping students improve their writing.B) Teaching international students. D) Working in a lab in India.21.A) Its subjects are too simple to use the formula.B)The formula is good for this kind of writing.C)Its subjects require deep thoughts and investigation.D)Careful thinking should be throughout the process of writing.22. A) One with a clear five-paragraph essay.B)One with evidence leading to different conclusions.C)One with descriptive words.D) One with shorter but well-organized sentences.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.23.A) Busy people. C) Young people.B) Knowledgeable people. D) Rich people.24.A) Ads by celebrity. C) Goodreputation of the seller.B) Friendly online conversation. D) Discounts and small gifts.25. A) By adding various products. C) By having good post-sale service.B) By lowering the prices. D) By making quick deliveries.Part III Reading Comprehension （40 minutes）Section ADirections： In this section， there is a passage with ten blanks。
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards美国空气质量标准
National Ambient Air Quality Standards<NAAQS>The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards <40 CFR part 50> for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act established two types of national air quality standards. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits to protect public welfare, including protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.The EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards <OAQPS> has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million <ppm> by volume, parts per billion <ppb - 1 part in 1,000,000,000> by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air <mg/m3>, and micrograms per cubic meter of air <µg/m3>.<1> Not to be exceeded more than once per year.<2> Final rule signed October 15, 2008.<3> The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard<4> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 100 ppb <effective January 22, 2010>.<5> Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years.<6> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the weighted annual mean PM2.5 concentrations from single or multiple community-oriented monitors must not exceed 15.0 µg/m3.<7> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour concentrations at each population-oriented monitor within an area must not exceed 35µg/m3 <effective December 17, 2006>.<8> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.075 ppm. <effective May 27, 2008><9> <a> To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour average ozone concentrations measured at each monitor within an area over each year must not exceed 0.08 ppm.<b> The 1997 standard—and the implementation rules for that standard—will remain in place for implementation purposes as EPA undertakes rulemaking to address the transition from the 1997 ozone standard to the 2008 ozone standard.<c> EPA is in the process of reconsidering these standards <set in March 2008>.<10> <a> EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard in all areas, although some areas have continuing obligations under that standard <"anti-backsliding">.<b> The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is < 1.<11> <a> Final rule signed June 2, 2010. To attain this standard, the 3-year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area must not exceed 75 ppb.National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsNational Secondary Drinking Water Regulations <NSDWRs or secondary standards> arenon-enforceable guidelines regulating contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects <such as skin or tooth discoloration> or aesthetic effects <such as taste, odor, or color> in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards.List of National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsContaminant Secondary StandardAluminum 0.05 to 0.2 mg/LChloride 250 mg/LColor 15 <color units>Copper 1.0 mg/LCorrosivity noncorrosiveFluoride 2.0 mg/LFoaming Agents 0.5 mg/LIron 0.3 mg/LManganese 0.05 mg/LOdor 3 threshold odor numberpH 6.5-8.5Silver 0.10 mg/LSulfate 250 mg/LTotal Dissolved Solids 500 mg/L Zinc 5 mg/L MicroorganismsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL orTT1<mg/L>2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Abovethe MCL <unless specified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterCryptosporidium zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animalfecal wasteGiardia lamblia zero TT3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g.,diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animalfecal wasteHeterotrophic plate count n/a TT3HPC has no health effects; it isan analytic method used tomeasure the variety of bacteriathat are common in water. Thelower the concentration ofbacteria in drinking water, thebetter maintained the watersystem is.HPC measures arange of bacteriathat are naturallypresent in theenvironmentLegionella zero TT3Legionnaire's Disease, a typeof pneumoniaFound naturally inwater; multipliesin heating systemsTotal Coliforms<including fecal coliform and E. Coli>zero 5.0%4Not a health threat in itself; itis used to indicate whetherother potentially harmfulbacteria may be present5Coliforms arenaturally presentin theenvironment; aswell as feces; fecalcoliforms and E.coli only comefrom human andanimal fecalwaste.Turbidity n/a TT3Turbidity is a measure of thecloudiness of water. It is usedto indicate water quality andfiltration effectiveness <e.g.,whether disease-causingSoil runofforganisms are present>. Higher turbidity levels areoften associated with higher levels of disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses, parasites and some bacteria. These organisms can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. Viruses <enteric> zero TT 3Gastrointestinal illness <e.g., diarrhea, vomiting, cramps>Human and animal fecal wasteDisinfection ByproductsContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unlessspecifiedasshort-term>SourcesofContaminant in Drinking WaterBromatezero0.010Increased risk of cancerByproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionChlorite0.81.0Anemia; infants & youngchildren: nervous system effectsByproduct of drinking water disinfection Haloacetic acids<HAA5>n/a 60.0607Increased risk of cancerByproduct ofdrinking water disinfectionTotalTrihalomethanes <TTHMs>--> n/a 6--> 0.0807Liver, kidney or centralnervous systemproblems; increased risk of cancerByproduct of drinking water disinfectionDisinfectantsContaminantMCLG 1<mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effectsfrom Long-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unlessspecifiedasshort-term> SourcesofContaminant in Drinking WaterChloramines <as Cl 2>MRDLG=41MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation;stomach discomfort, anemiaWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine <asCl 2>MRDLG=41 MRDL=4.01Eye/nose irritation; stomach discomfortWater additive used to control microbes Chlorine dioxide <asClO 2>MRDLG=0.81MRDL=0.81Anemia; infants & young children: nervous system effectsWater additive used to control microbes Inorganic ChemicalsContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health EffectsfromLong-Term Exposure AbovetheMCL<unless specified as short-term>Sources of Contaminant in Drinking WaterAntimony0.0060.006Increase in bloodcholesterol; decrease in blood sugarDischarge frompetroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder Arsenic070.010 as of 01/23/06Skin damage or problems withcirculatory systems, and may have increased risk of getting cancerErosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards, runoff from glass &electronicsproduction wastesAsbestos <fiber>10micrometers>7 million fibers per liter7 MFLIncreased risk of developing benign intestinal polypsDecay of asbestos cement in water mains; erosion of natural depositsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking WaterBarium 2 2 Increase in bloodpressureDischarge of drillingwastes; discharge frommetal refineries; erosionof natural depositsBeryllium0.004 0.004 Intestinal lesions Discharge from metal refineries andcoal-burning factories; discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industriesCadmium0.005 0.005 Kidney damage Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from waste batteries and paintsChromium <total>0.1 0.1 Allergic dermatitisDischarge from steel andpulp mills; erosion ofnatural depositsCopper 1.3 TT7; ActionLevel=1.3Short term exposure:GastrointestinaldistressLong term exposure:Liver or kidneydamagePeople with Wilson'sDisease shouldconsult theirpersonal doctor if theamount of copper inCorrosion of householdplumbing systems;erosion of naturaldepositsContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Watertheir water exceedsthe action levelCyanide <as free cyanide>0.2 0.2Nerve damage orthyroid problemsDischarge fromsteel/metal factories;discharge from plasticand fertilizer factoriesFluoride 4.0 4.0 Bone disease <painand tenderness ofthe bones>; Childrenmay get mottledteethWater additive whichpromotes strong teeth;erosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromfertilizer and aluminumfactoriesLead zero TT7; ActionLevel=0.015Infants and children:Delays in physical ormental development;children could showslight deficits inattention span andlearning abilitiesAdults: Kidneyproblems; high bloodpressureCorrosion of householdplumbing systems;erosion of naturaldepositsMercury<inorganic>0.002 0.002 Kidney damageErosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromrefineries and factories;runoff from landfills andcroplandsNitrate<measured as Nitrogen> 10 10Infants below the ageof six months whodrink waterRunoff from fertilizeruse; leaching from septictanks, sewage; erosionContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Watercontaining nitrate inexcess of the MCLcould becomeseriously ill and, ifuntreated, may die.Symptoms includeshortness of breathand blue-babysyndrome.of natural depositsNitrite<measured as Nitrogen>1 1Infants below the ageof six months whodrink watercontaining nitrite inexcess of the MCLcould becomeseriously ill and, ifuntreated, may die.Symptoms includeshortness of breathand blue-babysyndrome.Runoff from fertilizeruse; leaching from septictanks, sewage; erosionof natural depositsSelenium0.05 0.05 Hair or fingernailloss; numbness infingers or toes;circulatory problemsDischarge frompetroleum refineries;erosion of naturaldeposits; discharge fromminesThallium0.0005 0.002 Hair loss; changes inblood; kidney,intestine, or liverproblemsLeaching fromore-processing sites;discharge fromelectronics, glass, anddrug factoriesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterAcrylamide zero TT8Nervoussystem orbloodproblems;increased riskof cancerAdded to waterduringsewage/wastewater treatmentAlachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver,kidney orspleenproblems;anemia;increased riskof cancer Runoff from herbicide used on row cropsAtrazine0.003 0.003 Cardiovascular system orreproductiveproblemsRunoff fromherbicide used onrow cropsBenzene zero 0.005 Anemia;decrease inbloodplatelets;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromfactories; leachingfrom gas storagetanks and landfillsBenzo<a>pyrene <PAHs>zero 0.0002 Reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerLeaching fromlinings of waterstorage tanks anddistribution linesCarbofuran0.04 0.04 Problems with Leaching of soilContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterblood,nervoussystem, orreproductivesystemfumigant used onrice and alfalfaCarbon tetrachloride zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromchemical plantsand otherindustrial activitiesChlordane zero 0.002 Liver ornervoussystemproblems;increased riskof cancerResidue of bannedtermiticideChlorobenzene0.1 0.1 Liver orkidneyproblemsDischarge fromchemical andagriculturalchemical factories2,4-D0.07 0.07 Kidney, liver,or adrenalglandproblemsRunoff fromherbicide used onrow cropsDalapon0.2 0.2 Minor kidneychangesRunoff fromherbicide used onrights of way1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropa zero 0.0002 Reproductive Runoff/leachingContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterne <DBCP>difficulties;increased riskof cancer from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchardso-Dichlorobenzene0.6 0.6 Liver, kidney,or circulatorysystemproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesp-Dichlorobenzene0.075 0.075 Anemia; liver,kidney orspleendamage;changes inbloodDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories1,2-Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Increased riskof cancerDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories1,1-Dichloroethylene0.007 0.007 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriescis-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.07 0.07 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriestrans-1,2-Dichloroethylene0.1 0.1 LiverproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterDichloromethane zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromdrug and chemicalfactories1,2-Dichloropropane zero 0.005 Increased riskof cancerDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesDi<2-ethylhexyl> adipate0.4 0.4 Weight loss,liverproblems, orpossiblereproductivedifficulties.Discharge fromchemical factoriesDi<2-ethylhexyl> phthalate zero 0.006 Reproductivedifficulties;liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromrubber andchemical factoriesDinoseb0.007 0.007 ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff fromherbicide used onsoybeans andvegetablesDioxin <2,3,7,8-TCDD>zero 0.00000003Reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerEmissions fromwaste incinerationand othercombustion;discharge fromContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterchemical factoriesDiquat0.02 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide useEndothall0.1 0.1 Stomach andintestinalproblemsRunoff fromherbicide useEndrin0.002 0.002 LiverproblemsResidue of bannedinsecticideEpichlorohydrin zero TT8Increasedcancer risk,and over along period oftime, stomachproblemsDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactories; animpurity of somewater treatmentchemicalsEthylbenzene0.7 0.7 Liver orkidneysproblemsDischarge frompetroleumrefineriesEthylene dibromide zero 0.00005 Problems withliver,stomach,reproductivesystem, orkidneys;increased riskof cancerDischarge frompetroleumrefineriesGlyphosate0.7 0.7 Kidneyproblems;Runoff fromherbicide useContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterreproductivedifficultiesHeptachlor zero 0.0004 Liver damage;increased riskof cancerResidue of bannedtermiticideHeptachlor epoxide zero 0.0002 Liver damage;increased riskof cancerBreakdown ofheptachlorHexachlorobenzene zero 0.001 Liver orkidneyproblems;reproductivedifficulties;increased riskof cancerDischarge frommetal refineriesand agriculturalchemical factoriesHexachlorocyclopentadiene0.05 0.05 Kidney orstomachproblemsDischarge fromchemical factoriesLindane0.0002 0.0002 Liver orkidneyproblemsRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on cattle,lumber, gardensMethoxychlor0.04 0.04 ReproductivedifficultiesRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on fruits,vegetables, alfalfa,livestockContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking WaterOxamyl <Vydate>0.2 0.2 Slight nervoussystemeffectsRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on apples,potatoes, andtomatoesPolychlorinated biphenyls <PCBs>zero 0.0005Skin changes;thymus glandproblems;immunedeficiencies;reproductiveor nervoussystemdifficulties;increased riskof cancerRunoff fromlandfills; dischargeof waste chemicalsPentachlorophenol zero 0.001 Liver orkidneyproblems;increasedcancer riskDischarge fromwood preservingfactoriesPicloram0.5 0.5 LiverproblemsHerbicide runoffSimazine0.004 0.004 Problems withbloodHerbicide runoffStyrene0.1 0.1 Liver, kidney,or circulatorysystemDischarge fromrubber and plasticfactories; leachingContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2PotentialHealth EffectsfromLong-TermExposureAbove theMCL <unlessspecified asshort-term>Sources ofContaminant inDrinking Waterproblems from landfillsTetrachloroethylene zero 0.005 Liverproblems;increased riskof cancerDischarge fromfactories and drycleanersToluene 1 1 Nervoussystem,kidney, orliverproblemsDischarge frompetroleumfactoriesToxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver,or thyroidproblems;increased riskof cancerRunoff/leachingfrom insecticideused on cottonand cattle2,4,5-TP <Silvex>0.05 0.05 LiverproblemsResidue of bannedherbicide1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene0.07 0.07 Changes inadrenalglandsDischarge fromtextile finishingfactories1,1,1-Trichloroethane0.20 0.2 Liver, nervoussystem, orcirculatoryproblemsDischarge frommetal degreasingsites and otherfactories1,1,2-Trichloroethane0.003 0.005 Liver, kidney,or immunesystemDischarge fromindustrial chemicalfactoriesContaminantMCLG 1<mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health Effects fromLong-Term Exposure Above the MCL <unless specifiedasshort-term> Sources of Contaminant inDrinking Waterproblems Trichloroethylene zero 0.005Liverproblems; increased risk of cancerDischarge from metal degreasing sites and other factoriesVinyl chloride zero 0.002Increased risk of cancerLeaching from PVCpipes; discharge from plastic factories Xylenes <total>1010Nervoussystem damageDischarge frompetroleum factories; discharge from chemical factoriesRadionuclidesContaminantMCLG 1 <mg/L>2MCL or TT 1 <mg/L>2Potential Health EffectsfromLong-Term Exposure AbovetheMCL <unless specified as short-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking WaterAlpha particles none 7----------zero15 picocuries per Liter <pCi/L>Increased risk of cancerErosion of natural deposits of certain minerals that are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation knownRadionuclidesContaminant MCLG1<mg/L>2MCL or TT1<mg/L>2Potential HealthEffects fromLong-Term ExposureAbove the MCL<unless specified asshort-term>Sources of Contaminantin Drinking Wateras alpha radiationBeta particles and photon emitters none7----------zero4 milliremsper yearIncreased risk ofcancerDecay of natural andman-made deposits ofcertain minerals that areradioactive and may emitforms of radiation knownas photons and betaradiationRadium 226 and Radium 228 <combined> none7----------zero5 pCi/LIncreased risk ofcancerErosion of naturaldepositsUranium zero 30 ug/L asof 12/08/03Increased risk ofcancer, kidney toxicityErosion of naturaldepositsTop of pageNotes1 Definitions: Maximum Contaminant Level Goal <MCLG> - The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety and are non-enforceable public health goals. Maximum Contaminant Level<MCL> - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology and taking cost into consideration. MCLs are enforceable standards. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal<MRDLG> - The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants. Treatment Technique - A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level <MRDL> - The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.2 Units are in milligrams per liter <mg/L> unless otherwise noted. Milligrams per liter are equivalent to parts per million.3 EPA's surface water treatment rules require systems using surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to <1> disinfect their water, and <2> filter their water or meet criteria for avoiding filtration so that the following contaminants are controlled at the following levels:•Cryptosporidium: Unfiltered systems are required to include Cryptosporidium in their existing watershed control provisions.•Giardia lamblia: 99.9% removal/inactivation•Viruses: 99.99% removal/inactivation•Legionella: No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia and viruses areremoved/inactivated, according to the treatment techniques in the Surface WaterTreatment Rule, Legionella will also be controlled.•Turbidity: For systems that use conventional or direct filtration, at not time can turbidity <cloudiness of water> go higher than 1 nephelolometric turbidity unit NTU>, andsamples for turbidity must be less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95 pervent of the samples in any month. Systems that use filtration other than the conventional or direct filtration must follow state limits, which must include turbidity at no time exceeding 5 NTU.•HPC: No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milliliter.•Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment: Surface water systems or <GWUDI> systems serving fewer than 10,000 people must comply with the applicable Long Term1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule provisions <e.g. turbidity standards,individual filter monitoring, Cryptosporidium removal requirements, updatedwatershed control requirements for unfiltered systems>.•Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule This rule applies to all surface water systems or ground water systems under the direct influence of surface water. The rule targets additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements for higher risk systems and includes provisions to reduce risks from uncovered finished water storage facilities and to ensure that the systems maintain microbial protection as they take steps toreduce the formation of disinfection byproducts.•Filter Backwash Recycling; The Filter Backwash Recycling Rule requires systems that recycle to return specific recycle flows through all processes of the system's existingconventional or direct filtration system or at an alternate location approved by the state.4 No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a month. <For water systems that collect fewer than 40 routine samples per month, no more than one sample can be totalcoliform-positive per month.> Every sample that has total coliform must be analyzed for either fecal coliforms or E. coli if two consecutive TC-positive samples, and one is also positive for E.coli fecal coliforms, system has an acute MCL violation.5 Fecal coliform and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Disease-causing microbes <pathogens> in these wastes can cause diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. These pathogens may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, and people with severely compromised immune systems.。
SGX Europe Sp. z o.o. 荷兰气体传感器系列数据手册说明书
___________________________________________________________________________________________Whilst SGX has taken care to ensure the accuracy of the information contained herein it accepts no responsibility for the consequences of any use thereof and also reserves the right to change the specification of goods without notice. SGX accepts no liability beyond the set out in its standard conditions of sale in respect of SGX Europe Sp. z o.o. Building 11Ligocka St. 103, 40-568 Katowice, PolandT: +48 (0) 32 438 4778E:**************************IR15 Dual Gas Series DatasheetInfrared Dual Gas Sensor for Hazardous Environments(Portable and Fixed Systems)The SGX infrared sensors use the proven Non-Dispersive Infrared (NDIR) principle to detect and monitor the presence of gases. With an infrared source and specific filtering on the pyroelectric detectors mounted inside the optical/gas cavity, individual gases or types of gas can be identified and their concentrations determined.These sensors are suitable for reliable monitoring of gas levels in general safety applications where the sensor size is restricted and require a flameproof enclosure for hazardous environments.The IR15 Series contain two active detector elements for simultaneous monitoring of Carbon Dioxide and Methane or Hydrocarbon mixtures in the same size housing as some of the single gas sensors from the IR1xxx series sensors, making the sensor more cost effective than two separate sensors.APPLICATIONS∙ Oil & Gas∙ Petrochemical ∙ Biogas∙Wastewater ∙ Utilities ∙ Steelworks∙ Confined Space Entry ∙ Indoor Air QualityFEATURES∙ For detection of the following gases:o Carbon Dioxide & Hydrocarbons, o Hydrocarbons Mixtures ∙Gas concentration ranges:o 0 - 5% Carbon Dioxide(also suitable for 0 to 0.5%v/v) o 0 - 100% Carbon Dioxide(also suitable for 0 to 10%) o 0 - 100%v/v Hydrocarbons(also suitable for 0 to 100%LEL)∙ 19mm sensor height∙ Embedded thermistor for improved temperature compensation∙ Diffused gas sampling via mesh ∙ Low power∙ Reference channel for self-compensation∙ Special gold plated optical gas cavity for stable signal levels∙ Operational in varying temperature, pressure and humidity∙ Fast response∙ Rugged stainless steel construction ∙ No moving parts∙ Immunity from ‘poisoning’∙Reliable fail-safe operation∙Certified: ATEX, IECEx, CSA and ULOPERATIONTo operate, the sensors must be interfaced to a suitable circuit for power supply, output amplification and signal processing. Sensor outputs require linearisation and compensation for ambient temperature variation using algorithms in the system firmware. This is necessary for sensors to meet their full performance specification. An embedded temperature sensor facilitates this compensation on certain types. Further compensation for pressure changes can also be made in an algorithm, provided there is a suitable input from a pressure sensor.A set of Application Notes is available from the SGX Sensortech Ltd website, to explain more about NDIR gas sensing and provide advice for the end-user on interfacing the sensors and processing signals.TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONCONFIGURATIONSThe Highest Concentration Range is the highest range the sensor is suitable. The Lowest Concentration Range is the lowest range the sensor is suitable. The use of the sensor beyond these ranges will affect the sensor’s performance.IR15TTThe IR15TT can be used in all applications for general monitoring of both relatively low concentrations of carbon dioxide and simultaneous %LEL and %v/v concentrations of Group II hydrocarbons, including benzene. The sensors contain a broadband hydrocarbon detector which are cross sensitive to most hydrocarbons and can therefore be calibrated to a specific target gas or a number of gases that can then be selected in the configuration of the customer’s gas measurement instrument.IR15TT-MThe IR15TT-M is very similar to the IR15TT except that a narrowband hydrocarbon detector is used. The sensor can still be used to monitor the same levels of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons but are unsuitable for the detection of benzene. The narrowband detector also has a slightly lower response to humidity than the IR15TT, but is generally more cross-sensitive to other hydrocarbons.IR15TT-RThe IR15TT-R was designed specifically for Biogas applications for the simultaneous detection of carbon dioxide up to 100%v/v and %LEL and %v/v concentrations of hydrocarbons, but can be potentially used for other applications. The IR15TT-R contains the narrowband detector which is unsuitable for the detection of benzene.IR15TT-DThe IR15TT-D is fitted with both the narrowband and broadband hydrocarbon detectors with differing centre wavelength and bandwidth to potentially differentiate between hydrocarbons. The sensor was designed for the gas instruments being used by utilities companies to help differentiate between different compositions of natural gas.HANDLING PRECAUTIONS1. Do not allow sensors to fall on the floor. This could cause IR Source filament breakage, damage to the pins and the gasentrance aperture.2. Do not apply mechanical force against the gas entrance aperture.3. Do not immerse sensors in water or other fluids.4. Protect the gas entrance aperture against dust ingress and sprayed materials.5. Anti-static handling precautions must be taken.PERFORMANCEFor test purposes, all data taken using the following conditions:- Performance as tested in the SGX IR-EK2 Evaluation Kit directly after calibration.- SGX linearisation and temperature compensation algorithms applied; see Infrared Sensor Application Notes.- IR Source Voltage 5V, square wave, at 4 Hz and 50% duty cycle. Running the IR Source at 3V will decrease performance due to lower output signals.- Ambient temperature (20°C) and pressure (101 kPa).- All gases diluted in dry nitrogen.- Performance for the Hydrocarbons refers to Methane only. Most other hydrocarbons will have an improved performance.- Performance data is the same for the supported IR Source variants (“_1” variants).- Refer to Application Notes for more information.(2) Production Test Limits, using standard test gases of Dry Nitrogen, 2%v/v Carbon Dioxide and 5%v/v Methane, where appropriate . (3) A 0.30 absorbance is equivalent to a 30% decrease in the Active peak-to-peak output.(4)The minimum detection level is the smallest detectable change in concentration based upon a 2 sigma variantion. The best detectable change occurs at 0% gas concentration due to the non-linear output of the detector (see Fractional Absorbance Curves).(5) Performance for most hydrocarbons will be better than for methane for equiavlent concentrations, as methane is one of the lower sensitive gasescompared to other hydocarbons.(6) After linearisation using the recommended method of linearisation and based upon a calibration gas with a concentration >75% of the full-scale. (7) Using average Alpha and Beta coefficients based upon test data from the instrument in which the sensor is being tested. Refer to ApplicationNotes for information on calculating Alpha and Beta coefficients. Accuracy can be improved by measuring each sensor over temperature to define specific Alpha or Alpha & Beta coefficients.(8) After sensor stabilisation and over a period of 8 hours. (9) Difference in response when changed from 0 %RH to 90 %RH.(10) Sensors can be used over a greater ambient pressure using pressure compensation of the concentration. An external pressure sensor will berequred for this.FRACTIONAL ABSORBANCE CURVESThese show the typical sensitivity versus concentration before linearisation for the range of gases. For further explanation, refer to the Infrared Sensor Application Notes.Primary Target GasesNote: Both IR15TT-D channels have a similar response to methane but different responses to other alkanes (see table below).Relative Absorbance of Narrowband and Broadband Detectors to AlkanesMethane 5%v/v Ethane (0.5%v/v) Propane (0.35%v/v) Narrowband1.00 0.82IR15TT-D / IR15TT-MBroadband 1.00CERTIFICATIONSCSAULATEXIECEXINSTRUCTIONS SPECIFIC TO HAZARDOUS AREA INSTALLATIONS(Ref: EU ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU)1. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are component-approved only and may not be used as stand-alone items in ahazardous area without further protection.2. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads shall be protected in service. The Sensing Head shall be mounted in a protectiveenclosure such that an impact of 7 J in accordance with IEC 60079-0:2007 clause 26.4.2 from any direction shall not cause the impact head to make contact with the Sensing Head.3. The thermal resistance of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads does not exceed 25 K/W. This shall be taken into accountwhen considering its surface temperature and the temperature classification of the equipment into which it is to be incorporated. Tests indicated that an internal ignition raises the temperature of the mesh by a further 4.2 K (including a 1.2 safety factor).4. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads have not been assessed as a safety device (EHSR 1.5).5. There are no user-serviceable parts in the component.6. The end-user/installer shall be aware that the certification of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads relies on the followingmaterials used in its construction, which are suitable for most common applications:Enclosure .................................. Stainless steel Mesh ......................................... Stainless steel Bushing ..................................... Epoxy resinIn accordance with the Note in EN60079-0:2006 clause 6.1, the end-user/installer shall inform the manufacturer of any adverse conditions that the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads may encounter. This is to ensure that the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are not subjected to conditions that may cause degradation of these materials. 7. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Head is only certified for use in ambient temperatures between -20°C and +55︒C andshould not be used outside this range.8. The maximum input power of the IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Head shall not exceed 2.5 W.9. The IR15xx Series Gas Sensing Heads are dust-proof (IP5x) but offers no protection against the ingress of water. Whereprotection in excess of IP50 is required, the apparatus into which the IR15xx Series Head is installed shall provide the necessary ingress protection (for example by fitting an external semi-permeable membrane).OUTLINE(All dimensions in millimetres; dimensions without limits are nominal)ConnectionsOutline NotesPin Connection 1. Body dimensional tolerances ±0.1 mm. Pindimensional tolerances as indicated.1 IR Source2 Reference Detector Output3 IR Source Return2. IR15xx Series sensors are designed to press-fit intoPCB sockets. The end-user should choose a socket to accommodate the full sensor pin length. This will ensure a stable mechanical location as well as good electrical contact. SGX Sensortech Ltd recommend the Wearns Cambion type 450-1813-01-03-00 single-pole solder mount socket with through hole, or a suitable equivalent.4 Active 1 Detector Output (CO2 for IR15TT / IR15TT-M / IR15TT-R; Narrowband Hydrocarbon for IR15TT-D)ACCESSORIESDust Membrane (DPP702964BA)Material PTFEAir Flow ≥6.8 l/hr/cm2(∆p 10mbar) Water Intrusion Pressure ≥210 mbarLaminated PTFE Thickness 0.28 mm (nominal)。
翻译作业 2
Air quality: the UK's invisible health crisis空气质量：英国无形的健康危机Air pollution is an invisible health crisis. It's an invisible health crisis which causes thousands of premature deaths in the UK every year. It can lead to asthma, reduce lung capacity and trigger heart attacks. And our country's failure to adequately address the issue has forced the European commission to take legal action against us.空气污染是一个隐形的健康危机。
这种无形的健康危机每年在英国引起了数以千计的过早死亡。
它可以导致哮喘，降低肺活量，诱发心脏病发作。
我国未能充分解决这一问题已迫使欧盟委员会对我们采取法律行动。
The government's lack of urgency is surely compounded by the fact that the current threat in the air we breathe is far less obvious than the looming smog clouds of the 1950s. At a previous committee session, Prof Frank Kelly of the environmental research group at King's College London warned us that "we have this new problem that we cannot see: it is tiny particles of nitrogen dioxide." But the health impact of poor air quality in the UK, which is among the worst in Europe, is clear for all to see.我们目前所呼吸空气的威胁比二十世纪五十年代的若隐若现的烟雾云更不明显的多，这个事实必将加剧政府缺乏紧迫感。
黑龙江省佳木斯市第二中学2024-2025学年高一上学期期中考试英语试题(无答案)
2024年秋季学期期中考试高一英语试卷考试说明：本试卷分第Ⅰ卷(选择题) 和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题) 两部分，满分150分，考试时间120分钟。
(1) 答题前，考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚；(2) 请按照题号顺序在各题目的答题区域内作答，在草稿纸、试题上答题无效。
(3) 保持卡面清洁，不得折叠，不要弄破、弄皱，不准使用涂改液、刮纸刀。
第一部分：听力第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. How does Cindy know much about animals?A. By having classes.B. By spending time on the farm.C. By listening to stories from her father.2. What painting does the woman like better?A. One about the countryside.B. One with modern style.C. One with imaginative colors.3. What is the woman writing about in her report?A. A forest fire.B. A terrible rainstormC. Some lovely pet animals.4. Who is the woman’s second oldest child in the photo?A. Tom.B. Lily.C. Mike.5. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Host and guest.B. WorkmatesC. Customer and repairman.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
Air Quality Improvement
**Air Quality Improvement**In the vast expanse of our existence, the quality of the air we breathe holds a significance that is often underestimated. As the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus once said, "Change is the only constant." This wisdom is profoundly relevant when we consider the imperative of improving air quality.The importance of enhancing air quality cannot be overstated. Clean air is not just a luxury but an essential element for our well-being and the survival of all life on Earth. Poor air quality has far-reaching consequences, affecting our respiratory systems, cardiovascular health, and overall quality of life. Consider the smog-choked cities of industrialized regions, where respiratory diseases have become alarmingly common. The situation in Beijing, for instance, has drawn global attention, highlighting the urgent need for air quality improvement.To improve air quality, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. One crucial aspect is reducing industrial emissions. By implementing strict environmental regulations and promoting cleaner production technologies, industries can significantly cut down on the pollutants they release into the atmosphere. The success story of Germany, where many factories have adopted advanced emission control systems, demonstrates the feasibility and benefits of such measures.Transportation is another major contributor to air pollution. Encouraging the use of public transportation, promoting electric and hybrid vehicles, and improving fuel efficiency standards can have a substantial impact. The Scandinavian countries, with their extensive public transportation networks and incentives for eco-friendly vehicles, have made notable progress in this area.In addition, afforestation plays a vital role. Trees act as natural air purifiers, absorbing harmful gases and releasing oxygen. The Amazon rainforest, often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth," showcases the immense potential of forests in maintaining air quality.However, the journey towards better air quality is not without challenges. Economic interests may sometimes conflict with environmental goals, and there can be resistance to implementing costly pollution control measures. Public awareness and engagement are therefore crucial to drive the necessary changes.To overcome these obstacles, governments, businesses, and individuals must work in unison. Education campaigns can raise awareness about the dangers of poor air quality and the steps each of us can take to make a difference. International cooperation is also essential to address air pollution, which often transcends national boundaries.In conclusion, improving air quality is not an insurmountable task but a collective responsibility. Just as the philosopher Plato sought an ideal society based on justice and harmony, we must strive for a world where the air is clean and breathable. By taking decisive action and making sustainable choices, we can ensure a healthier and brighter future for ourselves and generations to come.。
2014-30-EU Related Standards
Commission communication in the framework of the implementation of Directive 2014/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member Statesrelating to electromagnetic compatibility(Publication of titles and references of harmonised standards under Union harmonisation legislation)(Text with EEA relevance)(2016/C 293/03)EN 61439-1:2011 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62026-1:2007 does not give presumption of conformity without another part of the standard.EN 62052-11:2003 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62053 series.EN 62052-21:2004 does not give presumption of conformity without a part of the EN 62054 series.12.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/49(1)ESO: European standardisation organisation:—CEN: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5500811; fax + 32 2 5500819 (http://www.cen.eu)—CENELEC: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Tel. +32 2 5196871; fax + 32 2 5196919 (http://www.cenelec.eu)—ETSI: 650, route des Lucioles, F-06921 Sophia Antipolis, Tel. +33 492 944200; fax +33 493 654716, (http://www.etsi.eu)Note 1:Generally the date of cessation of presumption of conformity will be the date of withdrawal (‘dow’), set by the European standardisation organisation, but attention of users of these standards is drawn to the fact that in certain exceptional cases this can be otherwise.Note 2.1:The new (or amended) standard has the same scope as the superseded standard. On the date stated, thesuperseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.C 293/50Official Journal of the European Union 12.8.201612.8.2016Official Journal of the European Union C 293/51Note 2.2:The new standard has a broader scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Unionlegislation.Note 2.3:The new standard has a narrower scope than the superseded standard. On the date stated, the (partially) superseded standard ceases to give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of therelevant Union legislation for those products or services that fall within the scope of the new standard.Presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation for productsor services that still fall within the scope of the (partially) superseded standard, but that do not fall within thescope of the new standard, is unaffected.Note 3:In case of amendments, the referenced standard is EN CCCCC:YYYY, its previous amendments, if any, and the new, quoted amendment. The superseded standard therefore consists of EN CCCCC:YYYY and its previousamendments, if any, but without the new quoted amendment. On the date stated, the superseded standard ceasesto give presumption of conformity with the essential or other requirements of the relevant Union legislation.NOTE:—Any information concerning the availability of the standards can be obtained either from the European standardisation organisations or from the national standardisation bodies the list of which is published in the Official Journal of theEuropean Union according to Article 27 of the Regulation (EU) No 1025/2012 (1).—Standards are adopted by the European standardisation organisations in English (CEN and CENELEC also publish in French and German). Subsequently, the titles of the standards are translated into all other required official languages ofthe European Union by the national standardisation bodies. The European Commission is not responsible for thecorrectness of the titles which have been presented for publication in the Official Journal.—References to Corrigenda ‘…/AC:YYYY’ are published for information only. A Corrigendum removes printing, linguistic or similar errors from the text of a standard and may relate to one or more language versions (English, French and/orGerman) of a standard as adopted by a European standardisation organisation.—Publication of the references in the Official Journal of the European Union does not imply that the standards are available in all the official languages of the European Union.—This list replaces all the previous lists published in the Official Journal of the European Union. The European Commissionensures the updating of this list.—More information about harmonised standards and other European standards on the Internet at:http://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market/european-standards/harmonised-standards/index_en.htm(1)OJ C 338, 27.9.2014, p. 31.。
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European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries
Legal notice The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the European Commission or other institutions of the European Union. Neither the European Environment Agency nor any person or company acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report. Copyright notice © European Environment Agency, 2014 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Information about the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (www.europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2014 ISBN 978-92-9213-489-1 ISSN 1977-8449 doi:10.2800/22775
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
3
Contents
5 Air 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
pollution and ecosystem health....................................................................... 58 Adverse effects of air pollution on ecosystems......................................................58 European air-quality standards for the protection of ecosystems/vegetation..............60 Status in ecosystems-relevant air pollutants.........................................................61 Exposure and impacts on ecosystems..................................................................63 5.4.1 Extent of ecosystems exposure to ozone (O3) concentrations.........................63 5.4.2 Extent of ecosystems exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NOX) concentrations........64 5.4.3 Extent of eutrophication...........................................................................64 5.4.4 Extent of ecosystem exposure to sulphur dioxide (SO2) concentrations...........64 5.4.5 Extent of acidification...............................................................................65 5.4.6 Extent of exposure of ecosystems to toxic metals........................................65
EEA Report
No 5/2014
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
ISSN 1977-8449
EEA Report
No 5/2014
Air quality in Europe — 2014 report
Cover design: EEA Cover photo © iStockphoto/Sjoerd van der Wal Left photo © flickr/Problemkind Right photo © flickr/Tim Fields Layout: EEA/Henriette Nilsson
ContentsConte NhomakorabeatsAcknowledgements..................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms, units and symbols...................................................................................... 6 Executive summary..................................................................................................... 8 1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Background.................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Objectives and coverage................................................................................... 14 2 Policy response instruments and legislation......................................................... 15 2.1 Thematic strategy on air pollution...................................................................... 15 2.2 Legal instruments at European level................................................................... 15 2.3 Policy analysis and developments at European level.................................................17 2.4 Policy responses at national, regional and local levels ������������������������������������������ 18 2.5 Examples of measures taken to reduce air pollution ��������������������������������������������� 18 3 Sources and emissions of air pollutants................................................................ 20 3.1 Sources and emissions of particulate matter (PM) and its precursor gases............... 20 3.2 Sources and emissions of ozone (O3) precursors.................................................. 23 3.3 Sources of nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions......................................................... 25 3.4 Sources of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) emissions........................................................ 25 3.5 Sources and emissions of other pollutants........................................................... 27 4 Air 4.1 4.2 4.3 pollution and human health............................................................................ 29 Description of the adverse effects of air pollution on health ���������������������������������� 29 European air quality standards for the protection of human health ������������������������� 30 Status and trends in concentrations of health relevant air pollutants ���������������������� 35 4.3.1 Particulate matter (PM)........................................................................... 35 4.3.2 Ozone (O3)............................................................................................ 41 4.3.3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)............................................................................ 45 4.3.4 Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)............................................................................. 47 4.3.5 Other air pollutants................................................................................. 49 4.4 Population exposure and impacts on health......................................................... 53 4.4.1 Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) pollution in Europe.................... 53 4.4.2 Human exposure to ozone (O3) pollution in Europe...................................... 54 4.4.3 Human exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution in Europe..................... 56 4.4.4 Human exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) pollution in Europe...................... 56 4.4.5 Human exposure to other ambient pollutants regulated in Europe................. 56