上海2017-2018学年普陀、宝山、浦东第一学期(上学期)期末考试真题卷初二(八年级)物理(含答案)真题卷

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2017-2018学年上海市宝山区七年级第一学期数学期末试卷（解析版）

上海市2017学年宝山区七年级第一学期数学期末试卷一、填空题（每题2分，满分30分））1．用代数式表示“x与y的相反数的和”．2．单项式﹣x2y的系数是．3．计算：5x2•（﹣xy）＝．4．若3x m y3与x2y n是同类项，则m+n＝．5．若代数式有意义，则x的取值范围是．6．把2x﹣2y3写成只含有正整数指数幂的形式，其结果为．7．数据0.0000032用科学记数法表示为．8．若4a+3b＝1，则8a+6b﹣3＝．9．化简：＝．10．计算：＝．11．如果4m×8m＝215，那么m＝．12．正三角形ABC是轴对称图形，它的对称轴共有条．13．如图，△ABC的周长为12，把△ABC的边AC对折，使顶点C与点A重合，折痕交BC 边于点D，交AC边于点E，联结AD，若AE＝2，则△ABD的周长是．14．甲乙两家商店9月份的销售额均为a万元，在10月份和11月份这两个月份中，甲商店的销售额平均每月增长x%，乙商店的销售额平均每月减少x%，11月份甲商店的销售额比乙商店的销售额多万元．15．已知，大正方形的边长为4厘米，小正方形的边长为2厘米，起始状态如图所示，大正方形固定不动，把小正方形向右平移，当两个正方形重叠部分的面积为2平方厘米时，小正方形平移的距离为厘米．二、选择题（本大题共5题，每题2分，满分10分）16．下列计算正确的是（）A．a2•a3＝a6B．（a3）2＝a5C．（ab）2＝ab2D．a3÷a＝a2 17．下列多项式能因式分解的是（）A．m2+n2B．m2﹣3m+4C．m2+m+D．m2﹣2m+4 18．如果一个正多边形绕着它的中心旋转60°后，能与原正多边形重合，那么这个正多边形（）A．是轴对称图形，但不是中心对称图形B．既是轴对称图形，又是中心对称图形C．是中心对称图形，但不是轴对称图形D．既不是轴对称图形，也不是中心对称图形19．计算（x﹣1﹣y﹣1）÷（x﹣2﹣y﹣2）的结果为（）A．B．C．D．20．若a＝2017×2018﹣1，b＝20172﹣2017×2018+20182，则下列判断结果正确的是（）A．a＜b B．a＞b C．a＝b D．无法判断三、简答题（每题5分；满分30分）21．计算：b•（﹣b）2﹣（﹣2b）322．（2x﹣y+1）（2x+y﹣1）（用公式计算）23．计算：÷（x+1﹣）24．因式分解：x4﹣5x2﹣36．25．分解因式：a2﹣b2﹣2a+2b26．解方程：．四、解答题（本大题共4题，第27、28题每题6分；第29题8分；第30题10分；满分30分）27．（6分）在正方形网格中，每个小正方形的边长均为1个单位长度，△ABC三个顶点的位置如图所示，现将△ABC平移，使点A移动到点A′，点B'、点C′分别是B、C的对应点（1）请画出平移后的B′点；（2）点A′绕点B′按逆时针方向旋转90°后，它经过的路线是怎样的图形？画出这个图形．28．（6分）先化简，再求值（﹣）÷，其中x＝2，y＝1．29．（8分）小丽、小明练习打字，已知小丽比小明每分钟多打80个字，小丽打3500个字的时间与小明打2500个字的时间相同．（1）小丽、小明每分钟分别可打多少字？（2）如果有一份总字数为m的稿件需要输入电脑，小丽工作了a个小时后余下的输入工作由小明继续完成，则小明还需要工作多少小时？（所得结果用含有m、a的代数式表示；m、a均为大于零的正数）30．（10分）如图，将直角三角形ABC绕着直角顶点C逆时针旋转90°，得到△A1B1C；再将△A1B1C向右平移，使点B1与点A重合，得到△A2AC2，设BC＝a，AC＝b．（1）试画出△A1B1C和△A2AC2；（2）联结A2B，用a、b表示△AA2B的面积；（3）若上述平移的距离为6，△AA2B的面积为8，试求△ABC的面积．参考答案一、填空题1．用代数式表示“x与y的相反数的和”x﹣y．【分析】根据题意列出代数式即可．解：用代数式表示“x与y的相反数的和”为：x﹣y，故答案为：x﹣y．【点评】本题主要考查的是列代数式，理清运算的先后顺序是解题的关键．2．单项式﹣x2y的系数是﹣．【分析】直接利用单项式系数的定义得出答案．解：单项式﹣x2y的系数是﹣．故答案为：﹣．【点评】此题主要考查了单项式，正确把握单项式系数的确定方法是解题关键．3．计算：5x2•（﹣xy）＝﹣5x3y．【分析】直接利用单项式乘以单项式运算法则计算得出答案．解：5x2•（﹣xy）＝﹣5x3y．故答案为：﹣5x3y．【点评】此题主要考查了单项式乘以单项式运算，正确掌握相关运算法则是解题关键．4．若3x m y3与x2y n是同类项，则m+n＝5．【分析】根据同类项的概念即可求出答案．解：由题意可知：m＝2，n＝3，∴m+n＝5，故答案为：5．【点评】本题考查同类项的概念，解题的关键是正确理解同类项的概念，本题属于基础题型．5．若代数式有意义，则x的取值范围是x≠2．【分析】分式有意义的条件是：分母≠0，可得x﹣2≠0，解不等式可得答案．解：∵代数式有意义，∴x﹣2≠0，∴x≠2，故答案为：x≠2．【点评】此题主要考查了分式有意义的条件，关键是把握：分母≠0．6．把2x﹣2y3写成只含有正整数指数幂的形式，其结果为．．【分析】根据负整数指数幂与正整数指数幂互为倒数，可得答案．解：把2x﹣2y3写成只含有正整数指数幂的形式，其结果为．故答案为：．【点评】本题考查了负整数指数幂，利用负整数指数幂与正整数指数幂互为倒数是解题关键．7．数据0.0000032用科学记数法表示为 3.2×10﹣6．【分析】绝对值小于1的正数也可以利用科学记数法表示，一般形式为a×10﹣n，与较大数的科学记数法不同的是其所使用的是负指数幂，指数由原数左边起第一个不为零的数字前面的0的个数所决定．解：0.0000032用科学记数法表示为3.2×10﹣6，故答案为：3.2×10﹣6．【点评】本题考查用科学记数法表示较小的数，一般形式为a×10﹣n，其中1≤|a|＜10，n 为由原数左边起第一个不为零的数字前面的0的个数所决定．8．若4a+3b＝1，则8a+6b﹣3＝﹣1．【分析】原式变形后，将已知等式代入计算即可求出值．解：∵4a+3b＝1，∴原式＝2（4a+3b）﹣3＝2×1﹣3＝﹣1．故答案为：﹣1．【点评】此题考查了代数式求值，利用了整体代入的思想，熟练掌握运算法则是解本题的关键．9．化简：＝．【分析】先把分子、分母进行因式分解，然后约分即可．解：＝＝；故答案为：．【点评】此题考查了约分，用到的知识点是因式分解和平方差公式，关键是把分子、分母进行因式分解．10．计算：＝x﹣1．【分析】根据同分母分式的加减，分母不变，只把分子相加减，计算求解即可．解：＝＝x﹣1．故答案为：x﹣1．【点评】本题比较容易，考查同分母分式的加减运算，一定注意最后结果能约分的一定要约分．11．如果4m×8m＝215，那么m＝3．【分析】直接利用幂的乘方运算法则以及结合同底数幂的乘法运算法则计算得出答案．解：∵4m×8m＝215，∴22m×23m＝215，∴25m＝215，解得：m＝3．故答案为：3．【点评】此题主要考查了幂的乘方运算以及结合同底数幂的乘法运算，正确掌握相关运算法则是解题关键．12．正三角形ABC是轴对称图形，它的对称轴共有3条．【分析】关于某条直线对称的图形叫轴对称图形，这条直线叫做对称轴．解：等边三角形3条角平分线所在的直线是等边三角形的对称轴，∴有3条对称轴，故答案为：3【点评】此题考查轴对称图形，如果一个图形沿一条直线折叠后，直线两旁的部分能够互相重合，那么这个图形叫做轴对称图形，这条直线叫做它的对称轴．13．如图，△ABC的周长为12，把△ABC的边AC对折，使顶点C与点A重合，折痕交BC 边于点D，交AC边于点E，联结AD，若AE＝2，则△ABD的周长是8．【分析】直接利用翻折变换的性质得出AE＝EC，进而得出△ABD的周长＝AB+AD+BD＝AB+CD+BC﹣CD＝AB+BC，进而得出答案．解：∵把△ABC的边AC对折，使顶点C与点A重合，∴AD＝DC，AE＝CE＝2∴AB+BC＝12﹣4＝8，故△ABD的周长＝AB+AD+BD＝AB+CD+BC﹣CD＝AB+BC＝8，故答案为：8【点评】本题主要考查了翻折变换的性质，正确得出AB+BC的长是解题关键．14．甲乙两家商店9月份的销售额均为a万元，在10月份和11月份这两个月份中，甲商店的销售额平均每月增长x%，乙商店的销售额平均每月减少x%，11月份甲商店的销售额比乙商店的销售额多4ax%万元．【分析】根据甲商店的销售额平均每月增长x%，乙商店的销售额平均每月减少x%，表示出甲乙两家商店的销售额，求出之差即可．解：根据题意得：a（1+x%）2﹣a（1﹣x%）2＝4ax%（万元）．则11月份甲商店的销售额比乙商店的销售额多4ax%万元．故答案为：4ax%．【点评】此题考查了列代数式，根据题意表示出甲乙两家商店的销售额是解本题的关键．15．已知，大正方形的边长为4厘米，小正方形的边长为2厘米，起始状态如图所示，大正方形固定不动，把小正方形向右平移，当两个正方形重叠部分的面积为2平方厘米时，小正方形平移的距离为1或5厘米．【分析】小正方形的高不变，根据面积即可求出小正方形平移的距离．解：当两个正方形重叠部分的面积为2平方厘米2时，重叠部分宽为2÷2＝1，①如图，小正方形平移距离为1厘米；②如图，小正方形平移距离为4+1＝5厘米．故答案为1或5，【点评】此题考查了平移的性质，要明确：平移前后图形的形状和面积不变．画出图形即可直观解答．二、选择题（本大题共5题，每题2分，满分10分）16．下列计算正确的是（）A．a2•a3＝a6B．（a3）2＝a5C．（ab）2＝ab2D．a3÷a＝a2【分析】直接利用积的乘方运算法则以及同底数幂的乘除运算法则分别判断得出答案．解：A、a2•a3＝a5，故此选项错误；B、（a3）2＝a6，故此选项错误；C、（ab）2＝a2b2，故此选项错误；D、a3÷a＝a2，正确．故选：D．【点评】此题主要考查了积的乘方运算以及同底数幂的乘除运算，正确掌握相关运算法则是解题关键．17．下列多项式能因式分解的是（）A．m2+n2B．m2﹣3m+4C．m2+m+D．m2﹣2m+4【分析】直接利用完全平方公式分解因式进而得出答案．解：A、m2+n2，无法分解因式，故此选项错误；B、m2﹣3m+4，无法分解因式，故此选项错误；C、m2+m+＝（m+）2，故此选项正确；D、m2﹣2m+4，无法分解因式，故此选项错误；故选：C．【点评】此题主要考查了因式分解的意义，正确运用公式是解题关键．18．如果一个正多边形绕着它的中心旋转60°后，能与原正多边形重合，那么这个正多边形（）A．是轴对称图形，但不是中心对称图形B．既是轴对称图形，又是中心对称图形C．是中心对称图形，但不是轴对称图形D．既不是轴对称图形，也不是中心对称图形【分析】根据旋转对称图形、轴对称图形和中心对称图形的定义即可解答．解：∵一个正多边形绕着它的中心旋转60°后，能与原正多边形重合，360°÷60°＝6，∴这个正多边形是正六边形，正12边形，正18边形，…正六边形，正12边形，正18边形，…既是轴对称图形，又是中心对称图形．故选：B．【点评】本题考查了旋转对称图形的概念，中心对称图形和轴对称图形的定义．根据定义，得一个正n边形只要旋转的倍数角即可．奇数边的正多边形只是轴对称图形，偶数边的正多边形既是轴对称图形，又是中心对称图形．19．计算（x﹣1﹣y﹣1）÷（x﹣2﹣y﹣2）的结果为（）A．B．C．D．【分析】直接利用负指数幂的性质以及分式的混合运算法则计算得出答案．解：（x﹣1﹣y﹣1）÷（x﹣2﹣y﹣2）＝（﹣）÷（﹣）＝÷＝×＝．故选：D．【点评】此题主要考查了负指数幂的性质以及分式的混合运算，正确将原式变形是解题关键．20．若a＝2017×2018﹣1，b＝20172﹣2017×2018+20182，则下列判断结果正确的是（）A．a＜b B．a＞b C．a＝b D．无法判断【分析】根据完全平方公式得到b＝20172﹣2017×2018+20182＝（2017﹣2018）2+2017×2018＝1+2017×2018，再与a＝2017×2018﹣1比较大小即可求解．解：∵a＝2017×2018﹣1，b＝20172﹣2017×2018+20182＝（2017﹣2018）2+2017×2018＝1+2017×2018，∴2017×2018﹣1＜1+2017×2018，∴a＜b．故选：A．【点评】考查了完全平方公式，解决本题的关键是利用完全平方公式计算b得到b＝1+2017×2018．三、简答题（本大题共6题，每题5分；满分30分）21．计算：b•（﹣b）2﹣（﹣2b）3【分析】直接利用积的乘方运算法则将原式变形进而合并得出答案．解：b•（﹣b）2﹣（﹣2b）3＝b3﹣（﹣8b3）＝9b3．【点评】此题主要考查了积的乘方运算，正确掌握运算法则是解题关键．22．（2x﹣y+1）（2x+y﹣1）（用公式计算）【分析】把y﹣1看成一个整体，对所求式子变形，可化为[2x﹣（y﹣1）][2x+（y﹣1）]，再利用平方差公式计算即可，最后利用完全平方公式展开（y﹣1）2即可．解：原式＝[2x﹣（y﹣1）][2x+（y﹣1）]＝（2x）2﹣（y﹣1）2＝4x2﹣y2+2y﹣1．【点评】本题考查了平方差公式、完全平方公式．对于括号里含有3项的式子，可把两个括号中完全相同的项看成一个整体，当做一项去使用．23．计算：÷（x+1﹣）【分析】先将被除式分母因式分解，同时计算括号内的减法，再将除法转化为乘法，继而约分即可得．解：原式＝÷（+）＝÷＝•＝．【点评】本题主要考查分式的混合运算，分式的混合运算，要注意运算顺序，式与数有相同的混合运算顺序；先乘方，再乘除，然后加减，有括号的先算括号里面的．24．因式分解：x4﹣5x2﹣36．【分析】原式利用十字相乘法分解即可．解：原式＝（x2﹣9）（x2+4）＝（x+3）（x﹣3）（x2+4）．【点评】此题考查了因式分解﹣十字相乘法，熟练掌握因式分解的方法是解本题的关键．25．分解因式：a2﹣b2﹣2a+2b【分析】原式两两结合后，利用平方差公式，提取公因式方法分解即可．解：原式＝（a+b）（a﹣b）﹣2（a﹣b）＝（a﹣b）（a+b﹣2）．【点评】此题考查了因式分解﹣分组分解法，难点是采用两两分组还是三一分组．26．解方程：．【分析】去分母化为整式方程即可解决问题．解：两边乘x﹣2得到，1+3（x﹣2）＝x﹣1，1+3x﹣6＝x﹣1，x＝2，∵x＝2时，x﹣2＝0，∴x＝2是分式方程的增根，原方程无解．【点评】本题考查分式方程的解，解题的关键是掌握解分式方程的步骤，注意解分式方程必须检验．四、解答题（本大题共4题，第27、28题每题6分；第29题8分；第30题10分；满分30分）27．（6分）在正方形网格中，每个小正方形的边长均为1个单位长度，△ABC三个顶点的位置如图所示，现将△ABC平移，使点A移动到点A′，点B'、点C′分别是B、C的对应点（1）请画出平移后的B′点；（2）点A′绕点B′按逆时针方向旋转90°后，它经过的路线是怎样的图形？画出这个图形．【分析】（1）将点B先向左平移3个单位长度，再向下平移2个单位长度，据此可得；（2）根据旋转变换的定义作图即可得．解：（1）如图所示，点B′即为所求．（2）如图所示，即为所求．【点评】本题主要考查作图﹣旋转变换和平移变换，解题的关键是掌握旋转变换和平移变换的定义和性质．28．（6分）先化简，再求值（﹣）÷，其中x＝2，y＝1．【分析】先根据分式的混合运算顺序和运算法则化简原式，再将x，y的值代入计算可得．解：原式＝[﹣]•＝（﹣）•＝[﹣]•＝•＝﹣，当x＝2，y＝1时，原式＝﹣＝﹣1．【点评】本题主要考查分式的化简求值，解题的关键是掌握分式混合运算顺序和运算法则．29．（8分）小丽、小明练习打字，已知小丽比小明每分钟多打80个字，小丽打3500个字的时间与小明打2500个字的时间相同．（1）小丽、小明每分钟分别可打多少字？（2）如果有一份总字数为m的稿件需要输入电脑，小丽工作了a个小时后余下的输入工作由小明继续完成，则小明还需要工作多少小时？（所得结果用含有m、a的代数式表示；m、a均为大于零的正数）【分析】（1）设每分钟打x个字，则小刚每分钟比小明多打50个字，根据速录员小明打2500个字和小刚打3000个字所用的时间相同，列方程即可；（2）根据题意列出代数式即可．解：（1）设小明每分钟打x个字，则小丽每分钟打（x+80）个字，根据题意得＝，解得：x＝200，经检验：x＝200是原方程的解．∴x+80＝280，答：小丽每分钟打280个字，小明每分钟打200个字；（2）小明还需要工作小时．【点评】此题主要考查了分式方程的应用，关键是正确理解题意，找出题目中的等量关系，列出方程．注意不要忘记检验．30．（10分）如图，将直角三角形ABC绕着直角顶点C逆时针旋转90°，得到△A1B1C；再将△A1B1C向右平移，使点B1与点A重合，得到△A2AC2，设BC＝a，AC＝b．（1）试画出△A1B1C和△A2AC2；（2）联结A2B，用a、b表示△AA2B的面积；（3）若上述平移的距离为6，△AA2B的面积为8，试求△ABC的面积．【分析】（1）根据旋转和平移变换的定义作图即可得；（2）根据△AA2B的面积＝﹣S﹣求解可得；△ABC（3）由题意得出a+b＝6，a2+b2＝8，即a2+b2＝16，再根据2ab＝（a+b）2﹣（a2+b2）求解可得．解：（1）如图所示，△A1B1C和△A2AC2即为所求．﹣（2）△AA2B的面积＝﹣S△ABC＝×（a+b）（a+b）﹣ab﹣ab＝a2+b2；（3）由题意知a+b＝6，∵a2+b2＝8，即a2+b2＝16，∴2ab＝（a+b）2﹣（a2+b2）＝20，则ab＝10，∴△ABC的面积＝ab＝5．【点评】本题主要考查作图﹣旋转变换和平移变换，解题的关键是掌握旋转变换和平移变换的定义与性质及割补法求三角形的面积．。

上海市浦东新区区2017-2018学年度高三第一学期期末质量监控英语试卷

上海市浦东新区区2017-2018学年度高三第一学期期末质量监控英语试卷第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension（25 分）Section A – Short ConversationsDirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a gym. B. In a shoe-repair shop.C. In a department store.D. At a track.2. A. $200. B. $400.C. $250.D. $500.3. A. Take classes. B. Find a job.C. Learn more.D. Get ready for the next term.4. A. To leave her a message with her roommate. B. To solve a problem in his homework.C. To talk with her roommate.D. To ask about his homework.5. A. He likes physics. B. His physics is the best in the class.C. He is working hard at physics.D. His physics is very poor in the class.6. A. A sportsman. B. A doctor.C. A news reporter.D. A game designer.7. A. Unforgettable. B. Impressive.C. Pleasant.D. Disappointing.8. A. Coins and banknotes. B. Weights and measures.C. Shapes and areas.D. Volumes and sizes.9. A. It’s too crowded and he can’t breathe very well. B. The next stop is the terminal station.C. The next stop is their stop.D. A lot of people get off at the next stop.10. A. The Parking places are very far away. B. He had no problem finding the park.C. There is enough parking space.D. He isn’t very good at parking the car.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Question 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. The driver took the wrong route. B. He missed his flight.C. He failed to get to the airport.D. His taxi got stuck in a traffic jam.12. A. One of the wings caught fire. B. The plane encountered a strong storm.C. There was something wrong with the engine.D. The hijacker forced the captain to do so.13. A. He had forgotten to lock his front door. B. He had lost his keys to the front door.C. He had left his luggage in the taxi.D. He had picked up the wrong suitcase.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Women now want to be car repairwomen instead of teachers.B. Women tend to do jobs that are traditionally intended for men.C. More girls are choosing fixed jobs in Scotland.D. British women choose non-traditional jobs more than women in other countries.15. A. Because women see many job opportunities on TV.B. Because women feel car repairing is cool on TV.C. Because women are influenced by their stars on TV.D. Because women are told about job choices by career officers on TV.16. A. Britain needs more women to do non-traditional jobs.B. The media should call for women to do non-traditional jobs.C. British women have taken up too many traditional jobs for men.D. The change in men’s attitudes is not important for women job choices.Question 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. For ten years. B. For nine years. C. For eight years. D. For one year.18. A. She is more concentrated on her career. B. She is not sure about the marriage.C. She’s holding hatred against Frank.D. She’s not comfortable with children around.19. A. Keeping persuading Claire. B. Give up and compromise.C. Fight harder with Claire.D. Give Claire some time.20. A. They have just been to Hawaii for a holiday.B. They cannot reach an agreement on having a baby.C. They are planning to get a divorce.D. They are trying to overcome career crisis.Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary（20 分）Section ADirections: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.As a young child, Ann Makosinski would spend hours experimenting with her toys and other everyday objects around her to create her own inventions.Now a first-year Arts student, Makosinski is a well-known inventor and entrepreneu（r创业者）. She won the2015Sustainable Entrepreneurship Award of Excellence,21recognizes innovative business solutions to social problems—the same recognition given to Barack Obama in 2014. Her own inventions, the Hollow Flashlight and the e-Drink, have been causing excitementinternationally 22 their creation.At the age of 15, Makosinski created a prototype（原型）for a flashlight 23 （power） by the heat of one’s hand. This invention was the result of a ninth grade science project, but Makosinski’s goal was 24 （o ffer）a practical solution to people with unlimited access to power and electricity.“I’m half-Filipino and half-Polish, and one of my friends from the Philippines told me that she failed school 25 she couldn’t afford electricity. She had no light to study with at night, so that was kind of the inspiration,”Makosinski explained.“I’ve always been interested in doing science projects, so I thought, why don’t I find a way to provide her and a lot of other people with light?”The Hollow Flashlight is made from Peltier tiles（珀耳贴贴片）that produce energy when one side 26 （heat）and the other side remains cool. The flashlight can produce a steady beam of LED lightfor 20 minutes, 27 （use）only the warmth of the human hand.Her advice to other student innovators?“S tart now. There 28 be nothing holding you back. Some students at colleges or even in high school think‘Oh, I’m a student. I just need to study.’ 29 may think it important to make friends and be social. The truth is, you can do a lot of other things. You can do 30 you want. Just go ahead.”Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. potentiallyB. filmedC. droppedD. commonlyE. treatsF. sympathyG. sensitive H. eyebrow I. domesticated J. selection K. confidentPuppy Dog Eyes Are for the Benefits of HumansDogs make puppy dog eyes for the benefit of humans and rarely use the pleasing facial expression when on their own, a new study has shown.It has long been assumed that animal facial expressions are involuntary and dependent on emotional state rather than a way to communicate.But scientists at the University’s Dog Cognition Centre at Portsmouth University have found that dogs mostly use facial expressions when humans are present, as a direct response to attention. Puppy dog eyes, in which the 31 is raised to make the eyes appear wider and sadder, was foundto be the most 32 used expression in the study. Researchers do not know whether the dogs are aware they look sadder, or have just learned that widening their eyes invites 33 a nd affection in humans.Dog cognition expert Dr Juliane Kaminski: “We can now be 34 that the production of facial expressions made by dogs are dependent on the attention state of their audience and are notjust a result of dogs being excited.”“In our study they produced far more expressions when someone was watching, but seeing food 35 did not have the same effect.”“The findings appear to support evidence dogs are 36 to humans’ attention and that expressions are 37 active attempts to communicate, not simple emotional displays.” The researchers studied 24 dogs of various breeds, aged one to 12. All were family pets. Each dog was tied by a lead a metre away from a person, and the dogs’ faces were 38 throughout a rangeof exchanges, from the person being oriented towards the dog, to being distracted and with her body turned away from the dog.facial They found that when a human was not watching the animal,they39 expressions.Dr Kaminski said it is possible that dogs’ expressions have evolved as they were 40 . “Domestic dogs have a unique history –they have lived alongside humans for 30,000 years and during that time selection pressures seem to have acted on dogs’ability to communicate with us, ”she said.Ⅲ. Reading comprehension（45 分）Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When I was a child of seven years old, my friends, on a holiday, filled my pocket with coppers.I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children. Being 41 with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way, in the hands of another boy, I handed over all my money for one.I then came home, and went whistling all over the house, much pleased with my whistle, but 42 all the family. My brothers and sisters and cousins, when I told of the43 I had made, said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth. They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation( 烦恼). Thinking about the matter gave me more44 than the whistle gave me pleasure.45 , this was afterwards of use to me, for the impression continued on my mind, so that often, when I was 46 to buy something I did not need, I said to myself, “Don’t give too muchfor the whistle, ” and I saved my money. As I grew up, came into the world, and 47 the actionsof men, I thought I met with many, very many, who “gave too much for the whistle.”If I knew a miser（守财奴）who 48 every kind of comfortable living, all the pleasure of doing good to others, all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship,___49__gathering and keeping wealth--- “Poor man,” said I, “ you pay too dear for your whistle.”When I met a man of pleasure, who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but_____devoted himself to having a good time, perhaps neglecting his health, “ Mistaken man, you are providing51 for yourself, instead of pleasure; you are paying too dear for your whistle.” If I saw someone fond of 52 who has fine clothes, fine houses, fine furniture, fine earrings, all above his 53 , and for which he had run into debt, and ends his career in a prison. “Alas,” said I, “he has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle.” 54 , the miseries of mankind are largely due to their puffing a(n) 55 value on things --- to giving “too much for their whistle.”41. A. faced B. charmed C. sympathized D. provided42. A. disturbing B. attracting C. entertaining D. confusing43. A. trouble B. attempt C. choice D. bargain44. A. satisfaction B. relief C. annoyance D. stress45. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. However D. Indeed46. A. tempted B. determined C. forced D. persuaded47. A. took B. observed C. admired D. followed48. A. turned against B. gave up C. cared about D. relied on49. A. in case of B. instead of C. for the sake of D. in terms of50. A. merely B. similarly C. strangely D. positively51. A. inconvenience B. burden C. frustration D. pain52. A. appearance B. wealth C. comforts D. necessities53. A. demand B. fortune C. standard D. value54. A. As a result B. By contrast C. On average D. In short55. A. unexpected B. great C. false D. extraSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）When you think about coffee alternatives, garlic is probably one of the last things that comes to mind, but that is exactly the ingredient that one Japanese inventor used to create a drink that looks and tastes like coffee.74-year-old Yokitomo Shimotai, a coffee shop owner in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, claims that his unique “garlic coffee” is the result of a cooking blunder he made over 30 years ago, when he burned a steak and garlic while waiting tables at the same time. Intrigued by the scorched garlic’s aroma, he mashed it up with a spoon and mixed it with hot water. The resulting drink looked and tasted a lot like coffee. Making a mental note of his discovery, Yokimoto carried on with his job, and only started researching garlic coffee again after he retired.Committed to turning his weird drink into a commercial product, Yokitomo Shimotai spent years optimizing the formula, and about five years ago, he finally achieved a result he was satisfied with. To make his dissolvable garlic grounds, he roasts the cloves in an electric oven, and, after they’ve cooled off, smashes them into fine particles and packs them in dripbags.“My drink is probably the world’s first of its kind,” the garlic coffee inventor told Kyodo News. “It contains no caffeine so it’s good for those who would like to drink coffee at night or pregnant women.”“The bitterness of burned garlic apparently helps create the coffee-like flavor,” Shimotai adds. He claims that, although his garlic coffee does give off an aroma of roasted garlic, it doesn’t cause bad breath, because the garlic is thoroughly cooked. And if you can get past the smell, the drink apparently does taste a lot like actual coffee.If decaf isn’t good enough for you, and you’re in the mood for something new, you can try Yokitomo Shimotai’s garlic coffee at his shop, in the city of Ninohc, Iwate Prefecture, or buy your own dripbags for just 324 yen（$2.8）.56. Which word is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “blunder ”in the second paragraph?A. mistakeB. showC. mixtureD. brand57. Who is not suitable to drink garlic coffee?A. A woman bearing a baby.B. A student having trouble with sleep.C. A cleaner working on a day shift.D. A young lady sick of garlic.58. Which of the following is not characteristic of garlic coffee?A. It is caffeine-free.B. Garlic powder dissolves in water.C.The burnt garlic creates bitterness.D. It is an improvement on a garlic dish.59. Which of the following can be used to describe Yokitomo Shimotai?A. venturous and greedyB. innovative and perseverantC. hardworking and cautiousD. observant and helpful（B）How an advertisement is put togetherWhen you read an advertisement there are many factors you should consider, including: target audiencebrand namessloganspictures and colourspecial offers/couponsemotive/persuasive vocabularyTarget audienceAdvertisers aim particular products at different groups of people according to age, sex, social class and interests. They will often make assumptions about people and label or stereotype them.Who do you think these products would be aimed at: nappies, diamonds, mint chocolates, sports cars?What kind of products would be aimed at these people: teenagers, 25-year-old single men, 40-year-old working mums?Brand namesBrand names are chosen carefully. They can suggest particular lifestyles, values or interests and are intended to appeal to the target audience.Nissan Primera: this suggests quality. Primera is similar to premium and premier.Ford Ka: the spelling of Ka suggests novelty and simplicity. It is modern and futuristic. It is also bound to stick in your mind when you are looking for a new car!SlogansA slogan has to be catchy and memorable. Slogans use a range of devices: alliteration, repetition, puns, questions, personal pronouns and humour.Have a break. Have a Kit Kat. RepetitionThe totally tropical taste. AlliterationPicture and colourAll pictures try to make you feel something and most are biased, even photographs. They create aview of what the world is like using different tricks such as lighting and colour.Different colours have different associations that can be linked to particular products.Yellow: freshness, sunlight, lemons. This colour would be good for advertising washing up liquid. Green: countryside, natural, healthy. What would you use this colour for ?What do you associate these colours with: red, black, orange, gold, blue?Special offers/couponsAdvertisers often appear to offer something for nothing’: if you buy one product you will receive another one free or half price. These offers are incentive to try a new product or to encourage loyalty to an existing one.Emotive/persuasive vocabularyIn advertising you will find lots of words and phrases that are intended to persuade you or appeal to your emotions.mouthwatering silky free chocolateromantic creamy luxurious like mum used to make60. What color is suitable for dishwashing liquid?A. Green.B. Red.C. Orange.D. Yellow.61. Which of the following slogans applies the device alliteration?A. Mosquito Bye Bye Bye.（RADAR）B. We do, we said.（HENNESSY）C. M&Ms melt in your mouth（M&Ms）D. Start ahead.（RLJOICE）62. According to the passage, to reta.n the regular customers, advertising companies tend to.A. impress them with colorful picturesB. use promotional strategiesC. change slogans frequentlyD. create eye-catching brand names（C）Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to find out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs of identical twins, all agedbetween five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts betweenteeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teethscored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and allected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the only approach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavites.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D.Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Section CDirections: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable statement from A-F for each Blank. There are two extra statements, which you do not need.A. Reality has begun to catch up with the imagination of the film’s writer.B. Nanotechnology is one of the most exciting fields of research in the world today.C.When this becomes possible, great changes will take place in numerous fields.D. Small as they are, large quantities of them can make a difference and work wonders.E.Nanotechnology is also responsible for tremendous advances in many other fields.F. They carry medicine with them as they travel though the body, seeking our cancer cells.Nanotechnology Grows FastThanks to advances in technology, the science fiction of the past has become the“science fact”o f today, like the 1966 sci-fi Fantastic V oyag（e《神奇旅程》）. In the film, a man with very important knowledge was dying. The only way to save him was by using experimental miniaturization technology. A number of scientists were shrunk to a tiny size and injected into the man’s body to locate the source of the problem and save him.67Over the past several decades, the science of nanotechnology has been developing rapidly, and, just as in the film, it involves working with objects of a very small size.Something very similar to the medial procedure seen in Fantastic Voyage is already being used to help save lives today. Tiny crystals known as“quanturn dots（量子点）”，whose diametersare one thousandth of a human hair, are injected into the body of a cancer patient. 68 Upon finding a tumor, these quantum dots release their medicine, and then light themselves up tso that doctors can see exactly where the cancer cells are.69 We may soon find our everyday lives being affected by it. Are you tired of having to charge the batteries in your mobile devices? Soon, you don’t need to. Scientists are working on solar-cell vests that will absorb energy from the sun as you walk around and provide power for your devices.Eric Drexler, an author and scientist, believes that nanotechnology will lead to a new kind of manufacturing, one in which products are assembled atom by atom. By rearranging atoms, you can turn one kind of molecule into another. For example, a wood molecule can be transformed into a metal molecule. If this is done many times according to a design, a large object such as an ax might eventually be created, just by rearranging atoms. 70 .Although we have already seen its first practical applications, even more dramatic advances will be made in the future.Ⅳ. Surmmary Writing（10 分）Directions：R ead the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）第Ⅱ卷Ⅴ. Translation（15 分）Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 为了安全起见，小孩不应该被单独留在家里。

【精品】2017-2018年上海市普陀区初一上学期数学期末试卷含解析答案

2017-2018学年上海市普陀区七年级（上）期末数学试卷（五四学制）一．选择题（本大题共6题，每题2分，满分12分）1．（2分）在下列代数式中，是单项式的是（）A．B．C．a2+3b3D．2．（2分）下列运算中，正确的是（）A．a6•a4=a10B．2a﹣2=C．（3a2）3=9a6D．a2+a3=a53．（2分）下列等式中，从左到右的变形是因式分解的是（）A．（x+y）（x﹣y）=x2﹣y2B．42=2×3×7C．x2﹣x﹣2=（x﹣2）（x+1）D．2x2﹣x﹣1=x（2x﹣1）﹣14．（2分）如果多项式4x4+4x2+M是完全平方式，那么M不可能是（）A．x6B．8x3C．1 D．45．（2分）下列“表情图”中，不是轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．6．（2分）下列说法中，正确的是（）A．将一个图形先向左平移3厘米，再向下平移5厘米，那么平移的距离是8厘米B．将一个图形绕任意一点旋转360°后，能与初始图形重合C．等边三角形至少旋转60°能与本身重合D．面积相等的两个三角形一定关于某条直线成轴对称二．填空题（本大题共12题，每题3分，满分36分）7．（3分）单项式3am3n2的次数是．8．（3分）将多项式1﹣ab2+a3b﹣a2按字母a降幂排列是．9．（3分）用科学记数法表示：﹣0.00002018=．10．（3分）计算：（5x5﹣3x2）÷（﹣x）2=．11．（3分）简便计算：（﹣）100×2733=．12．（3分）分解因式：x2﹣3xy﹣4y2=．13．（3分）当x时，分式有意义．14．（3分）计算：﹣=．15．（3分）将代数式化成不含有分母的形式是．16．（3分）在下列图形中：等腰三角形、等边三角形、正方形、正五边形、平行四边形，等腰梯形，其中有个旋转对称图形．17．（3分）如图，将长方形纸片ABCD折叠，折痕为EF，若AB=2，BC=3，则阴影部分的周长为．18．（3分）如图，在△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，AC=3，BC=4，点D是边AB的中点，将△ABC沿着AB平移到△DEF处，那么四边形ACFB的面积等于．三．简答题（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分）19．（4分）计算：（x+3）（x+1）（x﹣3）．20．（4分）计算：（x﹣3y）2﹣（5xy2）2÷xy3．21．（4分）分解因式：x5﹣2x3﹣8x．22．（4分）分解因式：m2﹣25+9n2+6mn．23．（4分）计算：（）﹣2×3﹣1+（π﹣2018）0﹣1．24．（4分）解方程：﹣1=．四．解答题（本大题共4题，第25、26题每题6分、第27、28题每题8分，满分28分）25．（6分）如图是一个由边长为1的小正方形组成的10×10的正方形网格，（1）在网格中画出将△ABC向右平移4个单位后的△A1B1C1；（2）△ABC绕点O旋转180°后，点A与点A2重合，请在网格中画出点O，并画出△ABC绕点O旋转180°后的△A2B2C2；（3）描述△A1B1C1与△A2B2C2的位置关系是．26．（6分）先化简，再求值，÷（﹣），其中a=﹣．27．（8分）甲、乙两辆客车分别从相距40千米的A、B两站同时出发，相向而行，相遇时乙车行驶了25千米，如果乙车每小时比甲车多走2千米，求甲、乙两车速度．28．（8分）如图，在△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，BC=m，AB=3m，AC=n．（1）将△ABC绕点B逆时针旋转，使点C落在AB边上的点C1处，点A落在点A1处，在如图中画出△A1BC1；（2）求四边形ACBA1的面积；（用m、n的代数式表示）（3）将△A1BC1沿着AB翻折得△A2BC1，A2C1交AC于点D，写出四边形BCDC1与三角形ABC的面积的比值．2017-2018学年上海市普陀区七年级（上）期末数学试卷（五四学制）参考答案与试题解析一．选择题（本大题共6题，每题2分，满分12分）1．（2分）在下列代数式中，是单项式的是（）A．B．C．a2+3b3D．【解答】解：A、是分式，故此选项错误；B、是单项式，故此选项正确；C、a2+3b3是多项式，故此选项错误；D、是多项式，故此选项错误；故选：B．2．（2分）下列运算中，正确的是（）A．a6•a4=a10B．2a﹣2=C．（3a2）3=9a6D．a2+a3=a5【解答】解：a6•a4=a10，故A正确；2a﹣2=，故B错误；（3a2）3=27a6，故C错误；a2与a3不是同类项，不能合并，故D错误．故选：A．3．（2分）下列等式中，从左到右的变形是因式分解的是（）A．（x+y）（x﹣y）=x2﹣y2B．42=2×3×7C．x2﹣x﹣2=（x﹣2）（x+1）D．2x2﹣x﹣1=x（2x﹣1）﹣1【解答】解：把一个多项式在一个范围（如实数范围内分解，即所有项均为实数）化为几个整式的积的形式，这种式子变形叫做这个多项式的因式分解，故选：C．4．（2分）如果多项式4x4+4x2+M是完全平方式，那么M不可能是（）A．x6B．8x3C．1 D．4【解答】解：A、当M=x6时，原式=4x4+4x2+x6=（x3+2x）2，故正确；B、当M=8x3时，原式=4x4+4x2+8x3=（2x2+2x）2，故正确；C、当M=1时，原式=4x4+4x2+1=（2x2+1）2，故正确；D、当M=4时，原式=4x4+4x2+4，不正确，故选：D．5．（2分）下列“表情图”中，不是轴对称图形的是（）A．B．C．D．【解答】解：A、是轴对称图形，故此选项错误；B、是轴对称图形，故此选项错误；C、是轴对称图形，故此选项错误；D、不是轴对称图形，故此选项正确；故选：D．6．（2分）下列说法中，正确的是（）A．将一个图形先向左平移3厘米，再向下平移5厘米，那么平移的距离是8厘米B．将一个图形绕任意一点旋转360°后，能与初始图形重合C．等边三角形至少旋转60°能与本身重合D．面积相等的两个三角形一定关于某条直线成轴对称【解答】解：A、将一个图形先向左平移3厘米，再向下平移5厘米，那么平移的距离是厘米，此选项错误；B、将一个图形绕任意一点旋转360°后，能与初始图形重合，此选项正确；C、等边三角形至少旋转120°能与本身重合，此选项错误；D、面积相等的两个三角形不一定关于某条直线成轴对称，此选项错误；故选：B．二．填空题（本大题共12题，每题3分，满分36分）7．（3分）单项式3am3n2的次数是6．【解答】解：单项式3am3n2的次数是6．故答案为：6．8．（3分）将多项式1﹣ab2+a3b﹣a2按字母a降幂排列是a3b﹣a2﹣ab2+1．【解答】解：将多项式1﹣ab2+a3b﹣a2按字母a降幂排列是a3b﹣a2﹣ab2+1，故答案为：a3b﹣a2﹣ab2+1．9．（3分）用科学记数法表示：﹣0.00002018=﹣2.018×10﹣5．【解答】解：﹣0.00002018=﹣2.018×10﹣5；故答案为：﹣2.018×10﹣5．10．（3分）计算：（5x5﹣3x2）÷（﹣x）2=5x3﹣3．【解答】解：（5x5﹣3x2）÷（﹣x）2=（5x5﹣3x2）÷x2=5x3﹣3，故答案为：5x3﹣3．11．（3分）简便计算：（﹣）100×2733=．【解答】解：（﹣）100×2733=，故答案为：；12．（3分）分解因式：x2﹣3xy﹣4y2=（x﹣4y）（x+y）．【解答】解：x2﹣3xy﹣4y2=（x﹣4y）（x+y），故答案为：（x﹣4y）（x+y）．13．（3分）当x≠时，分式有意义．【解答】解：由题意得，6x﹣1≠0，解得x≠．故答案为：≠．14．（3分）计算：﹣=．【解答】解：原式=+==故答案为：；15．（3分）将代数式化成不含有分母的形式是5ax﹣1y﹣2．【解答】解：原式=5ax﹣1y﹣2，故答案为：5ax﹣1y﹣216．（3分）在下列图形中：等腰三角形、等边三角形、正方形、正五边形、平行四边形，等腰梯形，其中有4个旋转对称图形．【解答】解：在等腰三角形、等边三角形、正方形、正五边形、平行四边形，等腰梯形只有等边三角形、正方形、正五边形、平行四边形是旋转对称图形．故答案为4；17．（3分）如图，将长方形纸片ABCD折叠，折痕为EF，若AB=2，BC=3，则阴影部分的周长为10．【解答】解：由折叠可得，BF=FG，AE=EH，AB=HG，∴阴影部分的周长=EH+HG+GF+FC+CD+DE=AE+AB+BF+FC+CD+DE=长方形ABCD的周长=2（AB+BC）=2×5=10，故答案为：10．18．（3分）如图，在△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，AC=3，BC=4，点D是边AB的中点，将△ABC沿着AB平移到△DEF处，那么四边形ACFB的面积等于9．【解答】解：∵在△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，AC=3，BC=4，∴AB=，∵点D是边AB的中点，∴AD=DB=2.5，∵将△ABC沿着AB平移到△DEF处，∴CF=AD=2.5，在Rt△ACB中，，即h=，∴四边形ACFB的面积==9．故答案为：9三．简答题（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分）19．（4分）计算：（x+3）（x+1）（x﹣3）．【解答】解：原式=（x+3）（x﹣3）（x+1）=（x2﹣9）（x+1）=x3+x2﹣9x﹣9．20．（4分）计算：（x﹣3y）2﹣（5xy2）2÷xy3．【解答】解：原式=x2_6xy+9y2_25x2y4÷xy3；…（2分）=x2﹣6xy+9y2﹣25xy；…（1分）=x2_31xy+9y2．…（1分）21．（4分）分解因式：x5﹣2x3﹣8x．【解答】解：原式=x（x4﹣2x2﹣8）=x（x2﹣4）（x2+2）=x（x+2）（x﹣2）（x2+2）．22．（4分）分解因式：m2﹣25+9n2+6mn．【解答】解：原式=（m2+6mn+9n2）﹣25=（m+3n）2﹣25=（m+3n+5）（m+3n﹣5）．23．（4分）计算：（）﹣2×3﹣1+（π﹣2018）0﹣1．【解答】解：原式=×+1÷3，=+；=．24．（4分）解方程：﹣1=．【解答】解：去分母得：x2+4x+4﹣x2+4=2，解得：x=﹣1.5，经检验x=﹣1.5是原方程的解，则原方程的解是x=﹣1.5．四．解答题（本大题共4题，第25、26题每题6分、第27、28题每题8分，满分28分）25．（6分）如图是一个由边长为1的小正方形组成的10×10的正方形网格，（1）在网格中画出将△ABC向右平移4个单位后的△A1B1C1；（2）△ABC绕点O旋转180°后，点A与点A2重合，请在网格中画出点O，并画出△ABC绕点O旋转180°后的△A 2B2C2；（3）描述△A1B1C1与△A2B2C2的位置关系是中心对称．【解答】解：（1）如图，△A1B1C1即为所求；（2）点O及△A2B2C2如图所示；（3）△A1B1C1与△A2B2C2成中心对称，故答案为：中心对称．26．（6分）先化简，再求值，÷（﹣），其中a=﹣．【解答】解：原式===．把代入，原式=．27．（8分）甲、乙两辆客车分别从相距40千米的A、B两站同时出发，相向而行，相遇时乙车行驶了25千米，如果乙车每小时比甲车多走2千米，求甲、乙两车速度．【解答】解：设甲车每小时行驶x千米，乙车每小时行驶（x+2）千米，由题意：，解得x=3，经检验，x=3是原方程的解且符合题意，x+2=5，答：甲车的速度是3千米/小时，乙车的速度是5千米/小时．28．（8分）如图，在△ABC中，∠ACB=90°，BC=m，AB=3m，AC=n．（1）将△ABC绕点B逆时针旋转，使点C落在AB边上的点C1处，点A落在点A1处，在如图中画出△A1BC1；（2）求四边形ACBA1的面积；（用m、n的代数式表示）（3）将△A1BC1沿着AB翻折得△A2BC1，A2C1交AC于点D，写出四边形BCDC1与三角形ABC的面积的比值．【解答】解：（1）如图，△A1BC1如图所示：（2）∵AC=A1C1=n，∴S△ABC =，S△ABA1=，则四边形ACBA1的面积是2mn；（3）△A2BC1如图所示：四边形BCDC1与△ABC的面积的比值是．附赠：初中数学考试答题技巧一、答题原则大家拿到考卷后，先看是不是本科考试的试卷，再清点试卷页码是否齐全，检查试卷有无破损或漏印、重印、字迹模糊不清等情况。

2017-2018年上海市普陀区八年级上学期期末数学试卷及答案

2017-2018学年上海市普陀区八年级上学期期末数学试卷一、单项选择题（本大题共6小题，每题2分，共12分）1．（2分）下列二次根式中，最简二次根式是（）A．B．C．D．2．（2分）已知关于x的方程x 2﹣2kx+4＝0有两个不相等的实数根，那么在下列各数中，k的取值是（）A．0B．1C．2D．33．（2分）下列问题中，两个变量成反比例的是（）A．商一定时（不为零），被除数与除数B．等边三角形的面积与它的边长C．长方形的长a不变时，长方形的周长C与它的宽bD．货物的总价A一定时，货物的单价a与货物的数量x4．（2分）如果k＜0，那么函数y＝（1﹣k）x与y＝在同一坐标系中的图象可能是（）A．B．C．D．5．（2分）下列说法中，正确的是（）A．所有的命题都有逆命题B．所有的定理都有逆定理C．真命题的逆命题一定是真命题D．假命题的逆命题一定是假命题6．（2分）如图，在Rt△ABC中，∠ACB＝90°，CD与CE分别是斜边AB上的高与中线，以下判断中正确的个数有（）①∠DCB＝∠A；②∠DCB＝∠ACE；③∠ACD＝∠BCE；④∠BCE＝∠BEC．A．1个B．2个C．3个D．4个二、填空题（本大题共有12题，每题3分，满分36分）7．（3分）化简：（a＞0）＝．8．（3分）函数y＝的定义域是．9．（3分）方程x 2＝x的根是．10．（3分）在实数范围内因式分解：3x 2﹣x﹣1＝．11．（3分）已知反比例函数y＝（x＞0）的图象上有两点A（x1，y1）、B（x2，y2），如果x1＜x2时，那么y1y2．（填“＞”或“＜”）12．（3分）已知函数f（x）＝，那么f（0）＝．13．（3分）经过定点A且半径为5cm的圆的圆心的轨迹是．14．（3分）如图，在长为32米、宽为20米的长方形绿地内，修筑两条同样宽且分别平行于长方形相邻两边的道路，把绿地分成4块，这4块绿地的总面积为540平方米．如果设道路宽为x米，由题意所列出关于x的方程是．15．（3分）已知直角坐标平面内的两点分别为A（﹣3，1）、B（1，﹣2），那么A、B两点间的距离等于．16．（3分）如图，在△ABC和△DFE中，已知∠A＝∠D＝90°，BE＝FC，要使△ABC≌△DFE，还需添加一个条件，那么这个条件可以是．（只需写出一个条件）17．（3分）如图，在△ABC中，AD⊥BC，垂足为点D，CE是边AB上的中线，如果CD＝BE，∠B＝40°，那么∠BCE＝度．18．（3分）已知，在△ABC中，AB＝，∠C＝22.5°，将△ABC翻折使得点A与点C重合，折痕与边BC交于点D，如DC＝2，那么BD的长为．三、简备题（本大题共有4题，每小题6分，满分24分）19．（6分）计算：（+2）﹣．20．（6分）用配方法解方程：2x 2﹣4x﹣1＝0．21．（6分）根据甲、乙两人在一次赛跑中跑完全程的平均速度，得到路程s（米）与时间t （秒）之间的依赖关系如图所示，请根据图中信息填空：（1）这次赛跑全程是米；（2）甲在这次赛跑中的平均速度是米/秒；（3）当甲到达终点时，乙距离终点还有米．22．（6分）如图所示，已知在△ABC中，∠C＝90°，AC＝6，AB＝10．点D在边AC上，且点D到边AB和边BC的距离相等．（1）用直尺圆规作出点D（不写作法，保留作图痕迹，在图上标注清楚点D）；（2）求点D到边AB的距离．。

2017~2018学年上海普陀区初一上学期期末数学试卷(五四学制)(解析)

−2
−1
23. 计算：． 2 ()
−1
0
1
× 3 + (π − 2018) ÷ ( )
3
3
答案
． 13
12
解析
原式 9
1
= × +1÷3
4
3
3
1
=+
4
3
． 13
=
12
24. 解方程： x + 2 − 1 = 2 ．
x−2
x2 − 4
答案． x = −1.5
解析
去分母得：， 2 x
+
4x
+
4
−
2
2
即， 3 × 4
h=
= 2.4
5
∴四边形的面积． AC F B
1 = × (2.5 + 5) × 2.4 = 9
2
解答题
19. 计算：． (x + 3)(x + 1)(x − 3)
答案
． 3
2
x + x − 9x − 9
解析
原式= (x + 3)(x − 3)(x + 1)
2 = (x − 9)(x + 1)
2 x
+
4
=
2
解得：x = ， −1.5
经检验x = −1.5 是原方程的解，
则原方程的解是x = −1.5 ．
25. 如图是一个由边长为1的小正方形组成的10 × 10的正方形网格，
2018/12/11 （1）在网格中画出将△ABC向右平移4个单位后的△A ． 1B1C1
（2）
答案解析

上海市普陀区2018学年度第一学期六年级数学期末试卷(附答案)

普陀2018学年度第一学期六年级数学学科期末考试（90分钟完成，满分100分） 2019.1题号一二三四总分得分考生注意：1.本试卷含四个大题，共28题；2.除第一、二大题外，其余各题如无特别说明，都必须写出解题的主要步骤；3.没有特别说明，涉及圆周率时，π取3.14；一、选择题（本大题共6题，每题2分，满分12分）.1. 下列分数中，能化为有限小数是……………………………………………………（）（A ）13 （B ）715 （C ）124 （D ）382.下列说法中正确的是…………………………………………………………………（）（A ）互素的两个数的最大公因数是1 （B ）如果65 1.2÷=，那么可以说6能被5整除（C ）在正整数中，所有的素数都是奇数（D ）一个合数至少有4个因数3.有一根8米长的绳子，剪去它的25，则剪去…………………………………………（）（A ）375米；（B ）25米；（C ）165米；（D ）245米.4. 一种商品原价100元，先降价10﹪，又提价格10﹪，现价是原价的………………（）（A ）100﹪；（B ）101﹪；（C ）110﹪；（D ）99﹪.5. 在一幅地图上，量得A 、B 两城市之间的距离是4厘米，这幅地图的比例尺是1∶5000000，那么A 、B 两城市之间的实际距离是（）千米．（A ）20000000 （B ）200 （C ）12500 （D ）12.56.如图，圆的面积和长方形面积相等，下列判断正确的是…………………………（）（A ）长方形周长等于圆的周长；（B ）长方形的长等于圆的周长；（C ）长方形的长等于圆周长的一半；（D ）长方形周长等于圆的周长的一半；学校___________________班级_____________姓名________________学号___________请不要在装订线内答题请不要在装订线内答题请不要在装订线内答题二、填空题（本大题共12题，每题3分，满分36分）. 7.65的倒数是． 8．循环小数1.5232323 可以简写成．9. 若数,732,752⨯⨯=⨯⨯=n m 则m 和n 的最大公因数是________ ． 10. 正整数a 取时，7a 是假分数且9a是真分数． 11．求比值：1.25升：375毫升=________．12．如果2是x 和5的比例中项,那么x = ．13. 把一根长165米的钢管按7∶8截成两段，那么较长的一段是米． 14.某债券的年利率为3%，当时小明爸爸认购了10000元，两年后到期，那么到期时可得到利息_____________元（不扣利息税）．15．掷一枚骰子，掷出点数是6的素因数的可能性大小是．16．已知扇形的弧长是31.4米，半径是10米，那么扇形的面积是平方米．17.如图，一个固定的圆形滑轮起重装置的半径是10cm ，当重物上升12.56cm 时，滑轮的一条半径OA 绕轴心O 按逆时针方向的旋转的角度为．18.如图，以第一个圆的半径为直径画出第二个圆，再以第二个圆的半径为直径画出第三个圆，则图中阴影部分面积占第一个圆的面积的．（填几分之几）第17题图第18题图三、简答题（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分）19.写出数轴上点A 、B 表示的数，并且在数轴上画出点C ，最后将点A 、B 、C 所表示的数用“＜”连接. 点C 表示数为215解：点A 表示的分数．．为，点B 表示的百分数．．．为．< < ．20．计算：1110.2543-- 解：21．计算：5142.1521÷⨯解：22．计算：11331246164⎛⎫-⨯+÷ ⎪⎝⎭解：23. 已知：22:2:375x = ，求x 的值解：24.已知11::23x y =，2: 1.2:5y z =求z y x ::. 解：四、（本大题共4题，第25,26题,每题6分，第27，28题每题8分，满分28分）. 25.某商店以每件200元的价格购进一批服装，加价40%后作为定价出售．（1）求该服装的售价是每件多少元？（2）“双十一”促销活动中，商店对该服装打八折出售，这时每件服装的盈利率为多少？解：…………………………密○………………………………………封○………………………………………○线…………………………26.如图，四边形ABCD 是一个正方形， ,,,2E D A F ED DA AF ===四点在一直线上，且厘米，阴影部分的面积是多少平方厘米？（π取3.14）解：27.在一次汽车展销中，某汽车经销商推出A 、B 、C 、D 四种型号的小轿车进行展销，其中有350辆A 型号的小轿车参展， C 型号的小轿车销售的成交率为50%，其它型号的小轿车的展销情况绘制在图1和图2两幅尚不完整的统计图中．（1）参加展销的D 型号的小轿车的百分比为；（2）参加展销四种型号小轿车共有辆；（3）D 型号的小轿车成交率是；=100%⨯某型号轿车销售成交数量（某型号轿车销售的成交率）某型号轿车总数量（4）已经售出的C 型号的小轿车有辆.型号已售出轿车(辆)AB C D 100 （图2）DCB 20%A 35% 各型号参展轿车数的百分比（图1）学校___________________班级_____________姓名________________学号___________请不要在装订线内答题请不要在装订线内答题请不要在装订线内答题28.如图所示，扇形OAB 从图①无滑动绕着点A 旋转到图②（∠O’AO=90°）的位置，再由图②紧贴直线运动到图③，已知060O ∠=，2OA =. （1）求由图①到图②点O 所运动的路径长；（结果保留π）（2）点O 所走过的路径与直线l 围成的面积是多少？（结果保留π）解：普陀2018学年度第一学期六年级数学学科期末考试评分标准一．选择题（本大题共6题，每题2分，满分12分）1.D2.A3.C4.D5.B6.C二．填空题（本大题共12题，每题3分，满分36分）7. 568. 1.523∙∙ 9. 14 10. 7,8 11. 103 12. 54 13. 88 14. 60015. 13 16.157 17. 072 18.316三．简答题（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 19.点C 图略（1分）；点A 表示的分数．．为13（1分），点B 表示的百分数．．．为275﹪,（1分）13<215< 275﹪.（1分） 20．解法一：原式=1111434--……………………………………………………………（1分） =3431121212--………………………………………………………（2分） =23………………………………………………………………………（1分）解法二：原式=1111443--…………………………………………………………………（1分）=113-……………………………………………………………（2分）=23………………………………………………………………（1分）21．解：原式=2155657⨯⨯………………………………………………………………（2分） =52……………………………………………………………………………（2分）22．解法一：原式=1341212163⨯+⨯…………………………………………………（1分） =114+………………………………………………………………………（2分）=114…………………………………………………………………………（1分）解法二：原式=1134121246163⨯-⨯+⨯…………………………………………………（2分）=1324-+……………………………………………………………（1分）=114…………………………………………………………………………（1分） 23.解： 122357x =⨯………………………………………………………………（1分）61275x =÷…………………………………………………………（1分）65712x =⨯…………………………………………………………（1分）514x =………………………………………………………………（1分） 24.解：11::3:29:623x y ===…………………………………………………（1分）62::3:16:255y z === …………………………………………………（1分）所以，::9:6:2x y z =…………………………………………………………（2分）四．（本大题共4题，第25,26题,每题6分，第28，29题每题8分，满分28分）. 25.解：（1）解法一：200×40%=80（元）……………………………………………（1分） 200+80=280（元）……………………………………………（2分）解法二：200×（1+40%）……………………………………………（2分） =200×1.4=280（元）……………………………………………（1分）（2）280×0.8=224（元）……………………………………………（1分）22420012%200-=………………………………………（1分）答：该服装的售价是每件280元，这时每件服装的盈利率为12%.…………………（1分） 26．解：小扇扇扇正阴S S S S S S S -+-+-=∆∆ 小扇正阴S S S -=360245222⨯⨯-=π阴S …………………………………………………3分 43.2= …………………………………………………2分答：阴影部分的面积是243.2cm ．…………………………………………………1分或分步列式计算：（1）22212412⨯⨯-⨯⨯π=)(14.12cm ……………………………1分（2）44122⨯⨯-⨯π=)(86.02cm ……………………………1分（3）)(43.0236045222122cm =⨯-⨯⨯π……………………………1分)(43.243.086.014.12cm =++……………………………2分答：阴影部分的面积是)(43.22cm 。

上海市最新2017-2018年七年级上数学期末试卷及答案

第一学期义务教育阶段学业水平检测试卷七年级数学一、选择题（每题 3 分，共 24 分）1. 1 的绝对值是（）3A.3B.-3C. 1D. 13 32. 单项式 -ab 2的系数及次数分别是（）A.0，3B.-1，3C.1，3D.-1，23. 以下各式中，正确的选项是（）A.2a+3b=5abB.-2xy-3xy=-xyC.-2(a-6)=-2a+6D.5a-7=-(7-5a)4. 如图 , 已知 AB//CD, 以下各角之间的关系必然成立的是()A.∠ 1=∠ 3B.∠2=∠ 4C.∠ 1>∠4D.∠ 3+∠ 5=18005. 图①是由五个完好相同的小正方休组成的立休图形，将图①中的一个小正方体改变地址后如图②. 则三视图发生改变的是（）A.主视图B.俯视图C.左视图D.主视图、俯视图和左视图6. 有理数 a、 b 在数轴上的位里以下列图，则以下结论中正确的选项是()A.a+b>0B.a-b<0C.ab>0D.a÷ b>07. 如图，将矩形ABCD纸片沿对角线BD折叠，使点 C 落在点 C/ 处， BC/交人 D 于点 E，若∠ DBC=22.5°，则在不增加任何辅助线的情况下，图中45°角 ( 虚线也视为角的边) 共有（）A.3个B.4个C.5个D.6个8. 直线 a 上有一点 A, 直线 b 上有一点 B, 且 a//b.点P在直线a,b之间,若PA=3,PB=4,则直线a、b之间的距离（）A.等于7B.小于7C.不小于7D.不大于7二、填空题：（每题 3 分，共 18 分）9. 长白山自然保护区面积约为215000 公顷，用科学记数法表示为公顷.10. 计算1 2 的结果是.4 311.请写出一个比 -3 大而比1小的有理数 : 312.以下列图，从 A 地到 B 地有多条道路，一般地，为了省时人们会走中间的一条直路而不会走其他的路。

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