师说课文讲解

师说课文讲解
师说课文讲解

《师说》是唐代大散文家韩愈所作的一篇有名的说理文。文章写在公元八百零三年,这时韩愈虽然才三十五岁,官职也不很高,但是他在文坛上已经有了名望,他所倡导的“古文运动”也已经开展起来。韩愈为了能使古文运动得到更好的开展,他不仅自己从理论到实践刻苦努力,而且广泛地同青年后学交往,给他们具体的指导和帮助。韩愈的这种作为,是六朝以来长期所没有的,因而人们往往引为怪事,以至纷纷议论和责难,指责他好为人师。但是韩愈处在这样的环境中,仍然无所畏惧,继续为开展古文运动而努力。柳宗元在《答韦中立论师道书》中说:“由魏晋氏以下,人盖不事师。今之世不闻有师,有辄讥笑之以为狂人。独韩愈奋不顾流俗犯笑侮,收召后学,作《师说》,因抗颜而为师。”可见韩愈写这篇文章,是为了纠正当时社会上不重视求师学习的不良风气,也是对那些诽谤者的一个公开的答复和严正的驳斥。

文章一开始,作者就强调了从师的重要性,论述了为什么要从师和从什么人为师的道理。这里所说的“古之学者”,不仅指古代作学生的青少年,也包括古时有志于学问的成年人。文章论述老师的基本任务

是:传道、授业、解惑。“传道”,就是传授儒家的道统;“授业”,就是讲授古文“六艺”之业,“解惑”,就是解释对前两者的疑惑。韩愈认为人不是生下来就什么都懂得的,谁都不可能没有疑惑,因此谁都不能没有老师;如果有了疑惑而不向老师请教,那末疑惑也就不可能得到解决。什么人可以为师呢?他说:比我年长的人,比我先懂得道,我可以拜他为师;比我年轻的人,也比我先懂得道,我也可以拜他为师。我所要学的是“道”,哪用得着去管他们的年纪是比我大还是小呢?所以,不管是社会地位高的“贵人”或者是社会地位低的普通人,不论是老年人还是年轻人,只要他懂得“道”,就可以拜他为老师,向他学习。韩愈拿“道”的有无作为选择老师的唯一标准,认为只要合乎这点,地位高低、年龄大小都可以不必考虑。这一段主要是从理论上提出论题,是全篇所要论证和宣扬的中心思想所在。下文都是根据这一论题所作的具体阐发。

第二段,作者就拿上面讲的理论来批判当时人们不重视师道的不良风尚。作者先以感叹语气,惋惜古人优良的从师风气没有能够流传下来,底下就连分三层用对比的方法来写。第一层,作者以“古之圣人”与

“今之众人”作对比。古代圣人具有过人之才,尚且拜师求教,虚心学习;而现在有许多人的才智跟圣人相差很远,却反而以向别人学习为可耻。他指出:圣人的所以具有聪明才智,愚人的所以愚昧无知,这种分野的根本关键,就在于他们能不能尊师重道,虚心学习。文章在肯定了尊师重道的必要性以后,第二层就深入一步揭露有些人对待师道的错误态度。这一层,把为子弟选择老师跟自己不愿拜老师作对比。批评有些人为子弟选择老师,自己却耻于从师。同时指出那些子弟的老师,也只是教人句读,并不能够尽到“传道”、“授业”、“解惑”的职责。学习句读要拜人为师,而大道茫惑不解,却不愿拜人为师,他认为这种人小的学了,大的丢了,实在看不出有什么高明的地方。这一段的第三层,作者又以“巫医乐师百工之人”与“士大夫之族”作对比,来批判当时士大夫们的不能尊师重道。巫医乐师百工这些下层社会的人都不以拜师学习为可耻,而士大夫们一听到人家说老师弟子的事情就聚拢来嗤笑人家。问他们为什么?他们说,那个做老师的和学生的年纪差不多,道术也差不多啊!这些人认为:向社会地位低的人学习是很羞耻的,而向官位显盛的学习又显得有点阿谀奉迎。这样,师道的不能恢复,其原因也就可想而知了。巫医乐师百工等人,

社会地位低下,是士大夫们认为不足挂齿的,然而现在这些士大夫们的聪明才智却反而不如他们了,这实在是一种奇怪的现象!这一层,作者把师道之不振,完全归咎于当时的士大夫们,说他们的聪明才智,实在连巫医乐师百工等普通人都不如!这里一连三层,都列举事实进行对比,有力地批判了当时士大夫们不能尊师重道的愚蠢,表露了作者对这种不良风尚的愤懑情绪。和文章第一段的总的论题相对照,可以明显地看出文章步步深入展开。

第三段,文章又转入正面阐述,以当时人们奉为至高无上的大圣人孔子的言行作证,来说明人必有师,人们应该多方面地向别人学习,而老师和学生也只是相对而言的。郯子、苌弘、师襄、老聃都是春秋时代的学者,传说孔子曾经向郯子请教官职的名称,向苌弘访问古乐,向师襄学习弹琴,向老聃学习周礼。这些人的贤能,在总的方面都远不及孔子,而孔子尚且愿意向他们学习,这说明孔子是很善于学习的。他说的“三人行,必有我师焉”,是一句意义深长的名言。韩愈在这里拿孔子的言行作为例子,主要在于说明不一定自己不如别人才向别人学习,鼓励人们应该虚心好学。他认为学生不一定都不如老师,老师也不一定

什么都比学生高明,只是他们闻道先后的不同,术业有专攻不专攻的区别罢了。

最后一小段,简要地说明本文写作的原因是:十七岁的李蟠,儒家的主要经典著作都已学过,他没有被时下的不良风尚所束缚,现在又来我这里求学,我赞赏他的能行古道,所以作这篇《师说》送给他。

总起来看,《师说》的中心思想,着重在论述师道的重要性,严正地驳斥士大夫们的恶意诽谤,抨击时俗轻视师道的不良风尚,为开展古文运动扫除思想障碍。作者在本文中所发表的如何求学的见解是极其精辟的。他对于读书求学的议论,很能够启发后人。《师说》所提出的关于师道的主要思想是:师是“传道”、“授业”、“解惑”的人;任何人都可以为师,不应该因为地位、贵贱、年龄的差别,就不肯虚心向人学习。韩愈在当时的社会环境中能提出这样的见解是很有胆识的,他对当时“士大夫之族”耻于相师的不良风气,确乎起了挽救和校正的作用。韩愈所谓“师者,所以传道、授业、解惑也”,这个“道”虽然具体指的是儒家之道,但在一千多年前,韩愈就能提出“弟子不必不如师,师不必贤于弟子”的说法,也是很有魄力

的。他把老师和学生的关系,归结为“闻道有先后,术业有专攻”,提倡师生教学相长,这也确实可以鼓舞大家相互学习的风气。

《师说》这篇文章在写作上是非常成功的。

首先,它具有高度的说服力。这固然和作者所提出的理论的正确性有关系,但是和作者采用了较好的说理方法也是分不开的。韩愈这篇文章的主要目的,在于论述师道的必要性,批判士大夫们不能尊师重道的不良风尚。整篇文章从立论、论证到结论,都紧紧扣住这一点,有的放矢,理论联系实际。文章开头第一段,先正面从理论上阐述师道的重要性,并提出选择老师的标准,作为全篇文章的基本论题。接着第二段,就联系到当时的社会实际,连用三层笔墨,一层深一层地揭露和批判当时人们对待师道的错误态度。这三层文字,作者抓住了它们内在的本质联系,步步开展,有理论,有事实,有分析。文章反复起伏,好象剥笋,剥了一层又一层,越剥越深,越说越透,又如海涛,一浪推动一浪,起伏不断,直到最后把问题的本质核心完全揭露无遗。最后第三段,又归结到从正面作结论。举出孔子的言论行动作为例子,目的也

在于加强结论的说服力量。整篇文章从虚到实,又从实到虚,正、反、合三大段文字,有破有立,虚实结合得很好。文章谈理论,却不是空发议论;举事实,也不是现象罗列。因此文章不蔓不支,很有说服力。

第二,这篇文章写得非常有气势。韩愈的散文,在风格上具有雄健明快、汪洋恣肆的特色,这是古今研究韩愈散文的人所一致公认的。北宋的苏洵,评他的文章如“长江大河,浑浩流转”。《师说》在风格上也表现了这种特色,气势异常充沛,形成韩愈散文这种风格的因素当然很多,但是就《师说》来看,作者根据内容的需要,在语言上善于创造性地运用排偶的句式,是具有一定的作用的。什么叫排偶的句式呢?那就是把范围相同、性质相近的事物,采用结构相同或相类似的句式接连在一起来表达。这种句式如果运用得好,它可以有助于增加文章的气势,使文章如波浪滚滚,汹涌不绝。《师说》里的排偶句式很多,例如:“生乎吾前,其闻道也,固先乎吾,吾从而师之;生乎吾后,其闻道也,亦先乎吾,吾从而师之。……是故无贵无贱,无长无少,道之所存,师之所存也。”这种排偶语句,使人读起来不仅感到气势很盛,而且有一种音节的美,在语气上很自然流畅,它跟骈体文

雕琢堆砌的排偶不同,所以常为后来许多写散文的人所运用。

第三,《师说》整篇文章写得都很好,尤其是第二段写得更为精彩动人。这一段开始,未说先叹:“嗟乎,师道之不传也久矣,欲人之无惑也难矣!”这两句,乍看起来并没有什么出奇,然而联系上段来看,就显得非常有力。因为文章到这里出现了一个转折,它使文章掀起了一道波澜,避免了平板和呆滞。这两句往下,作者一连安排了三层对比,来对士大夫们不重视师道的愚蠢行为进行批评和讽刺,笔端饱含着感情,真可说嘻笑怒骂,淋漓尽致!

这段文章在语言运用上的错综多变,表现得也非常突出。例如连用三个对比,每个对比的结尾都指出当时不重视师道的人的愚蠢,但所用的语气都不一样。请看作者把“古之圣人”和“今之众人”对比之后的结语:“圣人之所以为圣,愚人之所以为愚,其皆出于此乎?”这个结语带有质疑、设问和论辩的味道,非常发人深思。再看作者拿为子弟择师与自己不愿从师对之后的结语:“小学而大遗,吾未见其明也。”这个结语就完全是下判断的肯定语气,说得斩钉截铁,

毫不含糊。最后,以巫医乐师百工和士大夫作对比后的结语:“巫医乐师百工之人,君子不齿。今其智乃反不能及,其可怪也欤!”这个结语就采用了感叹的语气,富有感情色彩,它不仅表露了作者的不满情绪,而且显示出对他所批判的论敌的鄙夷和蔑视。

这三个结语采用了三种不同的语调,在次序的安排上也是颇有匠心的:先疑问,后肯定,再感叹。这样,不仅文气很顺,而且也增强了文章论辩的逻辑力量。

此外,《师说》在句式和语言的错综变化方面,可供我们细细琢磨和借鉴的地方很多,比如第一段开始,作者即创造性地采用接句法:“古之学者必有师。师者,所以传道、授业、解惑也。”第二句句首的“师”字和第一句末尾的“师”字紧接着。往下:“人非生而知之者,孰能无惑?惑而不从师,其为惑也,终不解矣。”第二个“惑”字也是紧接着前一句末尾的“惑”字而来。其他如“固先乎吾,吾从而师之”,“亦先乎吾,吾从而师之”,也都是采用的接句法。这种句法,也有助于加强文章的气势,使文气急转直下,不可抑止。

又如第二段中的交错句式,运用得也很好:“句读之不知,惑之不解,或师焉,或不焉。”这种句式奇突而不一般化。我们如果把它改写为直叙句:“句读之不知,则师焉;惑之不解,则不焉。”显然就变得比较平淡而没有原来那样有力了。

再如这同一段中:“彼与彼,年相若也,道相似也。”直接采用士夫大们对话的口吻来写,它不仅表明了士大夫们对从师计较年龄地位的错误态度,而且从这里可以看到他们的神情。文章直接引用他们的原话以后,紧接着“位卑则足羞,官盛则近谀”两句,便立刻改用作者对士大夫们的言行进行评述的口吻来写,使两种不同的态度,针锋相对。这也是本文运用语言善于错综变化的很好例子。

人教版高中英语课文原文与翻译

必修1 第一单元 Reading 阅读 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? Or are you afraid that your friend would laugh at you, or would not understand what you are going through? Anne Frank wanted the first kind, so she made her diary her best friend. 安妮最好的朋友 你想不想有一位无话不谈能推心置腹的朋友?或者你会不会担心你的朋友会嘲笑你,会不理解你目前的困境呢?安妮?弗兰克想要的是第一种类型的朋友,所以她把的日记视为自己最好的朋友。 Anne lived in Amsterdam in the Netherlands during World War II. Her family was Jewish so the had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis. She and her family hide away for two years before they were discovered. During that time the only true friend was her diary. She said, “I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as most people do, but I want this diary itself to be my friend, and I shall call my friend Kitty.”Now read how she felt after being in the hiding place since July 1942. 在第二次世界大战期间,安妮住在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹。她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否则就会被德国的纳粹分子抓去。她和她的家人躲藏了25个月之后才被发现。

(完整word版)《烛之武退秦师》-原文、注释、翻译

《烛之武退秦师》原文、注释、翻译 作品原文: 九月甲午,晋侯、秦伯(1)围郑,以其无礼于晋(2),且贰于楚(3)也。晋军函陵(4),秦军氾(fán)南(5)。 佚(yì)之狐(6)言于郑伯曰:“国危矣,若(7)使烛之武见秦君,师必退。”公从之。辞(8)曰:“臣之壮也(9),犹(10)不如人;今老矣,无能为也已(11)。”公曰:“吾不能早用(12)子,今急而求子,是寡人之过也(13)。然(14)郑亡,子亦有不利焉!”许之。(15) 夜缒(zhuì)(16)而出,见秦伯,曰:“秦、晋围郑,郑既(17)知亡矣。若亡郑而有益于君,敢以烦执事(18)。越国以鄙远(19),君知其难也,焉用亡郑以陪邻(20)?邻之厚,君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主,行李(lǐ)(21)之往来,共(gōng)其乏困,君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣(22),许君焦、瑕,朝济而夕设版焉(23),君之所知也。夫(fú)晋,何厌(24)之有?既东封郑(25),又欲肆其西封(26),若[1]不阙(quē)(27)秦,将焉取之?阙秦以利晋,唯君图之。”秦伯说(yuè),与郑人盟。使杞子、逢(páng)孙、杨孙戍(shù)之,乃还(huán)。 子犯请击之。公曰:“不可。微夫人之力不及此。因(28)人之力而敝之,不仁(29);失其所与,不知(zhì)(30);以乱易整,不武(31)。吾其还也(32)。”亦去之。 注释: (1)晋侯、秦伯:指晋文公和秦穆公,春秋时期有公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位。 (2)以其无礼于晋:指晋文公即位前流亡国外经过郑国时,没有受到应有的礼遇。倒装句,于晋无礼。以,因为,连词。其,代词,它,指郑国。于,对于 (3)且贰于楚:并且从属于晋的同时又从属于楚。且,并且,表递进。贰,从属二主。于,对,介词。 (4)晋军函陵:晋军驻扎在函陵。军,名词作动词,驻军。函陵,郑国地名,在今河南新郑北。 (5)氾(fán)南:古代东氾水的南面,在今河南中牟南。 (6)佚(yì)之狐:郑国大夫。 (7)若:假如。使:派。见:拜见进见。从:听从。 (8)辞:推辞。 (9)臣之壮也:我壮年的时候。 (10)犹:尚且。 (11)无能为也已:不能干什么了。为,做。已,同“矣”,语气词,了。 (12)用:任用。 (13)是寡人之过也:这是我的过错。是,这。过,过错。 (14)然:然而。 (15)许之:答应这件事。许,答应。 (16)缒(zhuì):用绳子拴着从城墙上往下吊。 (17)既:已经。 (18)敢以烦执事:冒昧地拿(亡郑这件事)麻烦您手下的人。这是客气的说法。执事,执行事务的人,对对方的敬称。 (19)越国以鄙(bǐ)远:(然而)越过别国而把远地(郑国)当做边邑。越,越过。鄙,边邑。这里作动词。 (20)焉用亡郑以陪邻:怎么要用灭掉郑国来给邻国(晋国)增加(土地)呢?焉,哪里,怎么。以:来。陪:使增加。 邻之厚,君之薄也:邻国的势力雄厚了,您秦国的势力也就相对削弱了。之:主谓之间取消句子独立性。厚,增加。 (21)行李:也作“行吏”,外交使节。共(gōng),通“供”,供给。 (22)尝为晋君赐矣:曾经给予晋君恩惠(指秦穆公曾派兵护送晋惠公回国)。尝,曾经。为,给予。赐,恩惠。为...赐:施恩。许:答应。 (23)朝济而夕设版焉:(晋惠公)早上渡过黄河(回国),

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注释(1)晋侯、秦伯:指晋文公和秦穆公。 (2)以其无礼于晋:指晋文公即位前流亡国外经过郑国时,没有受到应有的礼遇。以,因为。 (3)且贰于楚:并且从属于晋的同时又从属于楚。且,并且。贰,从属二主。 (4)晋军函陵:晋军驻扎在函陵。军,驻军。函陵,郑国地名,在今河南新郑北。 (5)氾(fán)南:古代东氾水的南面,在今河南中牟南。 (6)佚之狐:郑国大夫。 (7)若:假如。使:派。见:进见。 (8)辞:推辞。 (9)臣之壮也:我壮年的时候。

(10)犹:尚且。 (11)无能为也已:不能干什么了。为,做。已,同“矣”,语气词,了。 (12)用,任用。是寡人之过也:这是我的过错。是,这。过,过错。 (13)然:然而。 (14)许之:答应这件事。许,答应。 (15)缒(zhuì):用绳子拴着从城墙上往下吊。 (16)既:已经。亡郑:使郑亡。 (17)敢以烦执事:冒昧地拿(亡郑这件事)麻烦您。这是客气的说法。执事,执行事务的人,对对方的敬称。 (18)越国以鄙(bǐ)远:越过别国而把远地(郑国)当作边邑。越,越过。鄙,边邑。这里作动词。

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