英汉语篇中文化差异英语写作
专题06 语言学习与文化差异—2021高考英语书面表达经典好文推送
六、语言学习与文化差异1．请阅读下面一篇短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。
Dear Uncle，I am a senior three student who is facing great difficulty in English learning.My problem mostly lies on the learning and memorizing of English words.You know，in order to achieve a good score in the College Entrance English Examination，we are supposed to have a vocabulary of around 3，500 English words.However，it seems impossible for me to remember all of them，even half of them.Every week，we have to learn around 10 new words and review 20 words from our textbook.To help us，my teacher Miss Li usually first explains the meaning and usages of them in class.Then，I will spend a lot of time trying to memorize my notes taken in class.What troubles me is that I am always slower than most of my classmates who seem never to fail the next day's dictation given by the teacher to test our vocabulary mastery.Instead，I have been a frequent visitor to her re－dictation room.Watching her worried and tired face，I always think to myself，“Why am I so stupid as to trouble both her and me so much？” Or rather，there is something wrong with my strategies and the way my teacher helps me?I know you are good at English learning.Hope you can rescue me.Best regards!Xiaofang【写作内容】1．用约30个单词写出上文概要，写在下面回信的第一段空格处；2．用约120个单词发表你的看法，你应当：(1)结合对小芳同学词汇学习方法的分析，谈谈你认为较为有效的词汇学习策略；(2)结合对小芳老师教授词汇方法的分析，谈谈你认为老师在课堂内外该怎样进行词汇教学。
文化差异类作文模板英语
文化差异类作文模板英语Title: Cultural Differences。
Cultural differences are a fascinating and complex aspect of human society. They encompass a wide range of beliefs, customs, traditions, and behaviors that vary from one group to another. Understanding and appreciating these differences is essential for fostering mutual respect and harmony among people from different backgrounds.One of the most prominent cultural differences is language. Each culture has its own unique language or dialect, which shapes the way its members communicate and express themselves. Language not only serves as a means of communication but also reflects the values and worldview of a particular culture. For example, the Japanese language has different levels of formality to show respect, while in English, the use of titles and formal language may not be as prevalent. These linguistic nuances can lead to misunderstandings and misinterpretations, highlighting the importance of cross-cultural communication and language learning.Another significant cultural difference is the concept of time. In some cultures, punctuality is highly valued, and being late is considered disrespectful. In contrast, other cultures have a more relaxed attitude towards time and may not adhere to strict schedules. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustration when people from different cultural backgrounds work or socialize together. Understanding and respecting each other's time orientation is crucial for effective collaboration and relationship-building.Cultural differences also manifest in social customs and etiquette. For example, greetings vary widely across cultures, with some cultures placing a strong emphasis on formal greetings and gestures of respect, while others may have more informal or casual greeting customs. Additionally, dining etiquette, gift-giving practices, and body language can differ significantly from one culture to another. Being aware of these differences and adapting one's behavior accordingly is essential when interacting with people from diverse cultural backgrounds.Religious beliefs and practices are another major source of cultural differences. Different cultures have their own religious traditions, rituals, and ceremonies that play a significant role in shaping their values and behaviors. Understanding and respecting these religious differences is crucial for promoting tolerance and inclusivity in a multicultural society.Moreover, cultural differences can also be observed in gender roles and family dynamics. In some cultures, traditional gender roles are deeply ingrained, with distinct expectations and responsibilities for men and women. In contrast, other cultures may have more fluid or egalitarian views on gender roles. Similarly, family structures and dynamics can vary widely, influencing the way individuals interact with their family members and the broader community.Cultural differences also extend to attitudes towards authority, individualism versus collectivism, and the perception of personal space. These differences can influence how people interact in social and professional settings, as well as their values and priorities in life.It is important to recognize that cultural differences are not inherently good or bad; they simply reflect the diversity of human experience. By understanding and appreciating these differences, individuals can cultivate empathy, respect, and open-mindedness towards others. This, in turn, can lead to more harmonious relationships and effective collaboration in an increasingly globalized world.In conclusion, cultural differences encompass a wide range of beliefs, customs, traditions, and behaviors that vary from one group to another. Understanding and appreciating these differences is essential for fostering mutual respect and harmony among people from different backgrounds. By acknowledging and embracing cultural diversity, individuals can contribute to a more inclusive and interconnected global community.。
中西文化的差异英语作文
中西文化的差异英语作文In China, it is common to see people slurping their noodles loudly, which is considered rude in Western culture. This reflects the difference in table manners between the two cultures.When it comes to communication, Chinese people tend to be more indirect and implicit in expressing their opinions, while Westerners are generally more straightforward and explicit in their communication style.In terms of family values, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on filial piety and respect for elders,while in Western culture, individualism and independenceare highly valued.The concept of time also differs between the two cultures. In China, it is acceptable to be a few minuteslate for a meeting, while in Western culture, punctualityis highly valued and being late is considered disrespectful.In terms of education, Chinese students are often encouraged to memorize and recite information, while Western education places more emphasis on critical thinking and creativity.In Chinese culture, the color red is associated with good luck and happiness, while in Western culture, it is often associated with danger or passion.In Chinese business culture, building relationships and trust is crucial before any business deals can be made, while in Western business culture, the focus is often on the bottom line and making deals quickly.Overall, the differences between Chinese and Western culture are vast and can be seen in various aspects ofdaily life.。
英汉两种语言和文化的差异英语作文
英汉两种语言和文化的差异英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Differences between English and Chinese language and cultureLanguage and culture are closely intertwined, shaping the way individuals of a society communicate and interpret the world around them. English and Chinese are two widely spoken languages that have distinct differences not only in their linguistic structures but also in their cultural norms and values. Understanding these differences can help us better appreciate the complexities of both languages and the richness of the cultures they represent.One of the most evident differences between English and Chinese lies in their writing systems. English uses the Latin alphabet, which consists of 26 letters that combine to form words and sentences. On the other hand, Chinese characters are logograms, where each character represents a specific word or concept. This means that English is an alphabetic language, whileChinese is logographic, which influences the way speakers of each language process information and express themselves.Another key difference between English and Chinese is the grammatical structure. English has a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, where the subject typically comes before the verb and the object after the verb. In contrast, Chinese has asubject-object-verb (SOV) word order, where the subject precedes the object and the verb comes last. This structural difference can lead to misunderstandings and confusion when speakers of one language attempt to translate into the other.Cultural differences also play a significant role in shaping the languages of English and Chinese. English-speaking culturestend to value individualism, independence, and direct communication. This is reflected in the English language, which places a strong emphasis on the use of personal pronouns and straightforward expressions. In contrast, Chinese culture values collectivism, harmony, and indirect communication. Chinese speakers are more likely to use honorifics and polite language to show respect and maintain social harmony.The concept of “face” is another cultural difference that influences the w ay languages are used. In Chinese culture, “face” refers to one's social standing and reputation, which must bemaintained and protected at all costs. This concept is reflected in the Chinese language through the use of polite forms of address and deferential language when speaking to elders or authority figures. In English-speaking cultures, “face” is less emphasized, and individuals are more likely to express their opinions and emotions openly.Food and dining customs are another area where English and Chinese cultures diverge. English cuisine is diverse and often includes meat dishes, dairy products, and baked goods. Meals are typically served in courses, with each dish highlighted for its flavors and textures. In contrast, Chinese cuisine tends to be more communal, with dishes served family-style and shared among diners. Chinese food often features rice or noodles as staples, along with a variety of vegetables, tofu, and meats cooked in flavorful sauces.In conclusion, the differences between English and Chinese language and culture are vast and varied, reflecting the unique histories, values, and customs of each society. By understanding and appreciating these differences, we can develop a greater sense of cultural awareness and empathy towards others. Language and culture are dynamic and ever-changing, and it is essential to approach them with an open mind and a willingnessto learn. Only then can we truly bridge the divide between different languages and cultures and foster mutual understanding and respect.篇2Differences Between English and Chinese Language and CultureLanguage and culture are deeply intertwined aspects of human society. Comparing English and Chinese, two vastly different languages and cultures, can offer valuable insights into the way people communicate, think, and view the world. In this essay, we will explore the differences between English and Chinese language and culture, focusing on various aspects such as grammar, vocabulary, writing systems, and cultural values.Grammar Differences:One of the significant differences between English and Chinese lies in their grammatical structures. English is an alphabetic language, with a subject-verb-object word order. It uses tenses, articles, and plural forms to convey precise meanings. In contrast, Chinese is a logographic language, with a subject-predicate-object word order. It uses tones, particles, and classifier words to convey nuances of meaning. For example,while English uses plural forms like 's' or 'es' to indicate multiple objects, Chinese uses measure words to count specific objects.Vocabulary Differences:English and Chinese also have different vocabularies due to their unique historical and cultural backgrounds. English has a rich blend of words borrowed from various languages, such as Latin, French, and German. Chinese, on the other hand, has a vast number of characters representing meanings, ideas, and concepts. While English has fewer characters, Chinese has a complex system of radicals, strokes, and character components. This leads to differences in word formation, syllable structure, and pronunciation.Writing System Differences:Another key distinction between English and Chinese is their writing systems. English uses the Latin alphabet, with 26 letters and a set of rules for spelling and pronunciation. Chinese uses characters, with thousands of symbols representing words, phrases, and idioms. Each Chinese character has its own unique stroke order, radical position, and pronunciation. Learning to write Chinese characters requires memorization, practice, and repetition, unlike English letters, which can be learned through phonics and sounds.Cultural Values Differences:English and Chinese cultures also have different values, beliefs, and practices that influence language use and communication styles. English-speaking countries often prioritize individualism, autonomy, and self-expression. In contrast, Chinese-speaking countries prioritize collectivism, harmony, and social relationships. This leads to differences in tone, politeness, and indirectness in communication. For example, English speakers may use direct language to express opinions, while Chinese speakers may use indirect language to avoid conflict.In conclusion, the differences between English and Chinese language and culture are vast and complex, reflecting the unique histories, traditions, and worldviews of their respective societies. Understanding these differences can help bridge communication gaps, foster intercultural understanding, and promotecross-cultural exchange. By appreciating the richness and diversity of both languages and cultures, we can enhance our global awareness, empathy, and respect for one another.篇3Differences between English and Chinese Language and CultureLanguage and culture are two inseparable elements that shape the identity of a group of people. When comparing English and Chinese, two of the world's most widely spoken languages, it becomes evident that their differences go beyond vocabulary and grammar. These differences reflect the unique cultural backgrounds of the speakers and have a profound impact on how communication is conducted between them. In this essay, we will discuss some of the key differences between English and Chinese language and culture.One of the most striking differences between English and Chinese is the writing system. English uses an alphabet system with 26 letters, while Chinese uses characters that represent words or syllables. This fundamental difference in writing systems also reflects the different ways in which these languages are structured. English is a phonetic language, meaning that the sounds of the words are represented by letters, while Chinese is a logographic language, where characters represent meanings.Another key difference between English and Chinese is the use of tones in Chinese. In Chinese, the meaning of a word can change depending on the tone in which it is spoken. There arefour tones in Mandarin Chinese (five in some dialects), and mastering these tones is essential for effective communication. In contrast, English does not use tones to differentiate meanings, relying instead on stress and intonation for emphasis.Cultural differences also play a significant role in shaping the languages and communication styles of English and Chinese speakers. For example, Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on hierarchy and respect for authority. This is reflected in the use of honorifics and formal language forms when addressing superiors or elders. In contrast, English-speaking cultures tend to be more egalitarian, with a greater emphasis on individualism and informality in communication.Another cultural difference between English and Chinese is the concept of face. In Chinese culture, maintaining harmony and saving face are important considerations in communication. This can manifest in indirect communication styles and the use of euphemisms to avoid causing offense. In English-speaking cultures, directness and honesty are often valued in communication, even if it means risking conflict or confrontation.Food culture is another area where English and Chinese cultures diverge. Chinese cuisine is known for its diverse flavors and use of fresh ingredients, with an emphasis on balance andharmony. Meals are often shared family-style, with a variety of dishes served at once. In contrast, English cuisine is more traditional and less diverse, with a focus on meat and potatoes. Meals are typically served in courses, with individual portions for each diner.These are just a few examples of the differences between English and Chinese language and culture. While these differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and challenges in communication, they also provide opportunities for cross-cultural learning and appreciation. By understanding and respecting the unique qualities of each language and culture, we can foster greater understanding and cooperation between speakers of English and Chinese.。
文化差异怎么写英文作文
文化差异怎么写英文作文英文：Culture differences are something that we encounter every day, whether it's through interactions with people from different backgrounds or through exposure to different customs and traditions. These differences can be both fascinating and challenging, and they often shape the way we view the world and interact with others.One of the most significant culture differences I have encountered is the concept of time. In Western culture, time is often seen as something to be managed and utilized efficiently. Punctuality is highly valued, and being late for appointments or meetings is considered disrespectful. On the other hand, in some Eastern cultures, time is viewed more fluidly, and being a few minutes late is not a big deal. This has led to some misunderstandings and frustrations in my interactions with people from different cultural backgrounds.Another culture difference that I have noticed is the approach to communication. In some cultures, direct and assertive communication is valued, while in others,indirect and subtle communication is preferred. For example, in Western culture, it is common to express opinions and feedback openly and directly, while in some Asian cultures, it is more common to communicate indirectly to avoidcausing embarrassment or conflict. This has led to some misunderstandings and conflicts in my personal and professional relationships.Despite these challenges, I have come to appreciate and value the richness that culture differences bring to our lives. They provide us with the opportunity to learn from one another, broaden our perspectives, and become moreopen-minded individuals. By embracing and understanding culture differences, we can build stronger and moreinclusive communities.中文：文化差异是我们每天都会遇到的事情，无论是通过与不同背景的人交往，还是通过接触不同的习俗和传统。
从广告语言特点看中英文化差异
从广告语言特点看中英文化差异申竹英【摘要】广告充斥着现代社会的每一个角落。
广告语言作为文化的载体,展现着不同国家和民族的文化特征及文化价值观。
基于中英文化差异,中英广告语在语言风格、句子结构和价值观方面也各不相同。
研究这些风格迥异的遣词造句,有助于我们更深层次地了解广告语所折射出的中英文化异同,尤其对广告语在国内及国际市场的成功具有一定的指导意义。
%Advertisement is seen everywhere in modem society. As the carrier advertisement show different cultural characteristics and values of nations. Based British cultures there are differences in language of culture, the languages of on differences in Chinese and styles, sentence structures and cultural values in their advertisements. The study of these different styles in the choice of words and building of sentences helps us know more profoundly about differences between Chinese and British cultures reflected from the advertisements, which is particularly beneficial to the success of advertisements in both the domestic and international markets.【期刊名称】《太原师范学院学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2012(011)005【总页数】3页(P108-110)【关键词】广告语;文化差异;价值观【作者】申竹英【作者单位】太原工业学院外语系,山西太原030008【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H0-05一、引言随着社会的飞速发展，广告已成为将产品推向市场的最便捷方式之一。
中西文化不同英语作文
中西文化不同英语作文Cultural Differences between Chinese and Western English。
As a global language, English is widely used in both Chinese and Western cultures. However, there aresignificant differences in the way English is used and understood in these two cultures. Understanding these differences is essential for effective communication and cultural exchange.One of the most obvious differences is in the use of idioms and expressions. In Western cultures, idioms and expressions are often used to convey a specific meaning or emotion. For example, the expression "break a leg" is used to wish someone good luck before a performance. However, in Chinese culture, idioms and expressions are used more frequently and have a deeper cultural significance. For example, the idiom "一步一个脚印" (one step at a time) is often used to encourage perseverance and hard work.Another difference is in the use of indirect communication. In Western cultures, direct communication is often preferred, with people speaking their minds openly and honestly. However, in Chinese culture, indirect communication is more common, with people using subtlehints and gestures to convey their meaning. This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion in cross-cultural communication.Cultural values also play a significant role in the way English is used and understood in Chinese and Western cultures. In Western cultures, individualism is valued, with people encouraged to express their opinions and make decisions based on their own needs and desires. In Chinese culture, collectivism is valued, with people encouraged to prioritize the needs of the group over their own individual needs.Finally, there are differences in the way English is taught and learned in Chinese and Western cultures. In Western cultures, English is often taught as a secondlanguage, with a focus on grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. In Chinese culture, English is often taught as a foreign language, with a focus on reading and writing skills.In conclusion, understanding the cultural differences between Chinese and Western English is essential for effective communication and cultural exchange. By recognizing and respecting these differences, we can promote mutual understanding and build stronger relationships between our cultures.。
请求_言语行为在中英文化中的差异
化特征。
在英语语境中，ｔｈｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｍｏｖｅｓ经常紧随于ｔｈｅｈｅａｄａｃｔ之后，即“后语序”。
它可能起源于主题先出现的演绎思维模式。
因此，在生成“请求”过程中，英语国家的人倾向于先陈述请求行为，然后才提供理由，如可能的话（贾，１９９７；张和王，１９９７）。
恰好相反，在中文语境中ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｍｏｖｅｓ通常置于ｔｈｅｂｅａｄａｃｔ之前，这至少可以有两个原因来解释：首先，它属于归纳思维模式；其次，是为了保全“面子”观点的考虑。
在“请求”生成的语篇中，中国人通常使用下面的模式：因为Ａ，因为Ｂ，因为Ｃ，因此Ｄ。
如果……那么……虽然……但是……下面是一个“请求”生成的典型中文例子，其中原因的陈述置于请求行为之前：一个中国人：我想打听一件事，因为我们大部分原材料来自于日本，而且……今年量越来越大，而根本不是我想象的价格的增加，而是我们在对换率上损失太大。
其次，我明白了去年我们在ＴＶＡＤ中花了大量的钱。
因此，在这种情况下，我想建议：削减一半用于电视广告的预算，花点钱在Ｍａｄ杂志上。
这个“后语序”模式特别适合予中国人对“面子”观点的考虑，因为ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｍｏｖｅｓ一方面能加速所请求的行为得以接受，因而维护了说话人的脸面，而另一方面也补偿了被请求人的负面的“面子”观点，因为请求在本质上就是一种威胁面子的行为。
“请求”生成的先后次序的区别通常在两种不同文化中经常会引起误解。
这种中文里通常使用的间接性“前语序”请求结构经常会使英语国家的人很恼怒，因为他们喜欢直接并开诚布公的陈述自己希望从别人那里得到什么，他们认为中国人是故意在绕弯子而没触及到问题的实质。
在下面的谈话中（许余龙，１９９２：３０３），一位中国警官想从他的英国上司那里请假，但没能如愿。
他交际失误的分析印证了上面所述的区别怎样影响两种文化的人们的交流：［Ａ是一位中国警官，Ｂ是他的英国上司；Ａ／Ｂ前的数字是他们各自的话轮；括号里的信息是各自的话语行为］（１）Ａ：Ｓｉｒ？［打招呼］（２）Ｂ：Ｙｅｓ？Ｗｈａｔｉｓｉｔ？［回应，要求更多信息］（３）Ａ：Ｍｙｍｏｔｈｅｒｉｓｎｏｔｖｅｒｙｗｅｌｌ，ｓｉｒ．［提供信息］（４）Ｂ：Ｓｏ？［表示怀疑．要求作出解释］（５）Ａ：Ｓｈｅｈａｓｔｏｇｏｉｎｔｏｈｏｓｐｉｔａｌ，ｓｉｒ．［进一步提供信息］（６）Ｂ：ｗｅｌｌ，ｇｅｔｏｎｗｉｔｈｉｔ．ｗｈａｔｄｏｙｏｕｗａｎｔ？［要求得到请求行为］（７）Ａ：ＯｎＴｈｕｒｓｄａｙ，ｓｉｒ．［进一步提供信息］（８）Ｂ：Ｂｌｏｏｄｙｈｅｌｌ，ｍａｎ，ｗｈａｔｄｏｙｏｕｗａｎｔ？［责备，要求得到请求行为］（９）Ａ：Ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ，ｓｉｒ．［避免提出请求］在这个谈话中，Ａ尽力想去适应怎样作出的一个间接性请求，因为首先他没有提出请求，相反，他通过（３）、（５）和（７）把他母亲的健康状况告知了他的上司，讲明了他母亲在哪里就医，何时进的医院。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
英汉语篇中的文化差异与英语写作摘要：从语篇层面考察，英汉语呈现出不同的特点，折射出不同的民族文化信息。
英汉语篇中的文化差异表现为因中西方不同的生存环境、地理状况、哲学传统、思维模式而产生的明显差异。
英汉语篇中体现出的诸多文化差异为跨文化交际带来了困难。
因此，只有在掌握英汉语篇的不同特征及其文化渊源的基础上，才能顺利地进行跨文化交际，写出地道的英语文章。
关键词：语篇；文化差异；思维模式；写作中图分类号：g632 文献标识码：b 文章编号：1002-7661（2013）05-102-02一、引言语言承载文化又反映文化。
当我们把语言看作一种活生生的自然现象，在语篇层面进行英汉语言的对比研究时，同时也是在更为宏观的层面对中西方文化作一种新的审视。
胡壮麟认为，语篇指“任何不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整语义的自然语言”。
语篇的研究是非常有意义的。
当代语篇研究的首创者哈里斯（z.s.harris）指出：“语言不存在于零散的词或句子中，而存在于连贯的话语中。
”他旨在强调把语言作为有机整体来看待。
在英汉语篇的比较中，我们发现，英语语篇通常呈现出直线式的逻辑特征，在语言的组织上以形合为主，体现出较强的客体意识。
与之相对，汉语语篇则通常呈现出螺旋式的逻辑特征，语言组织以意合为主，体现出较强的主体意识。
我们认为这与中西方文化模式与思维模式上的差异有着密切联系。
本文试图借助功能语言学与语用学的理论，对英汉语篇中的文化差异与英语写作作一些探索。
二、英汉语篇差异及其文化成因之探讨1、直线形结构与螺旋形结构英语段落的发展呈典型的直线形，段落中的意思以有秩序的顺序清晰地相互联系它往往先陈述段落的中心意思，然后分点说明。
在展开中心意思的过程中，段落中的每一个句子都自然地从每一个前面的句子中产生，已叙述过的内容不会再加以重复。
从而使语篇具有了一种流动的感觉，即在原先意思表达的基础上不断向深入和高峰方向发展的感觉。
例如：①we can read of things that happened 5，000 years ago in the near east， where people first learned to write. ②but there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. ③the only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas—legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. ④these legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago， but none could write down what they did. ⑤anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the polynesian peoples now living in the pacificislands came from. ⑥the sagas of these people explain that some of them came from indonesia about 2，000 years ago.上述段落的发展模式为：①→②③→④{⑤⑥}。
句①主要起过渡作用，描述的是一个已知信息，即我们可以通过阅读书籍来知晓近东5000年前发生的事情。
句②由“but”一词把语义转折到本段的中心，句③对句②又做了进一步发展。
这样，②③句就交待了本段的中心意思：至今尚没发明书写的地方靠传说（sagas）保存他们的历史。
句④在句③的基础上继续发展，指出这些传说很有用。
⑤⑥句则用一个具体的例子对句④作了更深入的扩展。
而汉语语篇通常呈现出螺旋形结构。
其根本特征是围绕一个中心进行反复述说，并在此过程中把意思发展开去。
例如：①北京猿人洞里堆积着好几层灰烬，有的厚达好几米，烧骨、烧石、烧糊的朴树籽很多，说明四、五十万年前，人类已能使用火，把对人类用火的历史的一般认识（十几万年到二十万年）推前到四、五十万年。
②并且使我们知道北京猿人已能熟食。
③他们既烧烤肉食，也烘烤植物。
④这就为研究猿人阶段的生活提供了一些直接的证据。
⑤厚厚的灰烬，说明北京猿人能长期保存火种。
⑥也说明他们有比较固定的集群，延续若干世代，共同劳动和生活。
——《十万个为什么（19）人类史》，上海人民出版社，1976，97页。
这一科普性语篇以灰烬为描述中心，通过重复而在多方面对其进行了展开。
句①交代了本段的中心话题——灰烬，并且引出了本文的第一个推断，即北京猿人已能使用火。
句②承句①继续发展，引出第二个推断：北京猿人已能熟食。
句③是对句②的扩展或者说补充，具体指出北京猿人熟食的内容。
句④在语段中起过渡和强调作用，处于主语位置的“这”指代的应是由北京猿人洞里的灰烬推断出的北京猿人已能熟食动植物这一事实。
句⑤没有沿着句④向前发展，即并未在句④中“这”所表达的语意基础上继续向前推断，而是折回句①中所述的中心话题“灰烬”，在“有的厚达好几米”的基础上推断出“北京猿人能长期保存火种”这一层意思。
句⑥严格说来是在句④和句⑤基础上的共同推论。
该语篇围绕灰烬作了不断地推论和展开，指出北京猿人能熟食，并能长期熟食，从而最终作出“他们有比较固定的集群，延续若干世代，共同劳动和生活”这一最重要的结论。
2、形合与意合英汉语都非常重视语篇的连贯和语句衔接的紧凑。
通过比较，我们发现两种语言所采取的具体策略是不同的。
英语语篇较多采用显性连接手段，如时体形式的时态变化，关系词、连接词的大量运用，一定的替代或指称照应等手段。
而汉语语篇则更倾向于隐性的连接手段，即通常并不依靠一定的语法手段或其他语法手段来表现，而主要依赖于语境和语用因素蕴涵的连贯。
它通常依靠语篇内部各语句之间意思的统一连贯，层次的自然衔接，以及语句结构的相似性等来达到语篇连贯、衔接紧凑的目的。
这也体现了汉语语篇貌离神合的特点。
例如：（1）牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。
（2）waves upon waves， the peony river rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.句（1）中，四个短语构成一个简短语篇，中间毫无连接词，但我们读起来却语意贯通，气势磅礴。
分析起来，原因有两点，第一，整个语篇以江水为语意中心，内在的逻辑一致；第二，四个四字短语形成完全的同构关系，使得语句衔接紧凑。
句（2）是对句（1）翻译，意义不得不被重新组合，而且通过rush的形态变化rushed来标明时间及主语的动作，用its替代“the peony river”，使语篇更紧密地衔接在一起，同时通过介词like和gallop的形态变化galloping来补充说明“the peony river”。
三、跨文化交际中的英语写作英汉语篇中体现出的多方面的文化差异，为非英语国家的人写作英文带来了很大困难。
写出地道的英语文章，不仅需要正确运用英语词汇和句子，更需要对英语语篇进行整体把握。
具体而言，主要应注意两个方面。
1、谋篇布局英语段落发展呈典型的直线型，因此我们在谋篇布局时也应注意按这种模式展开，以便在跨文化交际中符合英语族人预期的思维模式。
直线型段落的发展方法之一是把段落中的细节围绕主题系统地展开。
譬如：许多英语族作家在把自己的材料按照其重要性的程度组织起来时，往往把最次要的细节放在前面，而把重要的细节放在结尾处。
按照重要性的程度来展开段落是表达某一种观点或论点特别有用的方法。
直线型段落的发展也按时空的顺序，一般到具体或具体到一般等顺序展开。
概言之，英语语篇主要按逻辑、时间和空间三种顺序来展开。
逻辑性顺序从根本而言取决于两个方面的清晰性：一、论理过程中步骤之间的区别是否清晰；二、步骤之间的内部联系是否清晰，在逻辑顺序方面，一般考察因果关系和证据与结论之间的关系。
2、语篇衔接和连贯手段的运用为了使语篇连贯，现代英语多用“形合法”，使用连接词语将句子衔接起来，这与汉语多用“意合法”是有截然区别的。
因此在英语写作的行文过程中，必须注意英语的这一特点，多运用连接词、形态变化、替代、省略等手段，并注意时态、主谓语的一致、正确。
连接词往往能表示作者组织信息的思路以及语意表达的轻重。
例如“that is， for example”等连接词或扩大和澄清前述内容，或举例说明前言，标明此后所述并非重点所在。
“in a word， in short， to sum up”等词语标记下文将要总结已提过的几点内容，因此往往是重要的信息所在。
“and， also， moreover， nor， neither…nor”等词语标记下文将对前文所述进行增补和添加性说明。
“but， yet， on the other hand， however”等词语标记下文将对前文进行转折。
“on the contrary， apart from that， alternatively”等词语标记下文将要变换话题或语意重心，交代其他例外情况。
参考文献：[1] halliday. m. a. k.， an introduction to functional grammar， edward arnold ltd， 1985.[2] nida eugine a. language， culture and translating. shanghai：shanghai foreign language and education press，1993.[3] 胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[m].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1993.。