Iceberg Principle冰山原则
冰山理论知识管理
冰山理论知识管理冰山理论知识管理1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山原则”。
他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写"冰山"露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。
他说:"冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。
前两者是具体可见的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。
弗洛伊德和海明威在各自领域将“冰山理论”提出并加以应用，“冰山理论”才得以广为流传!"冰山理论"有两个层面的含义:冰山理论的应用——物流成本物流成本冰山理论由日本早稻田大学的西泽修教授提出，是指当人们读财务报表时，只注意到企业公布的财务统计数据中的物流费用，而这只能反映物流成本的一部分，因此有相当数量的物流费用是不可见的。
物流成本正如浮在水面上的冰山，人们所能看见的向外支付的物流费用好比冰山的一角，而大量的是人们所看不到的沉在水下的企业内部消耗的物流费用，当水下的物流内耗越深反而露出水面的冰山就越小，将各种问题掩盖起来。
这种现象只有大力削减库存，才能将问题暴露并使之得到解决。
这就是物流成本的冰山理论。
冰山理论的应用——管理学中的冰山理论把一个员工的全部才能看作一座冰山，呈现在人们视野中的部分往往只有1/8，而看不到的则占7/8。
职业化素质既然有大部分潜伏在水底，就如同冰山有八分之七存在于水底一样，正是这八分之七的隐性素质部分支撑了一个员工的显性素质部分!员工素质的“水下部分”包括职业意识、职业道德、职业态度，是隐性的，即处在水面以下，如果不加以激发，它只能潜意识地起作用，这方面处于冰山的最下层，是人力资源管理中经常被忽视的，也经常被员工被人所忽视。
然而，如果员工的隐性素质能够得到足够的培训，那么对员工的提升将是非常巨大的，同时对企业的影响也将更加深远。
大部分企业非常重视员工的显性素质培训，诸如职业技能培训等等，好像这些培训的效果能够立竿见影地凸现出来。
冰山原则 在 一个干净、明亮的地方中的表现
Functions in A Clean Well － lighted Place
人物介绍
Ernest Miller Hemingway 美国小说
家。海明威出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥 市郊区的奥克帕克，晚年在爱达荷州凯彻 姆的家中自杀身亡。海明威被誉为美利坚 名族的精神丰碑，并且是“新闻体”小说 的创始人，他的笔锋一向以“文坛硬汉” 著称。海明威的写作风格以简洁著称，对 美国文学及20世纪文学的发展有极深远的 影响。
• Using of symbols • Conventional symbols 1.The clean，well － lighted café represents light，order and pleasantness． 2.Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness. 3.The light symbols comfort and company of others．
A Clean Well － lighted Place is justly regarded as one of the stylistic masterpiece of Ernest Hemingway’s short stories． What stands out about this story is its minimalism极简主义． Known for simple sentences and simple diction ，Hemingway outdoes himself in this famous short story．
works
The Old Man and the Sea
（Man is not made 获得 for defeat. A man can be destroyed but not defeated ） 1953年普利策奖及1954年诺贝尔文学奖。
冰山理论（icebergtheory）
1.“冰山理论”（iceberg theory）：one eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of the rest is underneath the water.2.The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961).Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. This type of writing lends itself naturally to a version of dream-interpretation. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.3.The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory stated by American writer Ernest Hemingway as follows: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action." This statement throws light on the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, 'while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view'.4.iceberg principleThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acquired the fame and wealth he owns today.This principle also could be used in teaching. The amount of material that teachers could present to their students is a small portion of the sum total of knowledge and skills that they possess. Like an iceberg, the level of expertise that is visible to the public is dependent upon a larger body of knowledge that is submerged out of sight. So, it is particularly important for instructors to continually increase their knowledge and skill level because only a portion of the total body ofknowledge will appear to be available; the same goes to learning. What the teacher could teach us is very limited, so if we want enrich our knowledge; we have to learn to use what we have learned to explore the unknown things.5.What do you know about Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?Hemingway and his "tip of the principle of"20 to 30 years in the prevalence of this century on behalf of the "Lost Generation" on behalf of recognized literary genre known as the United States is the writer of the twentieth century the first half of the most talented novelist Ernest genius. Hemingway. If one sentence summed up his people, and that is: a love of sports and sports a tough guy; A sophisticated reporter world; all the scars of a fighter; a Spanish bullfight fan; not only a good drink Also pay attention to the spirits of life gourmet. Hemingway's thinking is very deep and unique perspective, the poet Allen? Tate as saying that he had "an extremely delicate heart and a strong selective observation capacity." He Aoqi Te in the art of deep thinking, "the tip of the principle of" can be described as the most representative and most well-known.In 1932, Ernest Hemingway in his works of documentary "Death in the afternoon", the first time literature than done floating in the ocean on the tip, he said: "the tip of the movement's magnificent, because he was only eighth in the On the surface of the water. "Since then, many have made such an analogy. This image of Hemingway analogy, literary criticism aroused interest in the sector. As a result, the so-called "tip of the principle of" literary criticism has become involved in the study of Hemingway created one of the important issues. It can be said that "the tip of the principle of" Hemingway was on his many years of experience summed up the image, he is dealing with the relationship between art and life followed by the basic norms.In that case, what is "the tip of the principle of"?In this regard, Western critics carried out a great deal to explore. Let us take a look at how they are understandable. American Academy of Arts Critics pointed out that the horse Cosme: "Y ou extracted from the life of those who arouse feelings of their own distinctive details, if you are not on the terrorist atrocities and out of touch with reality, and in accordance with the proper order to accurately describe the details, then Y ou write will still arouse the reader's emotional things to come. This is the Ernest Hemingway in his early close-up followed in the method of its own to limit the scope is very successful. Even in its scope, he is also Successful, as he described the picture show with a wide range of implied power. "Betts Speaking on British critics of the Hemingway short story, said:" The master of the art implies, that a word or two for more than two different The Art of the matter, then the short story house to do the work completed more than half. "Elder critic of the United States of Hemingway's" tip of the principle of "negative, he thought it was" evasive tactics, "" A way to create a mood of emotional atmosphere. "The community started to criticize the various ways that can help us understand the "tip of the principle". However, if further from the aesthetics and poetics of "the tip of the principle of"in-depth understanding, it is clear that each of Appeal on is not enough.The "tip of the principle of" Hemingway in his "Death in the afternoon," there is an explanation, he wrote: "If he wanted to write an essayist for the very few things in mind, he knows he may omit things, so readers As long as the writers write the true will of the strong feeling that he had omitted, the author seems to write out like. "Obviously, to emphasize here that the writer is omitted, Shui Mianxia advocate of the" seven eighths "should be left to The reader to feel. According to the interpretation of Hemingway, the "tip of the principle of" a rough generalization: the so-called "tip of the principle", is to use simple language to shape a distinctive image of their own feelings and ideas, emotions and buried it in the image of the maximum, So that it is full of emotion hidden, and deep thinking of the night and not hidden, so that literature can be emotional and can be thought of a clever combination of clear-cut image for readers to discover the feelings of the ideological significance of the work.Concise text, the image of the distinctive, rich and deep emotional thinking is a "tip of the principle of" the four basic elements. Specifically, text and image is the so-called "eighth" and feelings and ideas is the so-called "seven eighths." The first two concrete is visible, the latter two are among resides in the first two. To shape the image of the text, contains the image of emotion, and emotion among the implication of thinking. It is true that literature in general, these four elements are essential, but in Hemingway's work is particularly prominent because he emphasized the feelings and ideas of implicit.Hemingway's study of "the tip of the principle of" first of all to find out the underwater "seven eighths" because this is part of the iceberg. If Elder's view of the substantive content of Hemingway's works was the author of "apparent pursuit of surface effect" to avoid the drop, then a sharp rise, the problem can not be avoided, that is what Hemingway is a certain depth of thinking big Writers, or shallow, limited to the word of Mo Liu literary skills? It is clear that the substantive content of Hemingway's works were not avoiding the drop, but Elder did not see it.海明威与他的“冰山原则”1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
冰山理论 中英
Iceberg PrincipleThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。
冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。
一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。
简述冰山原则的主要内容
简述冰山原则的主要内容
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种对复杂事物的思考方式，它提醒人们只要看到表面，其实下面可能会有很多不被发现的东西。
这个概念最早由印刷术发明者十九世纪末的海恩斯尼斯曼提出，他把雪山冰川与不可能立即知道的东西联系起来，于是就有了这个术语。
冰山原则告诉我们，客观事实以及结论往往不能把一个全貌都拿出来，很多时候，我们需要深入了解其中的原因，而不是只面对表面的事实。
它提出很多有用的探索性思考，比如，当你观察到某个行为时，问自己：“那么，真正的原因是什么？”
冰山原则能够帮助我们更深入地了解一件事情，这样一来，我们才能够更好地理解，更好地处理，即使是最复杂的事也能被拆分成一个一个有意义的部分，而不是一团糟。
要做到这一点，你可以使用层级分析（hierarchy analysis），也就是把一件事情划分为若干层次，并依次细分出每一层的内容，进而把整体的架构拆分成更小的碎片，一层一层推导出来。
同时，冰山原则还可以帮助我们解决复杂的技术问题，比如建立理解一项复杂系统的目标，把整个技术拆分为更小的任务，并依次完成每一任务，最后整合所有技术任务，实现最终目标。
冰山原则能够帮助我们发现更多看不见的东西，这是一种系统思考方式，它是从宏观的角度去思考一个问题，而不是仅仅考虑一个表面的事物，它让我们可以从根本上去了解和解决问题。
总而言之，冰山原则为我们提供了一种思考与解决复杂问题的方式，它给我们的思考带来了深度，让我们可以更好地去理解和解决问题，拆分解决复杂的技术问题，实现他们的目标。
通过学习冰山原则，我们能更加有力地处理复杂的现实问题，更好地获取宏观上的见解。
Iceberg-Principle冰山原则
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Reprezentative examples
"You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people feel something more than they understood."2021/6 Nhomakorabea78
Methods and Reprezentative
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Examples
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Methods
He emphSaysmizebsotlhisemro--le象o征f im手pl法ication, which is, in fact, the basis
of his works, in which he would leave out essential
战后青年对人生万念俱灰，及时行乐的主题凸现出来
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Reprezentative examples
《老人与海》: 海明威对象征手法的运用在这里已经成为一
种自觉。如：大海象征着所有人面临的变化无常的 神秘处境，马林鱼象征着人生的目标，鲨鱼象征着 永远无法摆脱的暴力与悲剧，多次出现于老人梦中 的狮子象征着勇气与力量，老人桑迪亚哥则象征着 “完全哲理化人类形象和人类精神。”这些渲染人 类社会的生存氛围，凸显了《老人与海》的主题。
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种表达方式，是指大部
分的事物只显露出最表面的部分，而最关键的部分却沉淀在最深处。
它可以用来形容社会结构、文化精神以及某些事物的本质。
实际上，冰山原则最初是由美国心理学家内斯特萨罗斯提出的，他认为，人类的思维与审美受到自然界的影响，就像冰山只显露一部分，而它的真正实力却深藏不露。
因此，冰山原则及其相关的理论普遍应用于社会学、心理学和文学研究中。
在日常生活中，冰山原则可以帮助我们正确处理各种复杂的问题。
例如，当我们面对一个复杂的业务决策时，冰山原则可以帮助我们提取关键信息，不断深入挖掘，让我们可以做出正确的决定。
另外，冰山原则还可以帮助我们洞悉事物的本质，以更深入的视角把握事物发展的趋势。
同时，冰山原则也可以应用于文学创作。
在这种情况下，作者可以把文章内容看作一个冰山，向读者展现文章的局部信息，而深藏其中的信息则留给读者去发现。
这样可以帮助作者吸引读者的注意力，激发读者的思考，进而给文章增添更多魅力，从而让文章更容易被读者理解和记忆。
本质上来说，冰山原则是一种整合思维，既可以帮助我们正确处理复杂的问题，又可以促进思维的深度，以及创造性的思考。
因此，它是一种可以提升我们的思考能力的有效方法，也是一种教学和心理咨询的重要手段。
总而言之，冰山原则是一种重要的概念，它不仅可以帮助我们处理复杂的问题，还可以给思维带来更大的深度，对提升能力具有重要的作用。
尽管冰山原则本质上只是一种表达方式，但它却是我们处理复杂问题以及思考深度的重要指南。
事故损失冰山原则直接成本
事故损失冰山原则直接成本事故损失冰山原则直接成本引言：事故损失冰山原则是一个在风险管理和事故调查领域被广泛应用的概念。
这个原则表明，在一个事故中，直接造成损失的事件，只是整个事故的一小部分，就像冰山的露出水面一样，剩下的部分在水下。
直接成本是指与事故直接相关的损失，它们往往容易被量化和注意到，但是间接成本和隐含成本则往往被低估或忽视。
本文将深入探讨事故损失冰山原则直接成本的影响和重要性，并从多个角度对其进行评估。
一、事故损失冰山原则的定义和背景（介绍主题）事故损失冰山原则是根据冰山的形象而得名的，冰山只露出水面的一小部分，而大部分则在水下。
事故损失也如此，只有一小部分是直接可见的，而大部分则是间接的或者隐藏的。
直接成本是与事故直接相关的损失，包括物质损失、人员伤亡和停工造成的损失。
这些损失容易被量化和注意到，但是其他的损失则往往被忽视。
了解和评估事故损失冰山原则，并将其应用于风险管理和事故调查中，可以更全面地理解事故的影响，并采取适当的措施来预防和减少风险。
二、事故损失冰山原则中的直接成本评估（从浅入深）1. 物质损失的直接成本评估：物质损失是事故中最直接和易于量化的部分。
评估物质损失的直接成本需要考虑损失的价值和代替成本。
价值损失是指物质损失的财务价值，如设备、车辆等的损坏损失。
代替成本是指恢复或替代损坏物品所需的成本，包括修理费用、替代设备的购买成本等。
通过准确评估物质损失的直接成本，可以为事故调查和风险管理提供重要的参考依据。
2. 人员伤亡的直接成本评估：人员伤亡是事故中最令人关切的部分，评估人员伤亡的直接成本涉及到医疗费用、赔偿费用和丧失的劳动力等。
医疗费用包括救治费用、住院费用和康复费用等。
赔偿费用则是指赔偿伤者及其家属的经济和精神损失，如丧失劳动能力带来的收入减少、精神抚慰费用等。
在人员伤亡的直接成本评估中，除了经济损失外，还需要考虑人的生命价值和社会心理因素的影响。
3. 停工造成的直接成本评估：事故导致的停工是一个常见的直接损失，它会导致生产的中断和损失的加剧。
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clear prose based on action rather than reflection. He also
节号的作用，它省略的是情味和韵致；而海明威省略的则是完
全不同质的东西——实体经验。这种“经验省略”涉及的决不 仅仅是个“简洁”的问题，它还关涉着对世界的认知与呈示问
题，关涉着小说家对生活中的情境和境遇的传达方式问题，从
中有可能生成一种小说的情境美学。
Influence
Hemingway pioneered a new style of writing that is almost
beings. Wars contributed to Hemingway’s basic
views on the human society and as well set a dull
and gloomy tone for his early works.
Background
Being a reporter laid a good foundation for
those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.
The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he dose not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. --Ernest Hemingway in the Death in the Afternoon
情感和思想的含蓄性。
2
Background
Background
The need to completely change the florid style of
literature in the 19th century Victorian era.
Hemingway’s years’ life experiences and his way of thinking about lives. In Hemingway’s point of view, wars, succeeded by an unstable society, brought about unprecedented disasters to human
Reprezentative examples
《白象似的群山》：
小说讲述一对男女恋人在车站酒巴等火车时 , 两人之 间的一些对话 。 最初从他们的对话中 , 我们看到这一对 男女青年之间并没有什么隔阂 , 甚至是很友好 。姑娘说 要喝啤酒 , 男人马上吩咐要两大杯 ; 姑娘想尝尝掺了水 的茴香酒 , 男人马上让酒保照办 。在之后的对话中 , 我 们似乎感到了男女的分歧 : 女人总是眺望远方 , 看到远 处的群山像一群白象 ; 而男人更关心的是让女人去手术 。 这种分歧只是在平平淡淡中发生的 , 好象也没有什么真正 的矛盾冲突 。
Iceberg Principle
海明威的“冰山原则”创作理论
Outline
1 2 3 4
Origin and Definition
Background Methods and Representative examples Development and Influence
1
Origin and Definition
Origin
If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of
“完全哲理化人类形象和人类精神。”这些渲染人
类社会的生存氛围，凸显了《老人与海》的主题。
3
Development and Influence
Development
“A few things I have found to be true. If you leave out important things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless. The test of any story is how very good the stuff that you, not your editors, omit." "You could omit anything if you knew that you omitted and the omitted part would strengthen the story and make people
的思想是构成”冰山原则”的四个基本要素。具体 地说，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感 和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。前两者是具体可见 的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。文字塑造了形象，
形象包含了情感，而情感之中蕴涵着思想。诚然，
就一般文作品而言，这四个要素都是必不可少的，
但在海明威的作品中显得尤为突出，因为他强调了
Reprezentative examples
“我说我们本来可以舒舒服服享受生活中的一切 。 ”
“我们能够做到这一点的 。 ” “不 , 我们不能 。 ”
“我们可以拥有整个世界 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 。 ” “我们可以到处去逛逛 。 ”
“不 , 我们不能 , 这个世界不再是我们的 。 ”
“我觉得好极了。”她说，“我又没有什么毛病罗。我觉得好极了”
his own special language style.
3
Methods and Reprezentative Examples
Methods
Symbolism-象征手法 He emphasizes the role of implication, which is, in fact, the basis
employed a technique by which he would leave out essential information of the story under the belief that omission can sometimes add strength to a narrative. It was a style of subtlety which contrasted greatly (and in a way enhanced) the themes he wrote about...war, blood sports like owe a debt of influence to Hemingway. bullfighting or boxing, crime, etc. It is hard to find anyone writing today who doesn't
战后青年对人生万念俱灰，及时行乐的主题凸现出来
Reprezentative examples
《老人与海》:
海明威对象征手法的运用在这里已经成为一
种自觉。如：大海象征着所有人面临的变化无常的 神秘处境，马林鱼象征着人生的目标，鲨鱼象征着
永远无法摆脱的暴力与悲剧，多次出现于老人梦中
的狮子象征着勇气与力量，老人桑迪亚哥则象征着
Manmore with an axe--拿着板斧的人（简练文风） direct emotion, sincerity, realism and
简洁直白的文字塑造了形象，白描式的形象包含
了丰富的情感，而情感之中蕴涵着深刻的思想。
Methods
海明威的“冰山原则”首先表现在对语言的运用上，即简约 的文字。在容易被读者察觉的“八分之一”的文字表达里， 客观的叙述，直观的描写，将文字节俭到吝啬的地步。在海 明威的作品中，我们见不到过多的形容词、副词等修饰性言 辞。他总是用近乎直白的描述，展示人物及人物的处境，利 用名词的准确性和动词的生动性刻画其人物，使读者根据自
Hemingway’s “iceberg principle”. His terseness
and accuracy had some in common with the language used in news report. Nevertheless, he didn’t lose his personality in such a strict regulations of words, on the contrary he created
feel something more than they understood."
--Ernest Heimingway The Art of the Short Story
Development
小说家马原认为“冰山理论”的更内在的质素可以概括为 “经验省略”。他指出开始许多评论家把海明威的省略与传统 的留空白理论等同起来，以为这是一种含蓄手法的运用，言有 尽而意无穷，这是一个大的失误。传统的省略方法很类似于删