硕士论文_科技英语文体特征探析

AbstractI非全日制学术学位硕士论文An Analysis of Stylistic Features of Englishfor Science and Technology科技英语文体特征探析学 科 专 业： 英语语言文学研 究 方 向： 跨文化交际学申请学位级别：同等学力人员申请硕士学位AbstractWith the fast development of modern science and technology and the progressively deeper global economic integration, English for science and technology will bring more and more importance to science and language field. English for science and technology has been an independent style of writing which shows its uniqueness. As a functional style of texts, English for science and technology develops on the basis of common English, it has definite boundary with basic English. However, due to its unique form, during the long-term progress of the development of language, it has a great number of characteristics that other languages never boast.In English documents for science and technology, vocabulary includes pure scientific words and common scientific words. Chinese famous scientist Qian Sanqiang, noted that English for science and technology had become a specific new field of modern English in many countries. Nowadays, Many countries set up English for science and technology, not only in research centers of English for science and technology, but in English majors in universities to study English for science and technology and develop talent of this field.Although English for science and technology is similar to common English in appearance, which are both composed with phonetics, vocabulary and grammar, as it extends its applying areas, there is more and more necessity of English for science and technology in world‘s policy, economy and science and technology.Key words: EST; grammar; phrase; words; sentencesII摘要摘要随着现代科学技术的快速发展，还有全球经济一体化进程的加快，科技英语在科学和语言领域将有着更重要的意义。

科技英语一直是一种独立的写作风格，显示了其独特性。

作为一种功能性风格的文本，科技英语以普通英语为基础，它有着明确的边界。

然而，由于其独特的形式，在语言长期发展的过程中，它有大量的其他语言不具备的特性。

在科技英语的文档里，词汇包括纯科学的单词和普同的科学词语。

中国著名科学家钱三强指出科技英语意境成为现代英语中一个新的精确的领域。

现如今，许多国家不仅在科研中心设立了科技英语研究而且在大学教育方面培养了专门发展科技英语的人才。

虽然科技英语在外表上和普通的英语没多大差别，都是由语法，词汇语音等组成，它在应用领域也有了很大的扩展，科技英语在世界经济政治科学和技术方面也有了越来越大的必要性。

关键词：EST，语法，短语；词;句子III中文摘要中文摘要科技英语一般指在自然科学和工程技术方面的科学著作、论文、教科书、科技报告和学术讲演中所使用的英语。

科技英语不像普通英语那样具有感性形象思维，不具感情色彩，其目的是使读者容易理解而不产生太多的想象。

也不经常运用比喻、排比、夸张等修辞手段，而是要准确表达客观规律，按逻辑思维清晰地描述问题。

本文对科技英语的词汇，语法，句子等进行了一系列描述和说明。

本文共分为五个章节，分别从四个方面介绍了科技英语。

第一章中讲诉了科技英语的语法特征，解释说明的频繁应用，以及长句，复合句和被动鱼台的使用是非常常见的，客观的语句还有大量的数据都可以看出科技英语的严谨性和科学性。

在科技英语中也有一些省略倒装和分离现象，条件从句的使用，还有祈使语句在一些说明书中的使用是经常出现的。

第二章中介绍了科技英语的词汇的特点，通俗词汇的应用以及冲向名词的使用，科技英语的词汇意义比较专一、稳定，特别是大量的专业名词其词义很固定、专一。

即使是象do, take, make这样的多意义普通动词，在科技英语中它们的词义亦比较固定，其表达方式也比较容易理解。

科技英语主要是一种书面语言，它要求严谨、简洁，不要求在文中堆积华丽的辞藻，也不要求考虑朗读和吟诵。

科技英语词汇具有国际性。

据有关统计，70%以上的科技英语词汇来自拉丁语、希腊语。

绝大多数医学、兽医学词汇源于拉丁语、希腊语。

多使用正式规范的书面动词来替代具有同样意义的口语化的动词或动词短语。

在语法结构上，科技英语大量使用被动语态。

科技英语使用被动语态可以使描述减少主观色彩，增强客观性，而且通过隐去人称主语而使句子尽可能简洁。

.大量使用名词或名词短语。

大量使用非谓语动词短语及分词短语。

在科技文章中，同一词语词义的中文摘要多专业化，即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用，而且含义也各不相同，区别很大。

词汇方面科技英语反映的是日新月异的科学技术领域内的发展与创新。

为了准确、科学地对这些新的进展与理论加以阐述，科技工作者们在遣词方面下了很大的功夫。

第三章中讲诉了科技英语的表现特征，得体性，简洁性，平衡性，一致性，联合性，精确性，控制性，可视化的帮助性，正式性，逻辑上的严谨性，对这一系列的性质进行了描写。

科技英语更多的是叙述普遍真理、描述特性、功能或过程及交代推理或假设等,因此它具有自己独特的语言特点和规律:清晰、准确、精练、严密、正式和客观。

科技文体崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，句式严整，少有变化，常用前置性陈述，即在句中将主要信息尽量前置，通过主语传递主要信息。

科技文章文体的特点是：清晰、准确、简练、严密。

第四章中讲诉了科技英语的发展，科技英语的正式提出，稳定的进程，以及科技英语的模式风格。

第五章对文章进行了总结，得出了结论，也就是科技英语总的特点。

福建师范大学硕士论文ContentsAbstract (I)摘要 (II)中文文摘 (III)Contents (V)Chapter one Syntax and Grammar of English for Science and Technology (1)1.1 Frequent Use of Statements (1)1.2 Frequent Use of Long Sentences (2)1.3 Frequent Use of Compound Sentences (4)1.4 Frequent Use of Passive Voice (6)1.5 Impersonal Sentences (8)1.6 More Static Structures (9)1.7 Omission, Inversion and Separation (10)1.8 Conditional sentences (10)1.9 Wide Use of Imperative Sentences (13)Chapter two Vocabulary of English for Science and Technology (16)2.1Extensive Use of Words for Science and Technology (16)2.1.1Common ST Words (19)2.1.2Abstract Noun (21)2.2Noun Phrases and Nominalizations (24)2.3Extensive Use of Nonfinite Verbs (28)Chapter three Expressive Features (33)3.1 Appropriateness (33)3.2Brevity (34)3.3Balance (36)3.4Consistency (38)3.5Unity (39)3.6Precision (42)3.7Control (44)3.8Visual Aids (46)3.9Formality (48)3.10 Strict in Logic (49)Chapter four Context of ST English (53)4.1Register (53)4.2Tenor (53)4.3Mode (54)Chapter five Conclusion (54)Reference: (57)攻读学位期间承担的科研任务与主要成果 (59)Acknowledgements (61)个人简历............................................ 错误！未定义书签。

福建师范大学硕士学位论文原创性和使用授权声明. (64)VIIIChapter One Syntax and Grammar of English for Science and TechnologyChapter One Syntax and Grammar of English forScience and Technology1.1 Frequent Use of StatementsIn English for science and technology, the authors usually state objectively to describe progress and conditions of objects in order to explain their features and functions, thus statements are frequently used in the contexts.Statements are of the largest part, resulting from the fact that the apparent characteristic of EST is coherence in logic, and clarity and fluency in expression. A large number of studies have shown that in any thesis in English for science and technology, statements can be accounted for 99.9%. This is because the distinctive features of English for science and technology is focused on the coherent and narrative logic and clear expression and broad. The authors often describe the progress and conditions of the object objectively to explain their features and functions, so statements are often applied in EST. These statements summed up can be divided into three types: the main statements , the auxiliary statements and the conclusive statements. First of all , the main statements refer to those which transmit the most critical information. It is sorted into three types: the description sentence type, for example ,laser（激光）,its creation being thought to be one of today‘s wonders ,there is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights only in that it is many times more powerful and so can be applied in the fields that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in ;the definition sentence type ,for example, television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves ;the classification sentence type ,for example, triangles can be divided into three kinds according to the three degree of angle .The first kind is the acute triangles whose three angles are acute .The second one is the obtuse triangles whose only one angle is an obtuse angle .The third one is the right triangles whose only one angle is a right angle. Another one is the auxiliary statements that refers to the sentences , which are assisted in the main statements in order to further illustrate or support the main statements. The main statements and the auxiliary statements in place is tandem relations. For example: Si Nan was composed of two parts : a spoon and a tray . The spoon was cut from an intact piece of natural load-stone, with its handle as the south pole and its round , smooth bottom as the center of gravity. The tray ,on the other hand, was made of bronze, and at the center ,there was a round ,smooth groove ,carved with checks and words indicating the 24 directions. This passage, the first sentence is the main statement, the following two sentences are auxiliary statements, to further explain to support the first statement.Finally ,the conclusive statements are the results of technical personnel reasoning and analytic thinking, and sometimes are summed up to the discovery of scientific and technological personnel .In these sentences, inferences must be concise and clear and have a certain depth and breadth of research .For example, the theory of sphere-heavens(浑天说) played an important part in the history of Chinese astronomy,福建师范大学硕士论文exerting significant influence on the design and manufacture of ancient astronomic instruments, as well as on the explanation of relevant astronomic theories. Plenty of studies have shown that the conclusive statements usually appear at the end of the article.1.2 Frequent Use of Long SentencesIn EST , authors often use long sentences to convey complicated thoughts and logic connections as a functional style. In the English stylistic feature, function attached to the structure.According to the statistics by foreign researchers, the average sentence length is, respectively 21.8 ,22 ,24.7 (using word as the unit) in Popular Mechanics, Science Digest, American Science. We can clearly find out that ST English tends to use long sentences, in the most condition, the stronger the academic literature is, the longer the sentences are. A.C.Howell argues that, the short sentence is less than 15 words in English for science and technology is not very often to be seen .The sentences in English for science and technology, compared to everyday English and literary English, are more complicated and much longer. Because in EST, the sentences are accurately, objectively, logically structured and conceptually strong. In general, it is appropriate for science and technology workers who are accustomed to reading or specialize in science and technology contents.So more and more long sentences are used in EST.In EST stylistics, long sentences often consists of a subject with a number of clauses, the clause with the phrase, mutually dependent and constrained so there exists a complex phenomenon in EST articles that a long sentence often includes another one. Plenty of studies appear that long sentences using in EST stylistics are divided into three kinds of structure: the simple sentence, the complex sentence and parallelism sentence.First of all, in short ,complex sentences is a combination of the main clause and subordinate clause. On the one hand, in EST ,the sentences have much higher demand on the degree of accuracy and precision, on the other hand, compound sentences can not only enhance logic of a sentence but can shorten the length of the sentence. So complex sentences can not be avoided frequent using in EST stylistics. The author will elaborate on the frequent using of complex sentences in scientific English stylistics in the following section. This section, the author mainly analyzes the simple sentence and the parallelism sentence structures in the application of EST stylistics.1 .Simple sentences. A simple sentence is defined as those sentences that have but one subject-predicate structure, which constitutes the main part of one sentence. The authors, in this structure of this long sentence in EST ,tend to utilize a lot of adjectives, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, non-finite forms of verbs and so on to modify the sentence. In the following the author uses an article as an example to illustrates the application of simple sentence：―We use to uch screens everywhere: tourist kiosks, automatic teller machines, point-of-sale terminals, industrial controls. Half a dozen vendors, plus in-house departments at major manufacturers, produced $800 million worth in 2000. The market is growing because the interfaces are easy-to-use, durable and2inexpensive. Touch screens employ one of three physics principles for detecting the point of touch. Pressing a “resistive” design with a finger or other stylus raises a voltage.In ―capacitive‖ models, a finger draws a minute current (this method is often used for cursor pads on notebook computers). In other designs, a finger or stylus interrupts a standing pattern of acoustic waves or infrared lights that blanket the surface. Resistive screens are the oldest, most widely used and least expensive, and they work with any stylus (finger, pen). Capacitive screens must be touched by a finger or an electrically grounded stylus to conduct current. Wave screens are the newest and most expensive. Surface acoustic wave screens must be touched by a finger or a soft stylus such as a pencil eraser to absorb energy; infrared screens work with any stylus.The different technologies may be used in the same applications, although pros and cons lead to prevalent combinations: resistive screens for industrial controls and Palm Pilots; capacitive screens for slot machines; wave screens for ATMs and indoor kiosks. Most people are unaware of the type of screen they are using. But tricks can help you tell, according to Frank Shen of Elo TouchSystems in Fremont, Calif., the largest U.S. maker. Push the screen lightly with your fingernail (not your skin). If it responds, it could be resistive or infrared. In this case, place two separated fingers against the screen at the same time. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is infrared (software registers the first touch); if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is resistive (the points are averaged). If the unit does not respond to your fingernail, again place two separated fingers against it. If the cursor moves beneath one finger, the unit is acoustic wave; if the cursor moves between the fingers, it is capacitive.‖In this passage ,the sentences marked in bold are the simple ones .In these sentences, adjectives, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, non-finite forms of verbs are used many times to modify .Through plenty of investigations and studies, this kind of simple sentence structures in English for science and technology are often used to define for a thing or to explain some kind of phenomenon .The sentence structure is not complex, however, this sentence structure is difficult in a lot of modifiers .In one sentence ,it is more difficult to understand if there are more modifiers in it. 2.The parallelism sentence .The parallelism sentence is to structure the same or similar meaning consistent tone of three or more phrases or sentences and use. For example：―Steadfast in our faith in the Almighty, we will advance toward a world where man's freedom is secure. To that end we will devote our strength, our resources, and our firmness of resolve. With God's help, the future of mankind will be assured in a world of justice, harmony, and peace.‖ Truman trinomial using object parallelism here called on the people of the United States contribute to human freedom, use object trinomial parallelism looking to the future of humanity. The meaning is: for this purpose, we will contribute our strength, resources, and determination. Under the bless of god, the future of mankind will no doubt is a world of justice, harmony and peace .Obviously , parallelism is a kind of rhetoric .A lot of researches indicate that the rhetorical devices are often used in EST stylistics to make articles persuasive .It increases the momentum of the language and makes some view more persuasive. Because these sentences are tidy and rhythmic ,they enhances the language rhythm, make the article look neat and easy. In English for science and technologyarticles ,most contents of science and technology are boring. These long sentences can greatly increase the article‘s interests, and make involved contents more attractive to the reader. So this kind structure of long sentences in EST is more widely used . For example(1) Strawberries contain carotene which is one of synthetic fiber A's important materials and has many beneficial effects such as improving eyesight and calming the liver .It contains pectin and is rich in dietary fiber ,which can help digestion. It has a certain nourishing effect on gastrointestinal and anemia. Besides preventing scurvy ,it has better effect on prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease .(2) The typical digital computer has five different units or sections ,an input unit which controls the action or orders to go into the computer, a control unit which controls the actions of the computer in accordance with the input orders, a computation, or arithmetic ,unit where the arithmetic is carried out ,a reports the results.(this long sentence is constituted a parallel by five ―units‖ with attributive clause.)1.3 Frequent Use of Compound SentencesOn the definition of compound sentences, there are two different views, one is the traditional point of view, which thinks compound sentences are made of the main clause and subordinate clause .The main clause is relative to the subordinate clauses. The other is the point of Quirk, who believe that subordinate clauses are an integral part of the main clause and the main clause includes the subordinate clause, the entire sentence is a compound one .In the linguistic studies, the latter is often approved In English for science and technology stylistics, in order to express some complex concept ,the compound sentences tend to be used in the most cases. These compound sentences have a special feature :there are a large number of phrases and clauses used in compound sentences ,at the same time ,there are the parallel structure or the inverted word order ,concurrently combined with non-finite forms of verbs so that the sentence structure would be especially complex. Looked from the overall structure, the complex sentence patterns in English for science and technology are classified into four patterns: the parallel structure, the vertical structure, antecedent ―it‖ structure, periodic sentence structureFirst of all, the author introduces the parallel structure in English for science and technology. This kind of structure has a prominent characteristic which is to use a comma or the connectives such as and/or between the same or similar ingredients, which makes the whole article structure more compact, concise and make thinking more clear. In English for science and technology, parallel parts of the sentence often include a variety of language forms, such as: clauses, subjects, predicates and so on. The followings are the examples:Using high-tech computer applications, an Environmental Monitoring(环境监控)/Emergency Response System（紧急处理系统）with a Real-time Data Acquisition（实时数据撷取）/Analysis capability（分析能力）have become a reality. Systems that embody Block Diagram Programming（流程图示程序）, Geographical Information System（数据撷取）, Graphical User Interface（地理信息系统）, Multimedia User Interface（图形用户界面）, and Real-time Data Acquisition capability（实时相关性数据库）, and Virtual Instrument（虚拟工具）has achieved sustainable development and fostered environmental protection. This article is to conceptualize a real-time environmental monitoring system as well as draft a blueprint in currently available software/hardware technologies and study the feasibility of such a system.Translate this into Chinese:透过高科技计算机，具有实时数据撷取及分析能力的环境监控/紧急处理系统已非昂贵难行。