Training material - credit review
酒店英语培训教材(共36页)
珍珠岛高尔夫会所酒店英语培训教材Dandong Pearl-Island HotelHotel English training material目录第一章酒店根底英语 (1)第二章酒店前台英语 (7)第三章酒店礼宾英语 (17)第四章酒店商务中心英语 (23)第五章酒店总机英语 (26)第六章酒店客房英语 (28)第七章酒店餐饮英语 (34)第八章酒店收银英语 (42)第一章酒店根底英语●礼貌用语 Courtesy EnglishGood morning/afternoon/evening, Sir/Madam. 早上好/下午好/晚上好。
Nice to meet you. 很快乐见到你。
Welcome to our hotel. 欢送光临我们酒店。
Have a good time. 祝您在酒店过的愉快。
●用语 Telephone sentencesWait a moment, please. 对不起，请稍等。
Sorry, he is no in at the moment. 对不起，他暂时不在。
I beg your pardon? 对不起〔我没听清楚〕。
Could you speak a little slower, please？请您稍微讲慢一点。
●答谢用语 Thanks and answerThank you. 谢谢。
It’s very kind of you. 谢谢，您真客气。
You are welcome. 不用谢。
It is my pleasure. 非常乐意为您效劳。
I am at your service. 随时为您效劳。
That is all right. 没关系。
●征询语 ConsultCan I help you? / How many I help you? 我能为您做些什么？What is your suggestion? 您有什么意见或建议吗？Excuse me; may I have your name? 对不起，请问您怎么称呼？●指路 Asking and giving directionsThis way, please. 这边请。
工作中常用中英文
工作中常用中英文一、一般英语：1. 采购- purchase2. 材料- material3. 评估- evaluation4. 供应商- supplier / vendor5. 总经理- general manager ( GM )6. 进料incoming7. 质量quality8. 控制- control9. 装箱单- packing list10. 数量- quantity11. 型号- model12. 描述- description13. 制表/发布- issue14. 表格- form15. 文件- document16. 制造商- manufacturer17. 接收- accept (Acc.)18. 拒收- reject (Rej.)19. 项目- item20. 个- piece（Pc.）21. 放宽- waive22. 缺陷- defect23. 合格- pass24. 不合格- not good ( NG )25. 日期- date26. 生产线- production line / line27. 备注- remark28. 仓库- store29. 产品- product30. 静电敏感元件- static sensitive device (SSD)31. 静电释放- electricity static discharge (ESD)32. 进- in33. 出- out34. 结余- balance35. 备注- remark36. 参数- reference37. 单位- UM38. 标签- label39. 打印- print40. 计划- plan41. 图表- chart42. 质量- quality43. 传真- fax44. 新加坡- Singapore45. 检查- check46. 箱子- case / carton47. 盒子- box48. 系列号- serial number ( S/N ）49. 部门- department (Dept.)50. 客户- customer51. 通知- notice52. 清单- bill53. 平均- average54. 文控中心- document control center ( DCC )55. 计划员- planner56. 流程图- flow chart57. 工艺- instruction58. 校准- calibration59. 校验- verify60. 设备- equipment61. 培训- training62. 不良品- failed product63. 预计- forecast64. 安全- safety65. 程序- program / procedure66. 图纸- drawing67. 过程- process68. 隔离- separate / insulate69. 返工- rework70. 合同- contract71. 准时- just in time ( JIT )72. 准时交付- delivery on time73. 运输- shipment / transportation74. 方式- method75. 费用- cost76. 报废- scrap二、专业英语：物资部——常用中英文缩略语：1. CO:C u s t o m e r O r d e r客户订单2. MO: Manufacture Order 生产订单3. PO: P u r c h a s e O r d e r采购订单4. DO: D e l i v e r y O r d e r发货单5.F C S T:F o r e c a s t O r d e r预测订单6.M R P I I: Manufacturing Resource Planning MRPII系统7.F S: Fourth Shift 四班系统8. PMC: Planner Material control 计划员9.M R B：M a t e r i a l R e v i e w B o a r d物料评审会议10.RTV: Return To Vendor 退还供应商11.E C N：E n g i n e e r i n g C h a n g e N o t i c e工程更改通知12.GRN:G o o d s R e c e i v e d N o t e材料入库单13.P W O：P r o d u c t i o n W o r k O r d e r配发单14.M R F：M a t e r i a l s R e q u i s i t i o n F o r m材料申请单15.A M R F：N o n-P r o d/A u x M a t e r i a l s R e q u i s i t i o n F o r m辅助物料申请单16.R T S：R e t u r n T o S t o r e回库单17.S C R A P：S c r a p F o r m报废单18.R C N:R e s u l t C h a n g e d N o t e进检结果更改单19.I T N:I n v e n t o r y T r a n s f e r N o t e移库单20.I N V：I n v o i c e发票21.D N：D e b i t N o t e借方凭单22.C N：C r e d i t N o t e贷方凭单23.PCBA: Printed Circle Board Assembly 印刷线路板组装，24.IQC： Incoming Quality Control 进料品质控制25.IPQC: In Process Quality Control 在线品质检查26.SMT： Surface Mounting Technology 表面贴装技术27.AI： Automatic Insertion 自动插装28.WIP: Work In Process 在制品29.PCB: Printed Circle Board 印刷电路板30.PCBA: Printed Circle Board Assembly 印刷电路板组装31.P/A: PCB Assembly 电子产品装配32.ICT： Internal Circle Test 内部线路测试33.FCT： Function Test 功能测试34.BOM: Bill of Material 材料清单35.AVL: Approved Vendor List 合格供应商清单36.DOC: Declaration of Conformity 符合性声明，由供方向客户或相关方提供。
信用卡中心入职流程
信用卡中心入职流程Getting hired at a credit card center can be a challenging but ultimately rewarding process. First and foremost, potential candidates must go through the application and interview process, which can be a nerve-wracking experience. 信用卡中心招聘可能是一个具有挑战性但最终有回报的过程。
首先，潜在的候选人必须经历申请和面试过程，这可能是一个让人紧张的经历。
Once hired, new employees will need to undergo a period of training to familiarize themselves with company policies, procedures, and software systems. 到职后，新员工需要经历一段时间的培训，以熟悉公司的政策、流程和软件系统。
The onboarding process is crucial for setting new employees up for success at the credit card center. It is during this time that they will learn about the company culture, expectations, and how their role fits into the larger organization. 入职过程对于让新员工在信用卡中心取得成功至关重要。
在这段时间里，他们将了解公司文化、期望以及他们的角色如何融入更大的组织。
In addition to formal training, new employees may also benefit from mentorship or buddy programs. These programs can provide valuable support and guidance as they navigate their new roles and responsibilities. 除了正式的培训，新员工还可能受益于导师制度或助手计划。
王陆 听力单词
王陆807听力单词精选1.1学科名词major n.专业discipline n.学科anthropology n.人类学linguistics n.语言学physiology n.生理学psychology n.心理学mining n.采矿physical adj.身体的fine adj.好的arts n.文科science n.科学，理科politics n.政治philosophy n.哲学geography n.地理photojournalism n.摄影新闻学history n.历史astronomy n.天文学media n.媒体language n.语言applied adj.应用的environment n.环境chemistry n.化学management n.管理statistics n.统计学archaeological adj.考古学的accountancy n.会计学biology n.生物学computer n.电脑literature n.文学sociology n.社会学engineering n.工程学architecture n.建筑学business n.商务law n.法学economics n.经济学finance n.金融学banking n.银行学1.2课程名称orientation n.新生入学教育会welcome package n.入学或旅游时收到的欢迎词register v.注册enroll n.报名curriculum n.课程semester n.学期term n.学期，术语assignment n.作业session n.课程，时间virtual adj.虚拟的test n.&v.测试course n.课程study n.书房 v.学习intensive adj.强化的practice n.练习email n.电邮lecture n.授课tutorial n.小组讨论seminar n.学术研讨会assessment n.学习考核attendance n.出勤率exam n.考试failure n.失败mark n.分数grade n.年级，授课score n.分数record n.记录，唱片，学习成绩resit v.重考note n.笔记rate n.比例group n.群体，团队，小组office n.办公室parental teaching 父母的教育class n.班级reception n.接待处，招待会goal n.目标tape n.磁带video n.录像plus prep.加level n.水平，程度beginning n.开始，处级beginner n.初始者fundamental adj.基本的，基础的elementary adj.初级的advanced adj.高级的mid adj.中间的discussion n.讨论stress n.重音，压力unemployment n.失业surroundings n.环境powerlessness n.无力感too much work 工作负荷大coping with stress（如何）缓解压力diet n.饮食take regular exercise定期运动make plans 制定计划set some money 存钱do training courses上培训课open admission 免试入学制cassette n.磁带recording n.录音deadline n.最后期限dropout n.辍学cramming n.填鸭式教学feedback n.反馈videotape n.录像带hit n.引人注意的东西，技巧examination n.考试diploma n.毕业证书Nursing Diploma 护理毕业证workshop n.工作室panic n.恐惧teaching n.教学president n.总统，校长，总裁headmaster n.校长director n.主管，导演scientist n.科学家secretary n.秘书administrator n.管理者professor n.教授officer n.军官teacher n.教师tutor n.辅导教师，辅导员，导师lecturer n.授课教师adviser n.指导老师historian n.历史学家supervisor n.导师receptionist n.接待员chancellor n.校长（大学）assistant n.助手senior advisor 资深督导师1.3论文词汇paper n.报纸，论文abstract n.摘要content n.内容bibliography n.参考书目project n.工程，研究课题，项目interviewee n.受访者revision n.修改extensive adj.广泛的subject n.主题，学科survey n.测量，调查research n.研究，科研reading n.阅读data n.数据（复数）survey of reading 阅读习惯调查draft n.草稿ambition n.野心，抱负well-organized 论文结构组织很好subtopics n.小标题questionnaire n.问卷interview n.&v.面试，采访respondent n.被调查者总称literature n.文学conclusion n.结论random adj.随机的index n.索引topic n.话题presentation n.学生在国外课上的演讲background n.背景theoretical background 理论背景example n.例子training n.培训laser n.激光printing n.打印area n.地方，部分chapter n.章节case study n.个案分析report n.报告review of literaturen.文献综述method n.方法title n.标题approach n.方法，接近theory n.理论whiteboard n.白板aid n.帮助overhead adj.头上的objective n.目标visual adj.视觉的finding n.发现faculty n.系heading n.标题subtitle n.小标题，字幕observation n.观察strategy n.策略outline n.提纲script n.手稿summary n.摘要scientific adj.科学的reference n.参考书目，证明人review n.评论analysis n.分析1.4—1.7图书馆词汇...library n.图书馆catalog n.目录due n.应付费renewal n.更新，续借overdue and pay a fine 过期并交罚款out on loan 借出的category n.种类closed reserve 只读不借circulation n.循环classification n.分类bibliography n.书目periodical n.（magazines andjournals）期刊reserve ＝book inadvance预借interlibrary service图书馆际服务open shelves 开架书库close shelves 闭架书库check out 登记并借出delivery desk 借书台internet system 互联网系统recall v.回忆，要求归还某物pink n.粉色slip n.一张纸stack n.书库circle n.圆copy n.复印card index 卡片索引classmate n.同学student n.学生local adj.当地的freshman n.大一学生sophomore n.大二学生junior n.大三学生senior n.大四学生adj.高级的board n.木版，董事会day pupil 只是白天来上学的学生candidate n.候选人，考生representative n.代表bachelor n.学士applicant n.申请者graduate n.毕业生overseas adj.海外的mature adj.成熟的degree n.学位certificate n.证书publication n.出版物newsletters n.简报booklet n.小册子notebook n.笔记本handbook n.手册passage n.文章textbook n.教材journal n.学术期刊introduction n.简介handout n.讲义journal n.杂志article n.文章，用品Forbes n.福布斯newspaper n.报纸Baked Earth 贝克.厄斯1.8普通用词facility n.设施laptop n.笔记本电脑microphone n.麦克风spiral adj.螺旋的narrator n.叙述者education n.教育modern adj.现代的achievement n.成功sentence n.句子parental adj.父母的monologue n.独白understanding n.理解recommendation n.推荐further adj.进一步的information n.信息noticeboard n.布告栏technical adj.科技的department n.系，商店system n.系统，体系meeting n.会议conference n.正式会议congress n.大会，议会important adj.重要的detail n.细节material n.材料cleaning equipment 清洁设备keyword n.关键词public adj.公共的infrastructure n.基础设施music n.音乐specialized adj.特别的，专门的planning n.计划Oxford n.牛津Cambridge n.剑桥cheaper adj.便宜些的full-time 全日制list n.单子，列表，一览表，清单team n.队伍，小组equipment n.设备culture n.文化general adj.普通的，笼统的，泛泛的quality n.质量college n.学院practical adj.实际的clear adj.清楚的theatre n.戏院，剧院thought n.想法service n.服务standard n.标准schedule n.时间表support n.&v.支持review n.复习learning styles 学习方式choice n.选择higher adj.更高的vocation n.行业，职业profession n.职业occupation n.职业experiment n.实验reader n.读者suggestion n.建议communication n.交流international adj.国际的issue n.问题priority n.优先school n.学校distance n.距离vocabulary n.词汇common adj.普通的jam n.堵塞point n.要点，分数field n.领域prepare v.准备complete v.完成adj.完全的auditorium n.礼堂break v.休息，破，碎n.休息，不遵守daily adj.每日的photo n.照片aim n.目的adult n.成人resource n.资源nursing n.护理lab n.实验室guidance n.指导speech n.演讲printed adj.打印出来book n.书，v.预订thinking n.思考drama n.戏剧style n.风格source n.来源guide n.导游，指导option n.选择text n.文章passage n.一节，一段holiday n.假期institution n.机构academic adj.学术的university facilities 大学设施socia activities 社会活动medium n.中度，媒体signature n.签名previous adj.原来的solve n.解决application n.申请，应用survival n.生存access n.接近，进入mass n.大众university n.大学marketing n.市场营销update v.更新Wollongong n.卧龙岗center n.中心investigator n.调查人similar adj.相似的editor n.编辑laboratory n.实验室formula n.公式argument n.论证global adj.全球的booklist n.书目单lesson n.课程encyclopedia n.百科全书wide adj.广泛的expert n.专家healthcare n.健康保健intelligent adj.智力的vacation n.假期techniques n.技术chart n.图表habit n.习惯dictation n.听写Trinity n.三一学院oral adj.口语的speaking n.口语audio adj.声音的monopoly n.垄断enquiry n.咨询description n.描述royal adj.皇家的submit n.上交，提供headphones n.耳机special audio equipment 特别听力设备final adj.最后的 n.决赛，期末考试union n.工会close-up 特写镜头composition n.组成部分，作文campus n.校园intelligence n.智力form n.表格ability n.能力secondary adj.第二的humans n.人类social adj.社会的rule n.规则2.1—2.3花费...payable adj.可支付的bill n.账单fare n.车船费用cost n.成本，花费fee n.杂费（指水电电话费等）rent n.房租costly adj.昂贵的，费钱的cover v.包括expense n.花费deposit n.押金shortage n.不足charge n.收费finance n.金融expenditure n.经费tuition n.学费financial adj.金融的loan n.贷款scholarship n.奖学金grant n.助学金order n.命令check n.检查，支票card n.卡片in advance 预先price n.价格visa n.签证spending n.花费extra adj.额外的discount n.打折on sale 打折purse n.钱包dollar n.美金bank n.银行diary n.日记sale n.销售credit n.信用，信誉currency n.货币Yen n.日元Australian dollars澳元optional adj.可选择的money n.钱cash n.现金debt n.债务transfer v.转换lender n.借钱给别人的人pocket n.口袋statement n.陈述mileage n.里程表class n.类别investment n.投资wealth n.财富fortune n.财产concert n.音乐会refund v.退还，退款allowance n.津贴subsidy n.津贴pension n.养老金saving n.存钱stock n.存活，股票prize n.奖金pensioner n.领退休金者capital n.资金，首都low income 低收入tax n.税收tour n.旅游hiking n.徒步旅行bag-packer 肩背大包的自助旅行的人party n.晚会special party hats 晚会戴的帽子banquet n.宴会feast n.盛宴travel n.旅游lookout points 观看风景embassy n.大使馆cottage n.小屋church n.教堂location n.地理位置brochure n.小册子waterfall n.瀑布view n.风景，视线，观点garden n.花园country n.国家，乡村village n.山村，村庄car n.汽车vehicle n.车俩planner n.计划museum n.博物馆station n.车站park n.公园ticket n.票boat n.船safety n.安全evening n.夜晚，晚会train n.火车return n.往返store n.商场entrance n.入口zoo n.动物园recreation n.娱乐property n.财产family n.家庭parent n.父母child n.儿童kid n.儿童surname n.姓mother n.母亲elder n.长辈the old 老人personnel n.职员brother n.兄弟passenger n.旅客shopper n.购物者commuter n.通勤者traveler n.游客tourist n.游客thief n.小偷2.4交通ransport v.运送rush n.赶快train n.火车traffic n.交通congestion n.拥挤wheel n.方向盘，车轮ferry n.轮渡coach n.长途汽车bicycle n.自行车taxi n.出租车trolley n.电车steam n.蒸汽driver n.司机rental n.租cable n.电缆walk n.步行tractor n.拖拉机motorcycle n.摩托车cycle n.自行车light n.灯bus n.公共汽车railway n.铁路underground adj.地下的wheelchair n.轮椅cave n.洞穴temple n.寺庙tool n.工具tower n.塔Japanese Pagoda 日本塔regulation n.规章制度entertainment n.娱乐wise adj.明智的advisable adj.明智的dangerous adj.危险的hazardous adj.冒险的，危险的agency n.代理机构，中介fossil n.化石leisure n.休闲route n.路线reserve n.预定ballroom n.舞会safari n.野生动物园flight n.航班castle n.城堡touring n.旅游woods n.森林lake n.湖occasion n.场合site n.位置，地点passport n.护照smoking n.吸烟date n.日期poor area 不发达的地区place n.位置weekly adj.每周的emergency n.紧急central adj.中央的town n.小镇wildlife n.野生动物、植物postcode n.邮编region n.地区mountain n.山脉ancient adj.古代的palace n.宫殿map n.地图parking n.停车setting n.位置position n.位置，方位beach n.海滩creek n.小溪manmade dam 人造大坝wretched boat 废弃的船skiing n.滑雪excursion n.远足hike n.远足helmet n.头盔coastal adj.海边的tourism n.旅游业Queen's adj.女王的junction n.交汇处，交叉路口express n.表达，快递landscape n.风景per prep.每，每人population n.人口person n.人accident n.事故exhibition n.展览ocean n.海洋sea n.海洋landmark n.路标sail n.帆，乘船旅行heigh n.高度altitude n.海拔，高度destination n.目的地track n.轨迹tunnel n.隧道arm badge 胳膊带的臂章tube n.管子，地铁art n.艺术concert hall n.音乐厅greyhound n.灰狗booklet n.小册子camp n.露营2.5—2.8住宿类型...high-rise n.高层（建筑）resident n.居民suburb n.郊区outskirts n.市郊countryside n.乡村village n.小村庄cottage n.农舍小屋rural adj.乡下的flat n.公寓lounge n.休息大厅residence n.居住house n.房子city n.城市ground n.地面accommodation n.住宿roommate n.室友available adj.可获得的，有时间的bedroom n.卧室apartment n.公寓hotel n.酒店motel n.汽车旅馆foyer n.门厅bathroom n.卫生间standard suite 标准间building n.建筑物wing n.配楼，厢房landmark n.标志性的建筑block n.街区address n.地址alley n.小巷，道avenue n.大街street n.街道road n.路residential college大学里的寄宿学院postcode n.邮编shared adj.共享的occupant n.居住者girlfriend n.女友landlady n.女房东non-drinker n.不喝酒的人neighbouring adj.邻居的sound n.声音speaker n.演讲者，扬声器radio n.收音机lamp n.灯warm adj.温暖的camera n.相机towel n.毛巾vacuum n.真空hoover n.吸尘器curtain n.窗帘TV n.电视water heater 热水器phone n.电话lift n.电梯elevator n.电梯，起重机incoming n.打入的（电话）phone-in 打入电话fridge n.冰箱microwave oven 微波炉washing machine 洗衣机air-conditioner n.空调electric fan 电风扇radiator n.冷却器，电暖炉toaster n.烤面包机heating n.供热，供暖pre-booking n.预定lock n.锁shower n.淋浴basement n.地下室sheet n.床单bath n.洗澡blanket n.毯子smoke alarms 烟雾警报key adj.重要的，关键的reservation n.保留，预定private adj.私人的electricity n.电door n.门isolated adj.与世隔绝的spot n.地点remark n.评价settlement n.定居disturbance n.打扰insurance n.保险construction n.建设letter n.信，字母mail n.邮件window n.窗户smoke n.烟community n.社区code n.密码alteration n.改变decoration n.装修bedsheet n.床单garage n.车库toilet n.卫生间wall n.墙pump n.泵large-scale housing 大规模住房furniture n.家具cream adj.奶油色desk n.书桌chair n.椅子table n.桌子，图表cabinet n.橱柜drawer n.抽屉cot n.轻便小床bed n.床size n.大小double adj.双的twin room 一个房间里有两张单人床3.1—3.3饮食场景词汇restaurant n.餐厅cafe n.咖啡厅drinking n.饮水，喝drink n.饮料milk n.牛奶cola n.可乐refreshment n.饮料drinks and snacks 饮料和零食water n.水tea n.茶black n.黑色juice n.（果）汁mineral n.矿物dinner n.晚餐food n.食物eating n.吃饭cooking n.做饭burger n.汉堡smelly adj.有臭味的steak n.牛排picnic n.野餐barbecue n.烧烤rice n.大米meal n.膳食kitchen n.厨房vegetarian n.素食主义者fish n.鱼meat n.肉类cheese n.奶酪fruit n.水果sugar n.糖salt n.盐sauce n.酱油vinegar n.醋flour n.面粉utensil n.器具pizza n.披萨hot dog 热狗protein n.蛋白质spoon n.勺子vegetable n.蔬菜tomato n.西红柿starter n.开胃品desert n.沙漠dessert n.甜点dish n.菜sandwich n.三明治nut n.坚果salad n.沙拉coffee n.咖啡catering n.饮食dairy adj.牛奶的buffet n.自助餐cutlery n.餐具cup n.杯子low nutrition 低营养snack n.快餐，零食4.1—4.3休闲生活词汇shop n.商场item n.项目，货品，东西decoration n.装修，装饰interest n.兴趣festival n.节日balloon n.气球guest n.客人waiter n.服务生，男服务生waitress n.女服务员dress code 着装要求clothes n.服装casual adj.随便的cloth n.布walking n.步行swimming n.游泳dark adj.黑暗的，深色的dress n.服装，连衣裙fancy n.&adj 喜欢，奇怪的wear n.&v.穿着skirt n.短裙jeans n.牛仔服rain n.雨，下雨sportswear n.运动服sweater n.毛衣comfortable adj.舒适的trousers n.裤子uniform n.制服suit n.裤子boot n.靴子costume n.服装blouse n.女式衬衫dressing n.装饰，穿衣shoe n.鞋sandal n.凉鞋jacket n.夹克spare socks 备用袜子5.1—5.2动植物词汇animal n.动物mammal n.哺乳动物migration n.迁徙，移民bird n.鸟类falcon n.隼（猎鹰的一种）horse n.马rare adj.罕见的mosquito n.蚊子kelp n.海藻hen n.母鸡crocodile n.鳄鱼sheep n.羊shear v.剪（羊毛）spider n.蜘蛛kangaroo n.袋鼠koala n.考拉eagle n.鹰cattle n.牲畜pet n.宠物ape n.猿species adj.种类，物种sea n.大海insect n.昆虫chick n.小鸡fur n.皮毛mane n.（狮子等）鬃毛feather n.羽毛horse hair 马毛wasp n.黄蜂hard-hoofed 硬蹄的whale n.鲸鱼breeding n.繁殖lion n.狮子donkey n.驴wood n.木材wildlife n.野生动植物plant n.植物tree n.树willow n.柳树flower n.花朵crop n.庄家grain n.谷物vegetation n.植被lemon n.柠檬planting n.种植weed n.野草6.1—6.3社会生活词汇industry n.工业，产业company n.公司farming n.农业agriculture n.农业employ v.雇佣staff n.员工accountant n.会计manager n.经理engine n.发动机cleaner n.清洁工customer n.顾客contact n.接触telephone n.电话colleague n.同事market n.市场vacancy n.空缺organization n.组织farm n.农场firm n.&adj.公司，坚实的natural n.&adj.自然色，自然的fishing n.钓鱼clean adj.干净的power n.权力，能源recruit n.招聘shift v.倒班cooperation n.合作forest n.森林wetland n.沼泽地，湿地product n.产品salary n.薪水payment n.报酬wind n.风velvet n.天鹅绒industrial adj.工业的syndicate n.财团action n.行动director n.主任，董事，导演regular adj.规律的factory n.工厂commission n.委员会business n.商业，商务growth n.成长council n.委员会trip n.旅行role n.角色corporation n.公司subcommittee n.小组委员会welfare n.福利flexible adj.灵活的position n.位置，职位extension n.分机，延期police n.警察cop n.（男）警察violent adj.猛烈的，暴力的crime n.犯罪7.1—7.6医疗场景词汇medicine n.药物antibiotics n.抗生素capsule n.胶囊pill n.药丸aspirin n.阿司匹林mixture n.合剂eyedrops n.眼药水vitamin n.维他命ointment n.药膏syrup n.糖浆cream n.奶油，药膏penicillin n.盘尼西林injection n.注射table n.药片herb n.草药drug n.药品painkillers n.止痛片medical adj.医疗的symptom n.症状sore throat 嗓子痛fever n.发烧cough n.咳嗽stomachache n.胃痛headache n.头痛toothache n.牙痛allergic adj.过敏的dizzy n.头晕insomnia n.失眠stiff neck 脖子发僵drowsiness n.睡意stuffed nose 鼻子不通disease n.疾病flu n.流感heart disease 心脏病pneumonia n.肺炎yellow fever n.黄热病epidemic n.流行病attack n.袭击allergy n.过敏infection n.发炎sleep n.睡觉drowsiness n.嗜睡，睡意injury n.受伤wound n.伤，创伤chest n.胸部teeth n.牙齿sight n.视觉malaria n.疟疾insomnia n.失眠disabled adj.肢体有残疾的surgeon n.外科医生physician n.内科医生oculist n.眼科医生（＝eye doctor）dentist n.牙医vet n.兽医psychiatric adj.精神病的nurse n.护士patient n.病人clinic n.诊所bandage n.绷带injection n.注射take one'stemperature 量体温give a prescription开药方make an appointment预约X-ray n.X射线prescribe v.开药方finger n.手指chin n.下巴eyes n.眼睛nose n.鼻子mouth n.嘴巴ear n.耳朵neck n.脖子，颈部jaw n.颚，颌，下巴illness n.疾病vaccine n.疫苗bacteria n.细菌scar n.伤疤male n.男性internal adj.内部的treatment n.治疗stomach n.胃，腹部chemist's n.药店heart n.心脏lung n.肺recipe n.处方therapy n.理疗，疗法health n.健康sick adj.生病的relaxation n.放松unhealthy adj.不健康的beats n.跳动的次数hospital n.医院precaution n.预防optic adj.光学的cycle n.循环mental adj.精神的physical adj.肉体的prevention n.预防ambulance救护车blood n.血ankle n.踝germ n.细菌8—9环境、运动词汇plastic n.塑料waste n.浪费care n.关注，照顾pollution n.污染air n.空气rubbish n.垃圾garbage n.废物recycled adj.回收的nature n.自然green n.绿色El Nion 厄尔尼诺现象impact n.影响influence n.影响atmospheric adj.大气的drop-off 放下warming n.变暖recycling n.回收sewage n.污水sewer n.下水道handing n.处理contaminant n.污染物temperature n.温度20 centigrade 20摄氏度damage n.毁坏carbon n.碳dioxide n.二氧化碳organic adj.有机的hall n.大厅fitness n.健身personal trainer 私人教练（缩写PT）club n.俱乐部centre n.中心sports n.体育activity n.活动muscle n.肌肉yoga n.瑜珈bowling n.保龄球skating n.滑冰badminton n.羽毛球tennis n.网球exercise n.练习weight n.重量cycling n.骑自行车martial adj.武术的membership n.会员资格consultant n.咨询者，顾问instructor n.教练referee n.裁判员judge n.评委umpire n.裁判员running facilities跑步的设施water-skiing 划水gym n.体育馆sportsman n.男运动员10其他类词汇adopt vt.收养cleanest adj.最干净的artificial adj.人工的footprint n.足迹，脚印advantage n.优势kaleidoscope n.万花筒question n.问题word n.单词plate n.盘子，图版third pron.第三lack v.缺乏working n.工作reason n.理由skill n.技能problem n.问题advice n.建议type n.类型，种类million n.百万film n.胶卷，电影goods n.物品famous adj.着名的factor n.因素world n.世界seat n.座位century n.世纪idea n.主意female n.女性male n.男性speed n.速度angry adj.生气的，气愤的cause n.起因clock n.钟energy n.能量experience n.经验，v.体验government n.政府result n.结果offer v.提供quantity n.数量fire n.火灾v.解雇top n.顶尖trouble n.麻烦purpose n.目的aim n.瞄准relation n.关系painting n.绘画hand n.手，指针range n.范围demonstration n.示威，演示least adv.最少，最小confidence n.自信differece n.差异，差别requirement n.要求glass n.玻璃，眼镜contact lenses 隐形眼镜effect n.效果，影响，作用efficient adj.有效地individual adj.个人的personal adj.个人的variety n.种类chance n.机会hint n.暗示attentive adj.注意的awareness n.意识luck n.运气fortune n.运气solution n.解决various adj.各种的machine n.机器condition n.状况，条件unusual adj.非同寻常的appearance n.外貌notice n.注意attention n.注意，专心feature n.特点guy n.家伙dominant adj.最主要的main adj.主要的focus v.集中，聚焦career n.事业part-time adj.兼职的sense n.感觉regularly adv.定期地original n.最初的special adj.特别的personality n.个性character n.品质，特性gender n.性别related adj.相关的total n.总数responsibility n.责任army n.军队military adj.军人的，军队的sample n.样本pottery n.瓷器cinema n.电影院qualification n.资格selection n.选择promising adj.有前途的migratory adj.迁移的CD n.光盘photograph n.照片popular adj.时髦的fashionable adj.流行的，时髦的matching n.搭配supply v.提供offer v.提供noble adj.高尚的，贵族的aristocrat n.贵族British adj.英国的collection n.收集ignorance n.无知explosion n.爆炸blast n.爆炸model n.模型foreign adj.国外的domestic adj.国内的tone n.某种语言的音调document n.文件heavy adj.重的attention n.注意fashion n.时尚silver adj.银的strong adj.强壮的stout adj.（形容人）结实的，强壮的slim adj.苗条的united adj.联合的normal adj.正常的theatre n.剧院fiber n.纤维tribe n.部落process n.过程exaggerate v.夸张overstate v.夸大side n.面，边several adj.几个a couple of 几个identification n.识别，身份volunteer n.自愿者technology n.科技direct adj.直接的short adi.短的classical adj.古典的architecture n.建筑物storehouse n.仓库useful adj.有用的helpful adj.有用的disco n.迪斯科participant n.参加者trend n.趋势maximum n.最大minimum n.最小lawyer n.律师familiar adj.熟悉的placement n.放置conquest n.征服overcome v.克服impossible adj.不可能的farmer n.农民identity n.身份cultivation n.培育foster v.培养breed v.喂养lifestyle n.生活方式hobby n.爱好fraud n.诈骗，假货fake adj.假的，伪造的performance n.表演，表现picture n.图inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的exciting adj.令人兴奋的rising adj.上升的ascending adj.上升的simple adj.简单的amount n.数量average n.平均delegate n.代表fly n.飞行behavior n.行为spare adj.多余的export v.出口import v.进口commercial n.电视广告benefit n.优势west n.西部east n.东部formal adj.正式的cocktail n.鸡尾酒cite v.引证，表扬land n.土地organizer n.组织者rapid adj.快速的challenging adj.挑战的controversy n.争论percentage n.百分比rate n.比率harmful adj.有害的successful adj.成功的safe adj.安全的nervous adj.紧张的strained adj.紧张的convenient adj.方便的line n.队airport n.机场port n.港口island n.岛屿stone n.石头adequate adj.令人满意的hat n.帽子writer n.作家state n.州player n.选手willow n.柳树reliable adj.可信赖的，可靠的weather n.天气conversation n.对话gap n.缝隙crack n.裂缝temper n.脾气touching n.接触space n.空间charity n.慈善charitableorganization 慈善机构intact adj.完好无缺的donation n.捐款bone n.骨头skeleton n.骨架announcement n.宣布declaration n.宣告decision n.决定solar adj.太阳的tractor n.拖拉机mobile adj.太阳的night n.夜晚length n.长度association n.协会soil n.土壤sex n.性别desire n.欲望discomfort n.不是的地方client n.客户basic adj.基础的redundant adj.多余的bowl n.碗abbreviation n.缩写flourish n.繁荣youth n.年轻人，青年pressure n.压力blond adj.金发的wave n.波浪shelter n.遮蔽处refuge n.避难所plan n.计划useless adj.没用的dialogue n.对话dedication n.奉献attempt n.&v.努力noisy adj.嘈杂的handy adj.方便的magazine n.杂志owner n.所有者profit n.利润figure n.数字kit n.工具箱irregular adj.不规则的carpet n.地毯dust n.灰尘resistant adj.抵抗的conservation n.保留，保护区nap n.小睡doze v.小睡，打盹儿hard-working 努力工作workload n.工作量isolation n.隔离pie n.饼frequent adj.经常的loyal adj.忠诚的satisfactory adj.满意的perk n.额外收入discount n.打折give sb. a sack 解雇kick sb. out of work解雇favor n.喜爱law n.法律robber n.强盗burglar n.夜盗thief n.小偷threat n.威胁blind adj.盲的step n.步骤，台阶grammar n.语法Internet n.互联网award n.奖励image n.形象gesture n.手势female n.女性making n.制造advertising n.广告precious adj.珍贵的duty n.责任abuse v.虐待domestic violence 家庭暴力dependent adj.依赖的ray n.光线acid n.酸washing n.洗robot n.机器人elements n.因素clever adj.聪明的smart adj.聪明的souvenir n.纪念品helpline n.版主热线width n.宽度favorite adj.最喜爱的online n.在线flag n.旗instrument n.仪器，乐器guitar n.吉他piano n.钢琴design n.设计beat v.跳动pair n.副telescope n.望远镜delivery n.发送，送货sharp adj.锋利的，紧急的pleasure n.乐趣delight n.高兴institute n.机构visible adj.可见的silence n.安静dispute n.争端controversy n.争议debate n.辩论shuttle n.穿梭rat n.老鼠golf n.高尔夫risk n.冒险adventure n.冒险surprise n.惊奇maid n.女仆pal n.伙伴actor n.男演员flow n.流量measurement n.测量stability n.稳定enormous adj.广泛的broad adj.广泛的timber n.木材draw n.绘图concession n.让步existence n.存在baldness n.秃头gold n.金子divorce n.离婚breath-taking adj.令人屏住呼吸的majority n.多数exchange n.交换net n.网slang n.俚语switch n.开关overall adj.整个的whole adj.整个的pattern n.模式，花纹ground n.场地fair adj.公平的memorise v.记住corpse n.尸体keeper n.养育者ending n.结果texture n.质地super adj.超级的rock n.岩石branch n.分支，分部information adj.通知的，有消息的agreement n.同意high quality camera 高质量的相机domestic n.内部的religion n.宗教empty adj.空的package n.包装distant adj.远的remote adj.远的fair adj.美丽的，公平的story n.故事evidence n.证据positive adj.积极地negative adj.消极的exciting adj.令人兴奋的conqueror n.征服者distribution n.分布confirmation n.证实，确认virtually adv.几乎almost v.几乎，差不多worthwhile adj.值得的main adj.主要的grass n.草cliff n.悬崖physically adv.身体地irrigation n.灌溉scarce adj.不足的removal n.去掉low-risk 低风险cannibal n.食人者herbivorous adj.食草的scent n.气味scheme n.方案overhead view 俯视visitor n.访问者tile n.瓦likelihood n.可能性possibility n.可能性danger n.危险hazardous adj.危险地pure adj.纯洁的repeat n.&v.重复correspondence n.写信letter n.信件unanimous adj.意见一致的depth n.深度approval n.同意enthusiasm n.热情housekeeping n.家务管理emotion n.感情performer n.表演者miserable adj.痛苦的craft n.手艺hero n.英雄politics n.政治author n.作者serious adj.严肃的prone n.容易，倾向于essential adj.基本的fundamental adj.基本的steel n.钢材traditional adj.传统的ordinary n.普通的preposition n.介词wing n.翅膀，翼watchdog n.警察局的名称second-hand adj.二手的cheerful adj.高兴的negative n.负片reform n.改革contract n.合同，印花税barren adj.贫瘠的event n.事件intervention n.干涉metal n.金属kiosk n.小卖部seven-screen adj.7个屏幕的handball n.手球independence n.独立age n.年纪immune adj.免疫的warehouse n.仓库，仓储超市self-defence n.自卫carving n.雕刻privacy n.隐私apostrophe n.右上角省略号poll n.（民意）调查elbow n.肘hunting n.打猎self-discipline n.自我约束tune n.曲调expansion v.扩展sailing n.航行rows n.横排maintain v.维修former adj.以前的previous n.以前的surrounding n.周围toy n.玩具expectancy n.期待fabric n.纺织品section n.部分star n.恒星artistic adj.艺术的self-funded adj.自给自足的self-sufficient adj.自给自足的addition n.额外sacked adj.被解雇的preference n.偏爱flash n.闪exception n.例外reinforced adj.加强的highly-trained adj.高度训练的vary v.变化pure adj.纯洁的harbour n.港口port n.港口skin n.皮肤heroine n.女主人公exposure n.曝光inability n.没能力pianist n.钢琴家housing n.住房naught n.零stair n.楼梯complaint n.抱怨noise n.噪声potential adj.潜在的value n.价值mixture n.混合物irritable adj.易怒的arrival n.到达satisfaction n.满意status n.地位stage n.舞台，阶段permit n.许可证discovery n.发现parcel n.包裹sufficient adj.充分的subjective adj.主观的objective adj.客观的page n.页码usual adj.普通的latest adj.最新的development n.发展rehearsal n.演习，彩排weapon n.武器trade n.贸易innovation n.革新lava n.火山岩theft n.盗窃knowledge n.知识curly adj.卷发的cotton n.棉花mill v.研磨，磨细magic adj.魔术的systematic adj.系统的shell n.贝壳unique adj.独特的polish v.抛光，擦亮knife n.刀critical adj.批评的consumption n.消费crisis n.危机belt n.带子steady adj.稳定的deteriorate v.恶化surface n.表面seasoned adj.风干的cupboard n.橱柜inland n.内陆free adj.自由的response n.回答answer n.回答jewelry n.珠宝journalist n.记者repair v.修理cage n.笼子candle n.蜡烛wax n.蜡sensible adj.明智的depression n.沮丧layer n.阶层ambiguous adj.有歧义的excuse n.借口lessen v.减轻layout n.平面图reflectance n.反射系数reserve n.保留book in advance 预定genetic adj.遗传的import n.进口tribute n.贡品bridge n.桥chat n.聊天strike n.罢工basis n.基础amazing adj.令人惊讶的reliable adj.可依赖的shelf n.架子frequency n.频率enhance v.提高improve v.改善petrol n.汽油adequate adj.充足的。
培训效果评估方法培训英文版
Review and interpret the collected data to identify strengths and areas for improvement
Summary evaluation is important because it helps to determine which training objectives and outcomes have been achieved, identify areas that require improvement, and provide feedback to improve future training programs
Objective assessment: This method involves the use of structured questions, tests, or simulations to measure learners' knowledge, skills, and title Objective assessment provides objective and related data on learners' performance
Training effectiveness evaluation method training
IntroductionFormative EvaluationSummative EvaluationMixed Methods EvaluationConclusion
contents
(完整)雅思听力场景分类高频词汇
房东 客户
释意
位置 地址 住处 财产;房地产 社区 公寓住宅 设施 地下室 小屋 冰箱 家具 洗衣房 厨房 烤面包机 衣柜 厨房 卧室 花园 停车场地
furniture
家具
television
电视机
telephone
电话
dining room
餐厅
city centre
市中心
rural area
农村地区
attachment evaluation list of objectives wide reading design research relevant material class note collect data Conference report laboratory report
skill focus
教科书 网络连接 暗房设备 （张）纸
作业相关 random presentation layout reference purpose well-organized publication essay assignment sevenfold documentary
任意的 描述 设计 参考 目的 有条理的 出版 散文 任务 七倍的 文件的
段落
formatting
格式化
due
到期的
submit
提交
inaccurate
不准确的
invalid
无效的
delay
延期
lectures
演讲
Medicine
医学
Literature
文学
Psychology
心理学
tutorials
辅导的
concentrate
Materials-Letters-详细投稿指南
以下是Materials Letters的作者指南，我觉得它已经非常简明的说清楚整个投稿过程需要注意的东西2009年影响因子：1.94Guide for Authors Materials LettersMaterials Letters is dedicated to publishing novel, cutting edge reports of broad interest to the materials community. The journal provides a forum for materials scientists and engineers, physicists, and chemists to rapidly communicate on the most important topics in the field in materials. We are primarily interested in those contributions which bring new insights, and papers will be selected on the basis of the importance of the new knowledge they provide.Contributions include a variety of topics such as:• Materials- Metals and alloys, amorphous solids, ceramics, composites, nanocrystals, polymers, semiconductors.• Applications - Structural, opto-electronic, magnetic, medical, MEMS, sensors, smart.• Characterization- Analytical, microscopy, scanning probes, nanoscopic, optical, electrical, acoustic, spectroscopic, diffraction.• Novel Materials- Micro and nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes, nanoparticles), nanocomposites, thin films, superlattices, quantum dots.• Processing - Thin film processing, sol-gel processing, mechanical processing, assembly, and nanocrystalline processing leading to unique materials.• Properties - Mechanical, magnetic, optical, electrical, ferroelectric, thermal, interfacial, transport, thermodynamic.• Synthesis- Quenching, solid state, solidification, solution synthesis, vapor deposition, and high pressure, explosive processes leading to unique materials. The following topics are inappropriate for publication:Building materials - aggregate, asphalt, cement, concrete, plasterCatalytic materialsCorrosion and oxidation phenomena and protectionLiquid crystalsMetallurgical ProcessesNatural raw materials – clays, minerals, rocksOxide glasses and glass ceramicsRecycled materialsRefractoriesSingle crystal growthTheoryWearTypes of Contribution:Letters are intended as brief reports of significant, original and timely research results on the science, applications and processing of materials which warrant rapid publication. In considering a manuscript for publication, particular attention will be given to the originality of the research, the desirability of speedy publication, the clarity of the presentation and the validity of the conclusions. There is a strict four-page limit to printed articles. Manuscripts must not exceed 2000 words plus three figures and one table. The maximum number of figures is strictly limited to five. If the maximum of 5 figures is used, then the total number of words must be reduced to 1600. If more than 5 figures are used, the manuscript will be rejected. The manuscript submitted for review should not exceed 8 pages (including title, abstract, references, figures, tables and figure captions).Contact Details:Authors should submit their article via the online submission system. Authors will be asked to choose the Editor whose subject area is most closely aligned to the subject of their article. Each Editor's specialties are given below. To expedite the review process, authors will also be prompted to nominate 3 potential referees, who are not at the same institute, to serve as potential referees. Contact details are helpful.Principal EditorsProf. J. Hojo - Nano-composites, Composites, Sol-gel preparationProf. T.G. Nieh - Metallic Alloys, Ceramics, Composites, High Temperature Materials, Mechanical Behavior, Material ProcessingProf. L.S. Shvindlerman - Nano-Crystalline Metals, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Interfaces and Surfaces.Prof. A.F.W. Willoughby - Semiconductor/Electronic Materials, PolymersOnline Submission:Authors must submit their articles using the secure online submission system at .To facilitate rapid publication, it is essential to precisely follow these instructions. Failure to do so can result in a delay or rejection of the manuscript for publication. To ensure a timely review you will be required to answer the following questions before your paper will be considered for review.• Has your paper, or par t of your paper, been published before, or is it currently submitted for review to another journal?Yes / No(If yes, then do not submit your paper to Materials Letters.)• Is the total number of words less than 2000?Yes / No(If greater than 2000, please reduce the number of words.)• Is the number of figures greater than 5?Yes / No(If yes, then the paper will automatically be rejected.)• Are the x-ray diffraction patterns indexed?Yes / No(see 4.10) (If your x-ray patterns are not indexed, the paper will be rejected for publication.) [?奇怪]• Do the micrographs have professional quality scale markers?Yes / No(Please replace the black bar on SEM & TEM micrographs with a professional quality scale marker. See 4.9)Ethics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see and .Policy and ethicsThe work described in your article must have been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; EC Directive 86/609/EEC for animal experiments; Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. This must be stated at an appropriate point in the article.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also . 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A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. TablesPlace footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.ReferencesCitation in textPlease ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication" Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.Web referencesAs a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.References in a special issuePlease ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue. Reference management softwareThis journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote () and Reference Manager (). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below. Reference styleText: Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.List: Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text.Examples:Reference to a journal publication:[1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific article. J Sci Commun 2000;163:51-9.[2] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979.Reference to a chapter in an edited book:[3] Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to the electronic age, New York: E-Publishing Inc; 1999, p. 281-304.Note shortened form for last page number. e.g., 51-9, and that for more than 6 authors the first 6 should be listed followed by "et al." For further details you are referred to "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals" (J Am Med Assoc 1997;277:927-934) (see also ).Journal abbreviations sourceJournal names should be abbreviated according toIndex Medicus journal abbreviations: ;List of serial title word abbreviations: ;CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): .Supplementary and multimedia dataElsevier accepts electronic supplementary and multimedia data to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data are provided in one of our recommended . Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. Video files: please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your supplementary information. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at .Submission checklistIt is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.Ensure that the following items are present:One Author designated as corresponding Author:• E-mail address• Full postal address• Telephone and fax numbersAll necessary files have been uploaded• Keywords• All figure captions• All tables (including t itle, description, footnotes)Further considerations• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked"• References are in the correct format for this journal• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print• If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposesFor any further information please visit our customer support site at .Use of the Digital Object IdentifierThe Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.ProofsOne set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download the files themselves. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from . Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: .If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (includingreplies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.OffprintsThe corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. If the corresponding author opts for paper offprints, this preference must be indicated via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. Additional paper offprints can also be ordered via this form for an extra charge. The PDF a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Keyword List（被省略）。
Materials-Letters-详细投稿指南
以下是Materials Letters的作者指南，我觉得它已经非常简明的说清楚整个投稿过程需要注意的东西2009年影响因子：1.94Guide for Authors Materials LettersMaterials Letters is dedicated to publishing novel, cutting edge reports of broad interest to the materials community. The journal provides a forum for materials scientists and engineers, physicists, and chemists to rapidly communicate on the most important topics in the field in materials. We are primarily interested in those contributions which bring new insights, and papers will be selected on the basis of the importance of the new knowledge they provide.Contributions include a variety of topics such as:• Materials- Metals and alloys, amorphous solids, ceramics, composites, nanocrystals, polymers, semiconductors.• Applications - Structural, opto-electronic, magnetic, medical, MEMS, sensors, smart.• Characterization- Analytical, microscopy, scanning probes, nanoscopic, optical, electrical, acoustic, spectroscopic, diffraction.• Novel Materials- Micro and nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes, nanoparticles), nanocomposites, thin films, superlattices, quantum dots.• Processing - Thin film processing, sol-gel processing, mechanical processing, assembly, and nanocrystalline processing leading to unique materials.• Properties - Mechanical, magnetic, optical, electrical, ferroelectric, thermal, interfacial, transport, thermodynamic.• Synthesis- Quenching, solid state, solidification, solution synthesis, vapor deposition, and high pressure, explosive processes leading to unique materials. The following topics are inappropriate for publication:Building materials - aggregate, asphalt, cement, concrete, plasterCatalytic materialsCorrosion and oxidation phenomena and protectionLiquid crystalsMetallurgical ProcessesNatural raw materials – clays, minerals, rocksOxide glasses and glass ceramicsRecycled materialsRefractoriesSingle crystal growthTheoryWearTypes of Contribution:Letters are intended as brief reports of significant, original and timely research results on the science, applications and processing of materials which warrant rapid publication. In considering a manuscript for publication, particular attention will be given to the originality of the research, the desirability of speedy publication, the clarity of the presentation and the validity of the conclusions. There is a strict four-page limit to printed articles. Manuscripts must not exceed 2000 words plus three figures and one table. The maximum number of figures is strictly limited to five. If the maximum of 5 figures is used, then the total number of words must be reduced to 1600. If more than 5 figures are used, the manuscript will be rejected. The manuscript submitted for review should not exceed 8 pages (including title, abstract, references, figures, tables and figure captions).Contact Details:Authors should submit their article via the online submission system. Authors will be asked to choose the Editor whose subject area is most closely aligned to the subject of their article. Each Editor's specialties are given below. To expedite the review process, authors will also be prompted to nominate 3 potential referees, who are not at the same institute, to serve as potential referees. Contact details are helpful.Principal EditorsProf. J. Hojo - Nano-composites, Composites, Sol-gel preparationProf. T.G. Nieh - Metallic Alloys, Ceramics, Composites, High Temperature Materials, Mechanical Behavior, Material ProcessingProf. L.S. Shvindlerman - Nano-Crystalline Metals, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, Interfaces and Surfaces.Prof. A.F.W. Willoughby - Semiconductor/Electronic Materials, PolymersOnline Submission:Authors must submit their articles using the secure online submission system at .To facilitate rapid publication, it is essential to precisely follow these instructions. Failure to do so can result in a delay or rejection of the manuscript for publication. To ensure a timely review you will be required to answer the following questions before your paper will be considered for review.• Has your paper, or par t of your paper, been published before, or is it currently submitted for review to another journal?Yes / No(If yes, then do not submit your paper to Materials Letters.)• Is the total number of words less than 2000?Yes / No(If greater than 2000, please reduce the number of words.)• Is the number of figures greater than 5?Yes / No(If yes, then the paper will automatically be rejected.)• Are the x-ray diffraction patterns indexed?Yes / No(see 4.10) (If your x-ray patterns are not indexed, the paper will be rejected for publication.) [?奇怪]• Do the micrographs have professional quality scale markers?Yes / No(Please replace the black bar on SEM & TEM micrographs with a professional quality scale marker. See 4.9)Ethics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see and .Policy and ethicsThe work described in your article must have been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans; EC Directive 86/609/EEC for animal experiments; Uniform Requirements for manuscripts submitted to Biomedical journals. This must be stated at an appropriate point in the article.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also . Submission declarationpreviously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see ). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult ). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult .Retained author rightsAs an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: .Role of the funding sourceYou are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see .Funding body agreements and policiesElsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit .Language and language servicesPlease write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit or our customer support site at for more information.SubmissionSubmission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.RefereesPlease submit, with the manuscript, the names, addresses and e-mail addresses of 3 potential referees. Note that the editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.Use of wordprocessing softwareIt is important that the saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed "graphically designed" equations or tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: ). Do not import the figures into the text , instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on the manuscript. See also the section on Electronic illustrations.To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions of your wordprocessor.Follow this order when submitting manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, Main text, Acknowledgements, Appendix, References, Figure Captions and then Tables. For submission via the website you are requested to import low-resolution images into the article at the approximate location you wish them to appear. Thus the PDF which is created for refereeing purposes will contain all necessary information. In addition you will be asked to separately upload high quality images. Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article and do not include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise.Text LayoutUse double spacing and wide (3 cm) margins. (Avoid full justification, i.e., do not use a constant right-hand margin.) Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated. Present tables, figures and figure legends at the point they will appear in the manuscript. If possible, consult a recent issue of the journal to become familiar with layout and conventions. Number all pages consecutively, use 12 or 10 pt font size and standard fonts.Subdivision - numbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text". Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.Theory/calculationA Theory section should extend, not repeat, the background to the article already dealt with in the Introduction and lay the foundation for further work. In contrast, a Calculation section represents a practical development from a theoretical basis. ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them.A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.ConclusionsThe main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.Essential title page information• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.• Corresponding author.Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address.• Present/permanent address.If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.Abstract:A self-contained abstract of 100 to 200 words, outlining in a single paragraph the aims, scope and conclusions of the paper must be supplied. Do not list the analytical equipment (e.g. SEM, XRD, TEM) used unless it is critical to the meaning. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separate from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, they must be cited in full, without reference to the reference list. Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.KeywordsImmediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.AcknowledgementsCollate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).Nomenclature and unitsFollow internationally accepted rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI. You are urged to consult IUGS: Nomenclature for geological time scales/rock names: for further information.Math formulaePresent simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).ArtworkElectronic artworkGeneral points• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol. • Number the illust rations according to their sequence in the text.• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.• Provide captions to illustrations separately.• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.• Submit each figure as a separ ate file.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailedFormatsRegardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".Please do not:• Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;• Supply files that are too low in resolution;• Submit g raphics that are disproportionately large for the content.Color artworkPlease make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see .Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.Figure captionsEnsure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. TablesPlace footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.ReferencesCitation in textPlease ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication" Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.Web referencesAs a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.References in a special issuePlease ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue. Reference management softwareThis journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote () and Reference Manager (). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below. Reference styleText: Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.List: Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text.Examples:Reference to a journal publication:[1] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific article. J Sci Commun 2000;163:51-9.[2] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979.Reference to a chapter in an edited book:[3] Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to the electronic age, New York: E-Publishing Inc; 1999, p. 281-304.Note shortened form for last page number. e.g., 51-9, and that for more than 6 authors the first 6 should be listed followed by "et al." For further details you are referred to "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals" (J Am Med Assoc 1997;277:927-934) (see also ).Journal abbreviations sourceJournal names should be abbreviated according toIndex Medicus journal abbreviations: ;List of serial title word abbreviations: ;CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): .Supplementary and multimedia dataElsevier accepts electronic supplementary and multimedia data to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: . In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data are provided in one of our recommended . Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. Video files: please supply 'stills' with your files: you can choose any frame from the video or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the link to your supplementary information. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at .Submission checklistIt is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.Ensure that the following items are present:One Author designated as corresponding Author:• E-mail address• Full postal address• Telephone and fax numbersAll necessary files have been uploaded• Keywords• All figure captions• All tables (including t itle, description, footnotes)Further considerations• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked"• References are in the correct format for this journal• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print• If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposesFor any further information please visit our customer support site at .Use of the Digital Object IdentifierThe Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.ProofsOne set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download the files themselves. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from . Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: .If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (includingreplies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.OffprintsThe corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. If the corresponding author opts for paper offprints, this preference must be indicated via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. Additional paper offprints can also be ordered via this form for an extra charge. The PDF a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Keyword List（被省略）。
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贷款损失准备的计提范围为承担风险和损失的资产，具体包括：贷款 （含抵押、质押、保证等贷款）、银行卡透支、贴现、银行承兑汇票垫 款、信用证垫款、担保垫款、进出口押汇、拆出资金等
3
信贷资产质量分析
人民银行（银监会）之贷款损失准备指引 （续）
• 银行应按季计提一般准备，一般准备年末余额应不低于年末贷款余额 的1% • 银行可参照以下比例按季计提专项准备： 对于关注类贷款，计提比例为2%；对于次级类贷款，计提比例为 25%；对于可疑类贷款，计提比例为50%；对于损失类贷款，计提比 例为100%。其中，次级和可疑类贷款的损失准备，计提比例可以上 下浮动20% • 特种准备由银行根据不同类别（如国别、行业）贷款的特殊风险情况、 风险损失概率及历史经验,自行确定计提比例并按季计提 • 若按标准，可能出现损失项的贷款会计提99%的专项准备，另外1% 在一般准备中计提
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：单笔审阅（续）
其他要考虑的问题（续）
v. 法院对债务人和担保人清算的预期支持程度。至少应当考虑以下 内容： (a)债务人/担保人是一个国有企业吗？ (b)冻结的资产对债务人/担保人的持续经营至关重要吗? (c)有多少工作会丧失? (d)有多少人会受影响？ (e)债务人/担保人的清算会引起连锁的清算反应吗? 如果会，则影 响程度有多大？ vi. 目前的清算过程正处于哪个阶段？以后的每个阶段各需要多少时 间？提供关于时间估计的客观证明
vii. 资产的可变现净值预计是多少？对于预计值需要有相关的，如市 场价格的证据
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：组合式审阅
• 需要把风险及性质相近之贷款组合一起审阅 （如地产类、基建类、正常类、关注类等） • 适用于贷款数目较多，而个别金额不大之贷款 （如：个人贷款） • 需要自行开发一套计算公式/模型 • 需要大量数据及较长时间之数据收集及分析
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全球金融服务
信贷资产质量分析
2006年6月14日
信贷资产质量分析
现行法规
1
信贷资产质量分析
人民银行五级分类
1.
正常
关注 次级
借 款 人 能 够 履 行 合 同 ，没 有 足 够 理 由 怀 疑 贷 款 本 息 不 能 按 时 足 额 偿 还。
尽 管 借 款 人 目 前 有 能 力 偿 还 贷 款 本 息 ，但 存 在 一 些 可 能 对 偿 还 产 生 不 利 影 响 的 因 素。 借 款 人 的 还 款 能 力 出 现 明 显 问 题 ，完 全 依 靠 其 正 常 营 业 收 入 无 法 足 额 偿 还 贷 款 本 息 ，即 使 执 行 担 保 ，也 可 能 会 造 成 一 定 损 失。 借 款 人 无 法 足 额 偿 还 贷 款 本 息 ，即 使 执 行 担 保 ，也 肯 定 要 造 成 较 大 损 失。 在 采 取 所 有 可 能 的 措 施或 一 切 必 要 的 法 律 程 序 之 后 ，本 息 仍 然 无 法 收 回 ，或 只 能 收 回 极 少 部 分。
信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 抵/质押物资料、评估值、评估日期等
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 保证人资料、与借款人的关系
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 借款人财务状况
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 担保人财务状况
• 计提比例由金融企业综合考虑其面临的风险状况等因素确定，原则上一 般准备余额不低于风险资产（包括贷款、银行卡透支、贴现、信用垫款、 进出口押汇、股权投资和债券投资、拆借、存放同业款项、应收利息 （不含贷款、拆放同业应收利息）、应收股利、应收租赁款、其他应收 款）期末余额的1% • 一般准备2005年无法到位的，可以分年到位，最长不得超过5年 • 作为利润分配处理，是所有者权益的组成部分
贷款损失准备计算：单笔审阅（续）
其他要考虑的问题
因为还款数依赖于债务人或担保人的抵押品或资产的可变现值，因此至少 要考虑以下支持性的证据来支持折现模型中的现金流的金额和时间及其确 定性： i. 可查封资产的金额和性质 ii. 可变现资产的金额和性质 ; 描述市场交易的活跃性 iii. 描述冻结的资产的法律状况，比如被其他银行共同分配的可能性 iv. 对本行和其他银行/债权人的所有债务情况
2.
3.
4.
可疑
5.
损失
2
信贷资产质量分析
人民银行（银监会）之贷款损失准备指引
贷款损失准备可以由以下各类别划分: • 一般准备 - 根据全部贷款余额的一定比例计提的、用于弥补尚未识别的 可能性损失的准备 • 专项准备 - 根据《贷款风险分类指导原则》，对贷款进行风险分类后， 按每笔贷款损失的程度计提的用于弥补专项损失的准备 • 特种准备 - 针对某一国家、地区、行业或某一类贷款风险计提的准备
0.7649 0.7154
764,926 1,073,089 1,838,015
折现比例按原合同 利率厘定。
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：单笔审阅（续）
贷款余额 预计可收回金额之现值 所需损失准备
5,000,000 (1,838,015) 3,161,985
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：单笔审阅（续）
6
信贷资产质量分析
财政部之呆账准备提取管理办法（续）
专项准备
• 计提比例由金融企业根据贷款资产的风险程度和回收的可能性合理确 定
• 可参照以下比例计提专项准备： 关注类计提比例为2%；次级类计提比例为25%；可疑类计提比例为 50%；损失类计提比例为100%。其中，次级和可疑类资产的损失准 备，计提比例可以上下浮动20% • 如果正常类贷款有风险，也可计提专项准备，计提比例可根据其风险 状况自主确定
9
信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格
- 借款人基础资料、企业背景、集团关系等
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
11
授信资料、利率、五级分类
信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
12
授信资料、利率、五级分类（续）
信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
13
还款情况及纪录
17
信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 央行贷款卡查询资料
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析表格（续）
- 分类原因
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信贷资产质量分析
例子：个别贷款分析汇总表
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算: - IAS39/财政部[2005]14号文
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：单笔审阅
例子假设： 1.贷款本金5,000,000元（31.12.2004），已逾期 2.公司营运无法产生足够的现金流量偿还本息 3.已获得抵押品，预计1年后完成处置，收回1,000,000元 4.预计能于两年后从担保人收回1,500,000元
日期
(月/日/年)
利息
RMB
本金
RMB
抵押物 收回净值
RMB
从债务保证 人处收回金额
RMB
总计
RMB
折现比例
净现值
RMB
2005年12月31日 2006年12月31日 债务余值合计 -
1,000,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000
1,000,000 1,500,000 2,500,000
(1) (2) 资产的账面金额； 以金融工具最初的实际利率对预期未来现金流量进行折现后的金额 （可收回金额）
• 即：损失准备=资产金额-可收回金额之折现值
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算: - IAS39/财政部[2005]14号文（续）
贷款损失准备计算之流程
• 所有贷款均须于每个会计年度/期间之截止日接受审阅，以了 解一些客观的减值现象是否已经出现 • 审阅方式可以是 1、个别审阅； 2、组合审阅 • 企业可以自由决定采用哪一种审阅方式
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：组合式审阅（续）
可收回金额之估算 • 并不是以个别审阅方法取得 • 一般以历史损失率/回收率作估算基准 • 配合现时外部环境及内部贷款质量之变化作出调整
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信贷资产质量分析
贷款损失准备计算：组合式审阅（续）
估算之考虑重点： • 客观的减值现象与损失率（PD) 之关系 • 历史数据之可靠性及客观性 • 模型之设计
7
信贷资产质量分析
财政部之呆账准备提取管理办法（续）
贷款审查 - 个别分析
8
信贷资产质量分析
分析个别贷款之手段
1. 选择目标贷款 2. 审阅信贷档案，检查贷款基础资料（如贷款申请书、贷前调查 报告、贷款/担保/抵押合同、抵押物评估报告、贷后检查报告 等） 3. 与信贷员访谈了解贷款的详细情况，包括借款人、担保人及抵 质押物的状况，并了解五级分类的主要原因 4. 评估贷款的可回收性 5. 记录于特定表格以供日后分析及研究之用
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信贷资产质量分析
安永与平安工作小组在信贷审查中的工作安排（续）
工作小组需要注意的事项： 1. 工作小组应指定一位负责人，负责与本所沟通 2. 工作小组应对编制的工作报告及工作底稿的质量负责，工 作报告及工作底稿提交给本所之前，应经工作小组负责人 审阅，再由负责人提交给本所 3. 本所在审阅工作小组的工作报告及工作底稿过程中，如发 现任何问题，将反馈给工作小组负责人，由工作小组负责 跟进；工作小组须根据工作进度的安排及时跟进需要解决 的问题，并反馈给本所