操作系统支持(第九章1)
第9章 bios和dos功能调用
MOV AH, 01 ;调用第21h ;设置功能号:键盘输入 mov ah,4ch 号中断例程的 4ch号子程序 mov al,0 ;提供返回值作为参数 INT 21H ;DOS功能调用 int 21h MOV CHAR, AL ;返回参数: (AL)=字符ASCII码
;-----------------显示输出一个字符
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DOS键盘中断 0AH功能号
例: 输入字符串到缓冲区STRING
DATA SEGMENT MAXLEN DB 32
MAXLEN DB
MAXLEN DB
32 ,0, 32 DUP(?)
32 ,33 DUP(?)
ACTLEN
STRING CODE DATA ENDS
DB ?
MOV DL, ’A’ MOV AH, 02 INT 21H
;调用参数:
待输出字符的ASCII码
; DOS功能号: 显示输出 ; DOS调用
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与子程序调用的比较
主程序 ……
CALL SUBP 子程序
……
…… RET
实现机制不同
……
源程序 …… DOS/BIOS调用 INT n ……
1．设置显示方式
入口参数 AL = 显示方式值 00 40×25 黑白文本方式 01 40×25 彩色文本方式 02 80×25 黑白文本方式 03 80×25 彩色文本方式 04 320×320 彩色图形方式 AH = 00H 10H 无 将显示方式设置为指定的形式
功能号 类型号 出口参数 实现功能
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中断传送方式
中断：使cpu中止正在执行的程序而转去处理特殊事件的操作。 中断源： 引起中断的事件。 8086/8088CPU最多有 256个中断源
操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案-推荐下载
CHAPTER 9 Virtual Memory Practice Exercises9.1 Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by the operating system when a page fault occurs.Answer:A page fault occurs when an access to a page that has not beenbrought into main memory takes place. The operating system verifies the memory access, aborting the program if it is invalid. If it is valid, a free frame is located and I/O is requested to read the needed page into the free frame. Upon completion of I/O, the process table and page table are updated and the instruction is restarted.9.2 Assume that you have a page-reference string for a process with m frames (initially all empty). The page-reference string has length p;n distinct page numbers occur in it. Answer these questions for any page-replacement algorithms:a. What is a lower bound on the number of page faults?b. What is an upper bound on the number of page faults?Answer:a. nb. p9.3 Consider the page table shown in Figure 9.30 for a system with 12-bit virtual and physical addresses and with 256-byte pages. The list of freepage frames is D, E, F (that is, D is at the head of the list, E is second, and F is last).Convert the following virtual addresses to their equivalent physical addresses in hexadecimal. All numbers are given in hexadecimal. (A dash for a page frame indicates that the page is not in memory.)• 9EF• 1112930 Chapter 9 Virtual Memory• 700• 0FFAnswer:• 9E F - 0E F• 111 - 211• 700 - D00• 0F F - EFF9.4 Consider the following page-replacement algorithms. Rank these algorithms on a five-point scale from “bad” to “perfect” according to their page-fault rate. Separate those algorithms that suffer from Belady’s anomaly from those that do not.a. LRU replacementb. FIFO replacementc. Optimal replacementd. Second-chance replacementAnswer:Rank Algorithm Suffer from Belady’s anomaly1 Optimal no2 LRU no3 Second-chance yes4 FIFO yes9.5 Discuss the hardware support required to support demand paging. Answer:For every memory-access operation, the page table needs to be consulted to check whether the corresponding page is resident or not and whether the program has read or write privileges for accessing the page. These checks have to be performed in hardware. A TLB could serve as a cache and improve the performance of the lookup operation.9.6 An operating system supports a paged virtual memory, using a central processor with a cycle time of 1 microsecond. It costs an additional 1 microsecond to access a page other than the current one. Pages have 1000 words, and the paging device is a drum that rotates at 3000 revolutions per minute and transfers 1 million words per second. The following statistical measurements were obtained from the system:• 1 percent of all instructions executed accessed a page other than the current page.•Of the instructions that accessed another page, 80 percent accesseda page already in memory.Practice Exercises 31•When a new page was required, the replaced page was modified 50 percent of the time.Calculate the effective instruction time on this system, assuming that the system is running one process only and that the processor is idle during drum transfers.Answer:effective access time = 0.99 × (1 sec + 0.008 × (2 sec)+ 0.002 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)+ 0.001 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)= (0.99 + 0.016 + 22.0 + 11.0) sec= 34.0 sec9.7 Consider the two-dimensional array A:int A[][] = new int[100][100];where A[0][0] is at location 200 in a paged memory system with pages of size 200. A small process that manipulates the matrix resides in page 0 (locations 0 to 199). Thus, every instruction fetch will be from page 0. For three page frames, how many page faults are generated bythe following array-initialization loops, using LRU replacement andassuming that page frame 1 contains the process and the other twoare initially empty?a. for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)A[i][j] = 0;b. for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)A[i][j] = 0;Answer:a. 5,000b. 509.8 Consider the following page reference string:1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6.How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven frames? Remember all frames are initially empty, so your first unique pages will all cost one fault each.•LRU replacement• FIFO replacement•Optimal replacement32 Chapter 9 Virtual MemoryAnswer:Number of frames LRU FIFO Optimal1 20 20 202 18 18 153 15 16 114 10 14 85 8 10 76 7 10 77 77 79.9 Suppose that you want to use a paging algorithm that requires a referencebit (such as second-chance replacement or working-set model), butthe hardware does not provide one. Sketch how you could simulate a reference bit even if one were not provided by the hardware, or explain why it is not possible to do so. If it is possible, calculate what the cost would be.Answer:You can use the valid/invalid bit supported in hardware to simulate the reference bit. Initially set the bit to invalid. On first reference a trap to the operating system is generated. The operating system will set a software bit to 1 and reset the valid/invalid bit to valid.9.10 You have devised a new page-replacement algorithm that you thinkmaybe optimal. In some contorted test cases, Belady’s anomaly occurs. Is the new algorithm optimal? Explain your answer.Answer:No. An optimal algorithm will not suffer from Belady’s anomaly because —by definition—an optimal algorithm replaces the page that will notbe used for the longest time. Belady’s anomaly occurs when a pagereplacement algorithm evicts a page that will be needed in the immediatefuture. An optimal algorithm would not have selected such a page.9.11 Segmentation is similar to paging but uses variable-sized“pages.”Definetwo segment-replacement algorithms based on FIFO and LRU pagereplacement schemes. Remember that since segments are not the samesize, the segment that is chosen to be replaced may not be big enoughto leave enough consecutive locations for the needed segment. Consider strategies for systems where segments cannot be relocated, and thosefor systems where they can.Answer:a. FIFO. Find the first segment large enough to accommodate the incoming segment. If relocation is not possible and no one segmentis large enough, select a combination of segments whose memoriesare contiguous, which are “closest to the first of the list” andwhich can accommodate the new segment. If relocation is possible, rearrange the memory so that the firstNsegments large enough forthe incoming segment are contiguous in memory. Add any leftover space to the free-space list in both cases.Practice Exercises 33b. LRU. Select the segment that has not been used for the longestperiod of time and that is large enough, adding any leftover spaceto the free space list. If no one segment is large enough, selecta combination of the “oldest” segments that are contiguous inmemory (if relocation is not available) and that are large enough.If relocation is available, rearrange the oldest N segments to be contiguous in memory and replace those with the new segment.9.12 Consider a demand-paged computer system where the degree of multiprogramming is currently fixed at four. The system was recently measured to determine utilization of CPU and the paging disk. The results are one of the following alternatives. For each case, what is happening? Can the degree of multiprogramming be increased to increase the CPU utilization? Is the paging helping?a. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 97 percentb. CPU utilization 87 percent; disk utilization 3 percentc. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 3 percentAnswer:a. Thrashing is occurring.b. CPU utilization is sufficiently high to leave things alone, and increase degree of multiprogramming.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.9.13 We have an operating system for a machine that uses base and limit registers, but we have modified the machine to provide a page table.Can the page tables be set up to simulate base and limit registers? How can they be, or why can they not be?Answer:The page table can be set up to simulate base and limit registers provided that the memory is allocated in fixed-size segments. In this way, the base of a segment can be entered into the page table and the valid/invalid bit used to indicate that portion of the segment as resident in the memory. There will be some problem with internal fragmentation.9.27.Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:CPU utilization 20%Paging disk 97.7%Other I/O devices 5%Which (if any) of the following will (probably) improve CPU utilization? Explain your answer.a. Install a faster CPU.b. Install a bigger paging disk.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.e. Install more main memory.f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms.h. Increase the page size.Answer: The system obviously is spending most of its time paging, indicating over-allocationof memory. If the level of multiprogramming is reduced resident processeswould page fault less frequently and the CPU utilization would improve. Another way toimprove performance would be to get more physical memory or a faster paging drum.a. Get a faster CPU—No.b. Get a bigger paging drum—No.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming—No.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming—Yes.e. Install more main memory—Likely to improve CPU utilization as more pages canremain resident and not require paging to or from the disks.f. Install a faster hard disk, or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks—Also animprovement, for as the disk bottleneck is removed by faster response and morethroughput to the disks, the CPU will get more data more quickly.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms—Again, the CPU will get more datafaster, so it will be more in use. This is only the case if the paging action is amenableto prefetching (i.e., some of the access is sequential).h. Increase the page size—Increasing the page size will result in fewer page faults ifdata is being accessed sequentially. If data access is more or less random, morepaging action could ensue because fewer pages can be kept in memory and moredata is transferred per page fault. So this change is as likely to decrease utilizationas it is to increase it.10.1、Is disk scheduling, other than FCFS scheduling, useful in a single-userenvironment? Explain your answer.Answer: In a single-user environment, the I/O queue usually is empty. Requests generally arrive from a single process for one block or for a sequence of consecutive blocks. In these cases, FCFS is an economical method of disk scheduling. But LOOK is nearly as easy to program and will give much better performance when multiple processes are performing concurrent I/O, such as when aWeb browser retrieves data in the background while the operating system is paging and another application is active in the foreground.10.2.Explain why SSTF scheduling tends to favor middle cylindersover theinnermost and outermost cylinders.The center of the disk is the location having the smallest average distance to all other tracks.Thus the disk head tends to move away from the edges of the disk.Here is another way to think of it.The current location of the head divides the cylinders into two groups.If the head is not in the center of the disk and a new request arrives,the new request is more likely to be in the group that includes the center of the disk;thus,the head is more likely to move in that direction.10.11、Suppose that a disk drive has 5000 cylinders, numbered 0 to 4999. The drive is currently serving a request at cylinder 143, and the previous request was at cylinder 125. The queue of pending requests, in FIFO order, is86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130Starting from the current head position, what is the total distance (in cylinders) that the disk arm moves to satisfy all the pending requests, for each of the following disk-scheduling algorithms?a. FCFSb. SSTFc. SCANd. LOOKe. C-SCANAnswer:a. The FCFS schedule is 143, 86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130. The total seek distance is 7081.b. The SSTF schedule is 143, 130, 86, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774. The total seek distance is 1745.c. The SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 9769.d. The LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 3319.e. The C-SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 9813.f. (Bonus.) The C-LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 3363.12CHAPTERFile-SystemImplementationPractice Exercises12.1 Consider a file currently consisting of 100 blocks. Assume that the filecontrol block (and the index block, in the case of indexed allocation)is already in memory. Calculate how many disk I/O operations are required for contiguous, linked, and indexed (single-level) allocation strategies, if, for one block, the following conditions hold. In the contiguous-allocation case, assume that there is no room to grow atthe beginning but there is room to grow at the end. Also assume thatthe block information to be added is stored in memory.a. The block is added at the beginning.b. The block is added in the middle.c. The block is added at the end.d. The block is removed from the beginning.e. The block is removed from the middle.f. The block is removed from the end.Answer:The results are:Contiguous Linked Indexeda. 201 1 1b. 101 52 1c. 1 3 1d. 198 1 0e. 98 52 0f. 0 100 012.2 What problems could occur if a system allowed a file system to be mounted simultaneously at more than one location?Answer:4344 Chapter 12 File-System ImplementationThere would be multiple paths to the same file, which could confuse users or encourage mistakes (deleting a file with one path deletes thefile in all the other paths).12.3 Why must the bit map for file allocation be kept on mass storage, ratherthan in main memory?Answer:In case of system crash (memory failure) the free-space list would notbe lost as it would be if the bit map had been stored in main memory.12.4 Consider a system that supports the strategies of contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation. What criteria should be used in deciding which strategy is best utilized for a particular file?Answer:•Contiguous—if file is usually accessed sequentially, if file isrelatively small.•Linked—if file is large and usually accessed sequentially.• Indexed—if file is large and usually accessed randomly.12.5 One problem with contiguous allocation is that the user must preallocate enough space for each file. If the file grows to be larger than thespace allocated for it, special actions must be taken. One solution to this problem is to define a file structure consisting of an initial contiguous area (of a specified size). If this area is filled, the operating system automatically defines an overflow area that is linked to the initial contiguous area. If the overflow area is filled, another overflow areais allocated. Compare this implementation of a file with the standard contiguous and linked implementations.Answer:This method requires more overhead then the standard contiguousallocation. It requires less overheadthan the standard linked allocation. 12.6 How do caches help improve performance? Why do systems not use more or larger caches if they are so useful?Answer:Caches allow components of differing speeds to communicate moreefficiently by storing data from the slower device, temporarily, ina faster device (the cache). Caches are, almost by definition, more expensive than the device they are caching for, so increasing the number or size of caches would increase system cost.12.7 Why is it advantageous for the user for an operating system to dynamically allocate its internal tables? What are the penalties to the operating system for doing so?Answer:Dynamic tables allow more flexibility in system use growth — tablesare never exceeded, avoiding artificial use limits. Unfortunately, kernel structures and code are more complicated, so there is more potentialfor bugs. The use of one resource can take away more system resources (by growing to accommodate the requests) than with static tables.Practice Exercises 4512.8 Explain how the VFS layer allows an operating system to support multiple types of file systems easily.Answer:VFS introduces a layer of indirection in the file system implementation. In many ways, it is similar to object-oriented programming techniques. System calls can be made generically (independent of file system type). Each file system type provides its function calls and data structuresto the VFS layer. A system call is translated into the proper specific functions for the target file system at the VFS layer. The calling program has no file-system-specific code, and the upper levels of the system call structures likewise are file system-independent. The translation at the VFS layer turns these generic calls into file-system-specific operations.。
操作系统第九版部分课后作业习题答案
CHAPTER 9 Virtual Memory Practice Exercises9.1 Under what circumstances do page faults occur? Describe the actions taken by the operating system when a page fault occurs.Answer:A page fault occurs when an access to a page that has not beenbrought into main memory takes place. The operating system verifiesthe memory access, aborting the program if it is invalid. If it is valid, a free frame is located and I/O is requested to read the needed page into the free frame. Upon completion of I/O, the process table and page table are updated and the instruction is restarted.9.2 Assume that you have a page-reference string for a process with m frames (initially all empty). The page-reference string has length p;n distinct page numbers occur in it. Answer these questions for any page-replacement algorithms:a. What is a lower bound on the number of page faults?b. What is an upper bound on the number of page faults?Answer:a. nb. p9.3 Consider the page table shown in Figure 9.30 for a system with 12-bit virtual and physical addresses and with 256-byte pages. The list of freepage frames is D, E, F (that is, D is at the head of the list, E is second, and F is last).Convert the following virtual addresses to their equivalent physical addresses in hexadecimal. All numbers are given in hexadecimal. (A dash for a page frame indicates that the page is not in memory.)• 9EF• 1112930 Chapter 9 Virtual Memory• 700• 0FFAnswer:• 9E F - 0E F• 111 - 211• 700 - D00• 0F F - EFF9.4 Consider the following page-replacement algorithms. Rank these algorithms on a five-point scale from “bad” to “perfect” according to their page-fault rate. Separate those algorithms that suffer from Belady’s anomaly from those that do not.a. LRU replacementb. FIFO replacementc. Optimal replacementd. Second-chance replacementAnswer:Rank Algorithm Suffer from Belady’s anomaly1 Optimal no2 LRU no3 Second-chance yes4 FIFO yes9.5 Discuss the hardware support required to support demand paging. Answer:For every memory-access operation, the page table needs to be consulted to check whether the corresponding page is resident or not and whether the program has read or write privileges for accessing the page. These checks have to be performed in hardware. A TLB could serve as a cache and improve the performance of the lookup operation.9.6 An operating system supports a paged virtual memory, using a central processor with a cycle time of 1 microsecond. It costs an additional 1 microsecond to access a page other than the current one. Pages have 1000 words, and the paging device is a drum that rotates at 3000 revolutions per minute and transfers 1 million words per second. The following statistical measurements were obtained from the system:• 1 percent of all instructions executed accessed a page other than the current page.•Of the instructions that accessed another page, 80 percent accesseda page already in memory.Practice Exercises 31•When a new page was required, the replaced page was modified 50 percent of the time.Calculate the effective instruction time on this system, assuming that the system is running one process only and that the processor is idle during drum transfers.Answer:effective access time = 0.99 × (1 sec + 0.008 × (2 sec)+ 0.002 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)+ 0.001 × (10,000 sec + 1,000 sec)= (0.99 + 0.016 + 22.0 + 11.0) sec= 34.0 sec9.7 Consider the two-dimensional array A:int A[][] = new int[100][100];where A[0][0] is at location 200 in a paged memory system with pages of size 200. A small process that manipulates the matrix resides in page 0 (locations 0 to 199). Thus, every instruction fetch will be from page 0. For three page frames, how many page faults are generated bythe following array-initialization loops, using LRU replacement andassuming that page frame 1 contains the process and the other twoare initially empty?a. for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)A[i][j] = 0;b. for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++)for (int j = 0; j < 100; j++)A[i][j] = 0;Answer:a. 5,000b. 509.8 Consider the following page reference string:1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 2, 1, 2, 3, 7, 6, 3, 2, 1, 2, 3, 6.How many page faults would occur for the following replacement algorithms, assuming one, two, three, four, five, six, or seven frames? Remember all frames are initially empty, so your first unique pages will all cost one fault each.•LRU replacement• FIFO replacement•Optimal replacement32 Chapter 9 Virtual MemoryAnswer:Number of frames LRU FIFO Optimal1 20 20 202 18 18 153 15 16 114 10 14 85 8 10 76 7 10 77 77 79.9 Suppose that you want to use a paging algorithm that requires a referencebit (such as second-chance replacement or working-set model), butthe hardware does not provide one. Sketch how you could simulate a reference bit even if one were not provided by the hardware, or explain why it is not possible to do so. If it is possible, calculate what the cost would be.Answer:You can use the valid/invalid bit supported in hardware to simulate the reference bit. Initially set the bit to invalid. O n first reference a trap to the operating system is generated. The operating system will set a software bit to 1 and reset the valid/invalid bit to valid.9.10 You have devised a new page-replacement algorithm that you thinkmaybe optimal. In some contorte d test cases, Belady’s anomaly occurs. Is the new algorithm optimal? Explain your answer.Answer:No. An optimal algorithm will not suffer from Belady’s anomaly because —by definition—an optimal algorithm replaces the page that will notbe used for the long est time. Belady’s anomaly occurs when a pagereplacement algorithm evicts a page that will be needed in the immediatefuture. An optimal algorithm would not have selected such a page.9.11 Segmentation is similar to paging but uses variable-sized“pages.”Definetwo segment-replacement algorithms based on FIFO and LRU pagereplacement schemes. Remember that since segments are not the samesize, the segment that is chosen to be replaced may not be big enoughto leave enough consecutive locations for the needed segment. Consider strategies for systems where segments cannot be relocated, and thosefor systems where they can.Answer:a. FIFO. Find the first segment large enough to accommodate the incoming segment. If relocation is not possible and no one segmentis large enough, select a combination of segments whose memoriesare contiguous, which are “closest to the first of the list” andwhich can accommodate the new segment. If relocation is possible, rearrange the memory so that the firstNsegments large enough forthe incoming segment are contiguous in memory. Add any leftover space to the free-space list in both cases.Practice Exercises 33b. LRU. Select the segment that has not been used for the longestperiod of time and that is large enough, adding any leftover spaceto the free space list. If no one segment is large enough, selecta combination of the “oldest” segments that are contiguous inmemory (if relocation is not available) and that are large enough.If relocation is available, rearrange the oldest N segments to be contiguous in memory and replace those with the new segment.9.12 Consider a demand-paged computer system where the degree of multiprogramming is currently fixed at four. The system was recently measured to determine utilization of CPU and the paging disk. The results are one of the following alternatives. For each case, what is happening? Can the degree of multiprogramming be increased to increase the CPU utilization? Is the paging helping?a. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 97 percentb. CPU utilization 87 percent; disk utilization 3 percentc. CPU utilization 13 percent; disk utilization 3 percentAnswer:a. Thrashing is occurring.b. CPU utilization is sufficiently high to leave things alone, and increase degree of multiprogramming.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.9.13 We have an operating system for a machine that uses base and limit registers, but we have modified the ma chine to provide a page table.Can the page tables be set up to simulate base and limit registers? How can they be, or why can they not be?Answer:The page table can be set up to simulate base and limit registers provided that the memory is allocated in fixed-size segments. In this way, the base of a segment can be entered into the page table and the valid/invalid bit used to indicate that portion of the segment as resident in the memory. There will be some problem with internal fragmentation.9.27.Consider a demand-paging system with the following time-measured utilizations:CPU utilization 20%Paging disk 97.7%Other I/O devices 5%Which (if any) of the following will (probably) improve CPU utilization? Explain your answer.a. Install a faster CPU.b. Install a bigger paging disk.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming.e. Install more main memory.f. Install a faster hard disk or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms.h. Increase the page size.Answer: The system obviously is spending most of its time paging, indicating over-allocationof memory. If the level of multiprogramming is reduced resident processeswould page fault less frequently and the CPU utilization would improve. Another way toimprove performance would be to get more physical memory or a faster paging drum.a. Get a faster CPU—No.b. Get a bigger paging drum—No.c. Increase the degree of multiprogramming—No.d. Decrease the degree of multiprogramming—Yes.e. Install more main memory—Likely to improve CPU utilization as more pages canremain resident and not require paging to or from the disks.f. Install a faster hard disk, or multiple controllers with multiple hard disks—Also animprovement, for as the disk bottleneck is removed by faster response and morethroughput to the disks, the CPU will get more data more quickly.g. Add prepaging to the page fetch algorithms—Again, the CPU will get more datafaster, so it will be more in use. This is only the case if the paging action is amenableto prefetching (i.e., some of the access is sequential).h. Increase the page size—Increasing the page size will result in fewer page faults ifdata is being accessed sequentially. If data access is more or less random, morepaging action could ensue because fewer pages can be kept in memory and moredata is transferred per page fault. So this change is as likely to decrease utilizationas it is to increase it.10.1、Is disk scheduling, other than FCFS scheduling, useful in asingle-userenvironment? Explain your answer.Answer: In a single-user environment, the I/O queue usually is empty. Requests generally arrive from a single process for one block or for a sequence of consecutive blocks. In these cases, FCFS is an economical method of disk scheduling. But LOOK is nearly as easy to program and will give much better performance when multiple processes are performing concurrent I/O, such as when aWeb browser retrieves data in the background while the operating system is paging and another application is active in the foreground.10.2.Explain why SSTF scheduling tends to favor middle cylindersover theinnermost and outermost cylinders.The center of the disk is the location having the smallest average distance to all other tracks.Thus the disk head tends to move away from the edges of the disk.Here is another way to think of it.The current location of the head divides the cylinders into two groups.If the head is not in the center of the disk and a new request arrives,the new request is more likely to be in the group that includes the center of the disk;thus,the head is more likely to move in that direction.10.11、Suppose that a disk drive has 5000 cylinders, numbered 0 to 4999. The drive is currently serving a request at cylinder 143, and the previous request was at cylinder 125. The queue of pending requests, in FIFO order, is86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130Starting from the current head position, what is the total distance (in cylinders) that the disk arm moves to satisfy all the pending requests, for each of the following disk-scheduling algorithms?a. FCFSb. SSTFc. SCANd. LOOKe. C-SCANAnswer:a. The FCFS schedule is 143, 86, 1470, 913, 1774, 948, 1509, 1022, 1750, 130. The total seek distance is 7081.b. The SSTF schedule is 143, 130, 86, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774. The total seek distance is 1745.c. The SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 9769.d. The LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 130, 86. The total seek distance is 3319.e. The C-SCAN schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 4999, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 9813.f. (Bonus.) The C-LOOK schedule is 143, 913, 948, 1022, 1470, 1509, 1750, 1774, 86, 130. The total seek distance is 3363.12CHAPTERFile-SystemImplementationPractice Exercises12.1 Consider a file currently consisting of 100 blocks. Assume that the filecontrol block (and the index block, in the case of indexed allocation)is already in memory. Calculate how many disk I/O operations are required for contiguous, linked, and indexed (single-level) allocation strategies, if, for one block, the following conditions hold. In the contiguous-allocation case, assume that there is no room to grow atthe beginning but there is room to grow at the end. Also assume thatthe block information to be added is stored in memory.a. The block is added at the beginning.b. The block is added in the middle.c. The block is added at the end.d. The block is removed from the beginning.e. The block is removed from the middle.f. The block is removed from the end.Answer:The results are:Contiguous Linked Indexeda. 201 1 1b. 101 52 1c. 1 3 1d. 198 1 0e. 98 52 0f. 0 100 012.2 What problems could occur if a system allowed a file system to be mounted simultaneously at more than one location?Answer:4344 Chapter 12 File-System ImplementationThere would be multiple paths to the same file, which could confuse users or encourage mistakes (deleting a file with one path deletes thefile in all the other paths).12.3 Why must the bit map for file allocation be kept on mass storage, ratherthan in main memory?Answer:In case of system crash (memory failure) the free-space list would notbe lost as it would be if the bit map had been stored in main memory.12.4 Consider a system that supports the strategies of contiguous, linked, and indexed allocation. What criteria should be used in deciding which strategy is best utilized for a particular file?Answer:•Contiguous—if file is usually accessed sequentially, if file isrelatively small.•Linked—if file is large and usually accessed sequentially.• Indexed—if file is large and usually accessed randomly.12.5 One problem with contiguous allocation is that the user must preallocate enough space for each file. If the file grows to be larger than thespace allocated for it, special actions must be taken. One solution to this problem is to define a file structure consisting of an initial contiguous area (of a specified size). If this area is filled, the operating system automatically defines an overflow area that is linked to the initialc ontiguous area. If the overflow area is filled, another overflow areais allocated. Compare this implementation of a file with the standard contiguous and linked implementations.Answer:This method requires more overhead then the standard contiguousallocation. It requires less overheadthan the standard linked allocation. 12.6 How do caches help improve performance? Why do systems not use more or larger caches if they are so useful?Answer:Caches allow components of differing speeds to communicate moreefficie ntly by storing data from the slower device, temporarily, ina faster device (the cache). Caches are, almost by definition, more expensive than the device they are caching for, so increasing the number or size of caches would increase system cost.12.7 Why is it advantageous for the user for an operating system to dynamically allocate its internal tables? What are the penalties to the operating system for doing so?Answer:Dynamic tables allow more flexibility in system use growth — tablesare never exceeded, avoiding artificial use limits. Unfortunately, kernel structures and code are more complicated, so there is more potentialfor bugs. The use of one resource can take away more system resources (by growing to accommodate the requests) than with static tables.Practice Exercises 4512.8 Explain how the VFS layer allows an operating system to support multiple types of file systems easily.Answer:VFS introduces a layer of indirection in the file system implementation. In many ways, it is similar to object-oriented programming techniques. System calls can be made generically (independent of file system type). Each file system type provides its function calls and data structuresto the VFS layer. A system call is translated into the proper specific functions for the ta rget file system at the VFS layer. The calling program has no file-system-specific code, and the upper levels of the system call structures likewise are file system-independent. The translation at the VFS layer turns these generic calls into file-system-specific operations.。
计算机操作系统教程第九章外部设备管理
计算机操作系统教程第九章外部设备管理1.设备管理的目标和功能是什么?答：设备管理的目标是：选择和分配输入/输出设备以便进行数据传输操作；控制输入/输出设备和CPU(或内存)之间交换数据，为用户提供一个友好的透明接口，提高设备和设备之间、CPU和设备之间，以及进程和进程之间的并行操作，以使操作系统获得最佳效率。
设备管理的功能是：提供和进程管理系统的接口；进行设备分配；实现设备和设备、设备和CPU等之间的并行操作；进行缓冲区管理。
2.数据传送控制方式有哪几种?试比较它们各自的优缺点。
答：数据传送控制方式有程序直接控制方式、中断控制方式、DMA方式和通道方式4种。
程序直接控制方式就是由用户进程来直接控制内存或CPU和外围设备之间的数据传送。
它的优点是控制简单，也不需要多少硬件支持。
它的缺点是CPU和外围设备只能串行工作；设备之间只能串行工作,无法发现和处理由于设备或其他硬件所产生的错误。
中断控制方式是利用向CPU发送中断的方式控制外围设备和CPU之间的数据传送。
它的优点是大大提高了CPU的利用率且能支持多道程序和设备的并行操作。
它的缺点是由于数据缓冲寄存器比较小，如果中断次数较多，仍然占用了大量CPU时间；在外围设备较多时，由于中断次数的急剧增加，可能造成CPU无法响应中断而出现中断丢失的现象；如果外围设备速度比较快，可能会出现CPU来不及从数据缓冲寄存器中取走数据而丢失数据的情况。
DMA方式是在外围设备和内存之间开辟直接的数据交换通路进行数据传送。
它的优点是除了在数据块传送开始时需要CPU的启动指令，在整个数据块传送结束时需要发中断通知CPU进行中断处理之外，不需要CPU的频繁干涉。
它的缺点是在外围设备越来越多的情况下，多个DMA控制器的同时使用，会引起内存地址的冲突并使得控制过程进一步复杂化。
通道方式是使用通道来控制内存或CPU和外围设备之间的数据传送。
通道是一个独立与CPU的专管输入/输出控制的机构，它控制设备与内存直接进行数据交换。
《操作系统安全》第九章_Linux_操作系统文件系统安全
• Samba工作原理 • Samba的工作原理是，讓Windows系列操作系統網路 鄰居的通訊協議——NETBIOS（NETwork Basic Input/Output System）和SMA（Server Message Block） 這兩個協議在TCP/IP通信協議上運行，並且使用 Windows的NETBEUI協議讓Linux可以在網路鄰居上被 Windows看到。其中最重要的就是SMB（Server Message Block）協議，在所有的諸如Windows Server 2003、Windows XP等Windows系列操作系統中廣為 應用。Samba就是SMB伺服器在類UNIX系統上的實現， 目前可以在幾乎所有的UNIX變種上運行。
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第二部分 教學內容
• 9.1分區的安全策略 • 9.1.1塊設備和分區 • 塊設備是能夠以固定大小塊格式化的任意存儲設備 的抽象層。單獨的塊的訪問可以獨立於其他塊的訪 問。這樣的訪問通常稱為隨機訪問。 • 隨機可訪問的固定大小塊的抽象層允許程式使用這 些塊設備，而無需擔心底層設備是硬碟驅動器、軟 碟、CD、固態（solid-state）驅動器、網路驅動器， 還是某種虛擬設備，比如記憶體中文件系統。
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Samba伺服器的功能 檔共用和列印共用是Samba最主要的功能。Samba為了方便檔共用和列印共用，還實 現了相關的控制和管理功能。具體來說，Samba完成的功能有：
– 共用目錄：在局域網上共用某個或某些目錄，使得同一個網路內的Windows用戶可以在網上 鄰居裏訪問該目錄，就跟訪問網上鄰居裏其他Windows機器一樣。
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1、NFS原理 NFS比較複雜，包括很多組件，通過特殊的協議進行交互。不同的組件在操作系統當 中都使用不同的配置檔以及狀態檔。下圖說明瞭NFS的主要組件及配置檔。
计算机操作系统课后答案第八章到完
计算机操作系统课后答案第八章到完计算机操作系统课后答案(第八章到完)2010年09月17日星期五07：41第九章1.磁盘访问时间由哪几部分构成?每部分时间应如何估算?磁盘访问时间包括以下三个部分：(1)寻道时间Ts，指把磁臂从当前位置移动到指定磁道上所经历的时间。
该时间是启动磁盘的时间s与磁头移动n条磁道所花费的时间之和，即Ts=m×n+s。
其中m是一常数，与磁盘驱动器的速度有关。
(2)旋转延迟时间Tr，是指定扇区旋转到磁头下面所经历的时间。
(3)传输时间Tt，指把数据从磁盘读出或向磁盘写入数据所经历的时间，其与每次所读/写的字节数bytes及旋转速度r有关，具体为Tt=bytes/(r×bytesPerTrack)，其中bytesPerTrack为一条磁道上的字节数。
当一次读/写的字节数相当于半条磁道上的字节数时，Tt与Tr相同，也即Tr=1/2r。
因此可将访问时间Ta表示为：Ta=Ts+1/2r+bytes/(r×bytesPerTrack)。
2.目前常用的磁盘调度算法有哪些?每种算法优先考虑的问题是什么?目前常用的磁盘调度算法包括：(1)先来先服务调度算法FCFS。
根据进程请求访问磁盘的先后次序进行调度，其优点是公平、简单且每个进程的请求都能依次得到处理，不会出现某一进程的请求长期得不到满足的情况，但寻道时间可能较长。
(2)最短寻道时间优先调度算法SSTF。
选择所要求访问磁道与磁头当前所在磁道距离最近的进程优先调度，但其并不能保证平均寻道时间最短。
本算法具较好的寻道性能，但可能导致进程饥饿现象。
(3)扫描算法SCAN(又称为电梯调度算法)，对最短寻道时间优先调度算法略加修改而形成。
不仅考虑欲访问磁道与磁头当前所在磁道的间距，更优先考虑的是磁头当前移动的方向既能获得较好的寻道性，又能防止进程饥饿，广泛用于大、中、小型机及网络中。
扫描算法存在的问题是：当磁头刚从里到外移动过某一磁道时，恰有一进程请求访问此磁道，该进程必须等待，待磁头从里向外，然后再从外向里扫描完所有要访问的磁道后，才处理该进程的请求，致使该进程的请求被严重推迟。
操作系统 第三章,第四章,第九章课后习题整理
第3章进程描述和控制复习题：什么是指令跟踪？答：指令跟踪是指为该进程而执行的指令序列。
通常那些事件会导致创建一个进程？答：新的批处理作业；交互登录；操作系统因为提供一项服务而创建；由现有的进程派生。
（详情请参考表3.1）对于图3.6中的进程模型，请简单定义每个状态。
答：运行态：该进程正在执行。
就绪态：进程做好了准备，只要有机会就开始执行。
阻塞态：进程在某些事件发生前不能执行，如I/O操作完成。
新建态：刚刚创建的进程，操作系统还没有把它加入到可执行进程组中。
退出态：操作系统从可执行进程组中释放出的进程，或者是因为它自身停止了，或者是因为某种原因被取消。
抢占一个进程是什么意思？答：处理器为了执行另外的进程而终止当前正在执行的进程，这就叫进程抢占。
什么是交换，其目的是什么？答：交换是指把主存中某个进程的一部分或者全部内容转移到磁盘。
当主存中没有处于就绪态的进程时，操作系统就把一个阻塞的进程换出到磁盘中的挂起队列，从而使另一个进程可以进入主存执行。
为什么图3.9（b）中有两个阻塞态？答：有两个独立的概念：进程是否在等待一个事件（阻塞与否）以及进程是否已经被换出主存（挂起与否）。
为适应这种2*2的组合，需要两个阻塞态和两个挂起态。
列出挂起态进程的4个特点。
答：1.进程不能立即执行。
2.进程可能是或不是正在等待一个事件。
如果是，阻塞条件不依赖于挂起条件，阻塞事件的发生不会使进程立即被执行。
3.为了阻止进程执行，可以通过代理把这个进程置于挂起态，代理可以是进程自己，也可以是父进程或操作系统。
4.除非代理显式地命令系统进行状态转换，否则进程无法从这个状态中转移。
对于哪类实体，操作系统为了管理它而维护其信息表？答：内存、I/O、文件和进程。
列出进程控制块中的三类信息。
答：进程标识，处理器状态信息，进程控制信息。
为什么需要两种模式（用户模式和内核模式）？答：用户模式下可以执行的指令和访问的内存区域都受到限制。
这是为了防止操作系统受到破坏或者修改。
操作系统概念(第九版)答案
操作系统概念(第九版)答案简介《操作系统概念(第九版)答案》是一本针对《操作系统概念(第九版)》教材的答案集合。
本文档旨在提供读者对操作系统相关概念的理解和应用基础。
目录1.引论2.进程管理3.处理机调度4.进程同步5.死锁6.内存管理7.虚拟内存8.文件系统9.输入与输出10.磁盘存储管理11.安全性和保护12.分布式系统13.多媒体操作系统14.实时系统第一章引论本章的目标是介绍操作系统的概念和功能，包括定义了什么是操作系统、操作系统的历史和发展、操作系统的分类以及操作系统的基本组成部分。
问题1：操作系统是什么？答案：操作系统是一个管理计算机硬件和软件资源的软件系统。
它为用户提供一个在硬件和软件之间进行交互的接口，同时协调和控制计算机的各个组件，以实现有效和可靠的计算机操作。
问题2：操作系统的历史和发展？答案：操作系统的历史可以追溯到大约20世纪50年代，当时计算机的使用范围相对较小，操作系统也比较简单。
随着计算机技术的发展，操作系统逐渐变得复杂而且功能强大。
在20世纪60年代，随着多道程序设计的发展，操作系统开始支持同时运行多个程序。
这就导致了对资源的合理分配和进程调度的需求。
同时，操作系统的文件系统和输入输出功能也得到了改进和扩展。
在20世纪70年代，个人计算机的出现使得操作系统变得更加普及。
同时，分时操作系统和分布式操作系统的概念也开始出现。
到了20世纪80年代和90年代，图形用户界面(GUI)的引入和互联网的普及使得操作系统更加用户友好和功能丰富。
现在，操作系统已经成为计算机系统中不可或缺的一部分，为计算机用户提供各种功能和服务。
问题3：操作系统的分类有哪些？答案：操作系统可以根据不同的标准进行分类。
以下是国际上常用的操作系统分类方法：1.目标计算机系统：大型机操作系统、小型机操作系统、微型机操作系统、嵌入式系统操作系统。
2.处理方式：批处理系统、分时操作系统、实时操作系统。
3.用户数量：单用户操作系统、多用户操作系统。