非谓语动词

非谓语动词

在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）

不定式

It is impossible for us to get there on time.

It is very kind of you to help us.

To believe him is to negate my own idea .

（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth.中当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.

1、作宾语

He managed to escape from the fire.

I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.

注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之

后，用it 作形式宾语。如：

I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.

2、作宾语补足语

表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：

We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.

The book is believed to be useful.（被动语态）

(3) There +不定式。如：

We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。

（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see,

watch, observe, look at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但

变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall

off the tree.

(3)help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.

作定语不定式作定语，通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：

I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）

He is the first person to think of the idea.（主谓关系）

作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。

做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）如：

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。

He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.

3、作表语

His dream is to be a doctor.

Her work is to look after the babies.

4、独立结构。如：

To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you.

To make matters worse, it began to rain.

一、不定式的时态和语态

不定式的时态

现在时： I hope to see you again.

完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.

完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：

She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

不定式的语态

He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

二、省to 的动词不定式

1、情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）

2、W ould rather, had better.

3、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.

注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：

The boss made them work the whole night.

They were made to work the whole night.

4、使役动词 let, have, make.

5、由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry

the girl.

6、H elp 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.

7、W hy…/Why not…

8、B ut 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He

wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

9、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：

He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window.

动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）

It’s no good/use doing···如：

Seeing is believing.

1、作宾语

(1)只能接动名词作宾语的动词：

admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，

consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，

finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagine想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示

can’t help 禁不住，can’t stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，

stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于···，fee like想要···

be surprised at 对……感到惊讶 be proud of 以……为骄傲 succeed in 在某方面成功

be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃

(2)接动名词、不定式均可，意义相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，

(3)下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：

Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做

Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过

Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过

Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过

Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做

Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）

Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做

(4)Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：

The flowers need watering/to be watered.

The problem is worth discussing.

2、作定语

动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：

a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall

注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。

如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping

（2）动名词作定语表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。

如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming

动名词的时态和语态

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：

We are interested in playing chess.

He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.

I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.

We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.

He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.

分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）

现在分词和过去分词的区别：

在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；

在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成

如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶

一、分词的作用

1、作定语

The sleeping boy is my son.

The excited people rushed into the building.

The girl standing under the tree is my niece.

The building built last year is our library.

There is nothing interesting.

分词与定语从句。

2、作状语

现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.

As I didn’t receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.

If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)

______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A Followed

B Followed by

C Being followed

D Having been followed

There was a terrible noise______ the sudden burst of light.

A followed

B following

C to be followed

D being followed

______ , liquids can be changed into gases.

A Heating

B To be heated

C Heated

D Heat

注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：

Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

（二）分词的时态

现在分词分一般式和完成式，而过去分词则没有时态形式的变化。

现在分词的一般式表示动作与谓语动词同时发生，或在谓语动词之前发生。例如：

Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations.

现在分词的完成时，表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,常用作状语。例如：

Having finished his homework, he went to bed.

现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。

（三）现在分词的被动式

被动一般式 being done

被动完成式 having been done

This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city.

Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine.

（四）分词的否定形式

分词的否定式，由not+分词构成，例如：

Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.

Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.

（五）分词独立主格结构

当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，带逻辑主语的分词短语成为独立主格结构，

Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum.

The meeting being over, they all left the room.

3、作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到

strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从···判断

all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：

非谓语使用条件

一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下

She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.

She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.

1. ______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.

A. Giving

B. Give

C. Given

D. To give

2. He won the first prize,___ surprised each of us.

A. what

B. which

C. it

D. as

3. ______ some of this juice, you’ll like it.

A. Trying

B. Try

C. To try

D. Tried

1)不定式作目的状语

He got up early in order to catch the bus. He got up early so as to catch the

bus. He got up early to catch the bus.

=To / In order to catch the bus, he got up early.

2)作结果状语

He is too young to go to school. He is so young as not to go to school.

He is such a young boy as not to go to school.

He hurried to the station (only) to find the train gone.

His father disappeared during the war,never to be heard from.

不定式→意外的结果

The flood went by, leaving no houses.

doing→自然而然的结果

He arrived later, scolded by his teacher.

doing→遭受的结果

. Ing-form、ed-form 作状语的区别

分词作状语可以表示时间，条件，原因，结果，伴随或方式，

及独立成分。

分词作状语的首要条件是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，分词

与逻辑主语的关系是主动的，用现在分词，反之，用过去分词

1, Hearing the news ,he couldn’t help laughing .（时间）

1, Hearing the news ,he couldn’t help laughing .（时间）

=

2, Given enough time ,I can do it better （条件）

=

3, Being ill ,he didn’t go to school （原因）

=

4, The glass fell to the ground ,breaking into pieces. (结果）

=

5, Our teacher came in ,followed by many students (伴随）

=

6, Judging from his accent, he is from America.

7, Generally speaking, one must be confident.

不定式和分词表示结果时的区别：

*不定式表示结果，含有没有预料到的情况的意味。

如：I got up only to find it was raining outside ．(起来时没有料到在下雨。)

He was too excited to say a word ． (太激动了说不出话，是没有预料到的情况。)

*分词表示结果包含着一种必然发生的情况。

如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money．(父母去世，钱留给儿子。这是自然的事。) The output of iron decreased by 23％last year, reaching 80，000 tons．

(产量下降，到了80，000吨，这是必然结果。)

时态和语态

时态：不定式或现在分词的动作若发生在谓语动词的动作之前，用完成式，否则，就用一般式。若与谓语动作同时发生，并强调正在进行的情景或持续性，可用进行式。

___ A___ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.

A.Having suffered

B. Suffering

C. To suffer

D. Suffered

语态：不定式-ing形式与其逻辑主语是主动关系，用主动式；若是被动关系，用被动式。

Written in a hurry, this article was not so good!

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.

一、分析句子结构,辨别“谓与非谓”

1. ______many times , but he still couldn't understand it .

2. ______many times , he still couldn't understand it .

A. Having been told

B. Told

C. He was told

D. Though he had been told

不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语有时在时态和语态上有区别：

不定式作定语表示将来的动作。

如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river．

*现在分词作定语表示正在进行或与先行词是主动关系的动作。

如：The bridge being built now is the third bridge across the river．

*过去分词作定语表示已完成或与先行词是被动关系的动作。

如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the river．